生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
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外文文献原文及翻译 作 者：辛明 生物医学工程学院影像工程专业 生物医学工程学院信息技术系 指导老师：杨谊
Parsing Java Abstraction of the Difference Between Classes and Interfaces In Java language, abstract scale-up and with support class abstraction definition of two mechanisms. Because of these two kinds of mechanism of existence, just gives Java powerful object-oriented skills. Abstract scale-up and with between class abstraction definition for support has great similarities, even interchangeable, so many developers into line nonabstract class definition for abstract scale-up and it is becoming more casual with choice. In fact, both between still has the very big difference, for their choice even reflected in problem domain essence of understanding, to design the intentions of the understand correctly and reasonable. This paper will for the difference analysis, trying to give a developer with a choice between them are based. Understand class abstraction Abstract class and interface in Java language is used for abstract classes (in this article nonabstract class not from abstract scale-up translation, it represents an abstract body, and abstract scale-up for Java language used to define class abstraction in one way, please readers distinguish) defined, then what are the abstract classes, use abstract classes for us any good? In object-oriented concept, we know all objects is through class to describe, but in turn not such. Not all classes are used to describe object, if a class does not contain enough information to portray a concrete object, this class is abstract classes. Abstract classes are often used to characterization of problem field in our analysis, design that the abstract concepts, is to the series will look different, but essentially the same exact conception of abstraction. For example: if we carry out a graphical editing software development, will find problem domain exists round, triangle so some specific concept, they are different, but they all belong to shape such a concept, shape this concept in problem domain is not exist, it is an abstract concept. Precisely because the abstract concepts in problem field no corresponding specific concept, so to characterization abstract concepts nonabstract class cannot be instantiated. In an object-oriented field, mainly used for class abstraction types hidden. We can construct a fixed a group of behavior of abstract description, but this group of behavior but can have any a possible concrete implementation. This abstract describe is abstract classes, and this an arbitrary a possible concrete realization is behaved for all possible derived class. Modules can be operating an abstract body. Due to the module dependent on a fixed abstraction body, so it can are not allowed to modify, Meanwhile, through the abstract derived from the body, also can expand the behavior of this module function. Familiar with OCP readers must know, object-oriented design to be able to achieve a core principles OCP (Open - Closed flying), class abstraction is one of the key. From the perspectives of grammar definition abstract class and interface
生物识别技术外文翻译文献
生物识别技术外文翻译文献生物识别技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：The first chapter1.1 The research background of iris recognitionBiometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of.Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians through identification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc..All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate.Making twenty-first Century is information technology, network technology of the century, is also the human get rid of traditional technology, more and more freedom of the century. In the information, free for the characteristics of the century, biometric authentication technology, high-tech as the end of the twentieth Century began to flourish, will play a more and more important role in social life, fundamentally change the human way of life . Characteristics of the iris, fingerprint, DNA the body itself, will gradually existing password, key, become people lifestyle, instead of at the same time, personal data to ensure maximum safety, maximize the prevention of various types of crime, economic crime.Iris recognition technology, because of its unique in terms of acquisition, accuracy and other advantages, will become the mainstream of biometric authentication technology in the future society. Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the.1.2 Objective and significance of iris recognitionIris recognition technology rising in recent years, because of its strong advantages and potential commercial value, driven by some international companies and institutions have invested a lot of manpower, financial resources and energy research. The concept of automatic iris identification is first proposed by Frown, then Daugman for the first time in the algorithm becomes feasible.The iris is a colored ring in the pupil in the eye of fabric shape, each iris contains a structure like the one and only based on the crown, crystalline, filaments, spots, structure, concave point, ray, wrinkles and fringe characteristic. The iris is different from the retina, retinal is located in the fundus, difficult to image, iris can be seen directly, biometric identification technology can obtain the image of iris fine with camera equipment based on the following basis: Iris fibrous tissue details is rich and complicated, and the formation and embryonic tissue of iris details the occurrence stage of the environment, have great random the. The inherent characteristics of iris tissue is differ from man to man, even identical twins, there is no real possibility of characteristics of the same.When the iris are fully developed, he changes in people's life and tiny. In the iris outer, with a layer of transparent corneal it is separated from the outside world. So mature iris less susceptible to external damage and change.These characteristics of the iris has the advantages, the iris image acquisition, the human eye is not in direct contact with CCD, CMOS and other light sensor, uses a non technology acquisition invasion. So, as an important biometric identity verification system, iris recognition by virtue of the iris texture information, stability, uniqueness and non aggressive, more and more attention from both academic and industrial circles.1.3 Status and application of domestic and foreign research on iris recognitionIDC (International Data Group) statistics show that: by the end of 2003, the global iris recognition technology and related products market capacity will reach the level of $2000000000. Predicted conserved survey China biometric authentication center: in the next 5 years, only in the Chinese, iris recognition in the market amounted to 4000000000 rmb. With the expansion of application of the iris recognition technology, and the application in the electronic commerce domain, this number will expand to hundreds of billions.The development of iris recognition can be traced back to nineteenth Century 80's.. In 1885, ALPHONSE BERTILLON will use the criminal prison thoughts of the application of biometrics individual in Paris, including biological characteristics for use at the time: the size of the ears, feet in length, iris.In 1987, ARAN SAFIR and LEONARD FLOM Department of Ophthalmology experts first proposed the concept, the use of automatic iris recognition iris image in 1991, USA Los ala Moss National Laboratory JOHNSON realized an automatic iris recognition system.In 1993, JOHN DAUGMAN to achieve a high performance automatic iris recognition system.In 1997, the first patent Chinese iris recognition is approved, the applicant, Wang Jiesheng.In 2005, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of automation, National Laboratory of pattern recognition, because of outstanding achievement "in recognition of" iris image acquisition and aspects, won the two "National Technology Invention Prize", the highest level represents the development of iris recognition technology in china.In 2007 November, "requirements for information security technology in iris recognition system" (GB/T20979-2007) national standards promulgated and implemented, the drafting unit: Beijing arithen Information Technology Co., ltd..Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the. In foreign countries, iris recognition products have been applied in a wide range.In February 8, 2002, the British Heathrow Airport began to test an advanced security system, the new system can scan the passenger's eyes, instead of to check passports. It is reported, the pilot scheme for a period of five months, a British Airways and virgin Airlines passengers can participate in this test. The International Air Transport Association interested in the results of this study are, they encourage the Heathrow Airport to test, through the iris boarding passengers to determine its identity as a boarding pass.Iris recognition system America "Iriscan" developed has been applied in the three business department of Union Bank of American Texas within. Depositors to be left with nothing whatsoever to banking, no bank card password, no more memories trouble. They get money from the A TM, a camera first eye of the user to scan, and then scan the image into digital information and data check, check the user's identity.America Plumsted school in New Jersey has been in the campus installed device of iris recognition for security control of any school, students and staff are no longer use cards and certificates of any kind, as long as they passed in the iris camera before, their location, identity is system identification, all foreign workers must be iris data logging to enter the campus. At thesame time, through the central login and access control system to carry on the control to enter the scope of activities. After the installation of the system, various campus in violation of rules and infringement, criminal activity is greatly reduced, greatly reducing the campus management difficulty.In Afghanistan, the United Nations (UN) and the United Nations USA federal agency refugee agency (UNHCR) using iris recognition system identification of refugees, to prevent the same refugee multiple receive relief goods. Use the same system in refugee camps in Pakistan and Afghanistan. A total of more than 2000000 refugees use iris recognition system, this system to a key role for the United Nations for distribution of humanitarian aid from.In March 18, 2003, Abu Zabi (one of the Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) announced the iris recognition technology for expelled foreigners iris tracking and control system based on the borders opened the world's first set of national level, this system began construction from 2001, its purpose is to prevent all expelled by Abu Zabi tourists and other personnel to enter the Abu Zabi. Without this system in the past, due to the unique characteristics of the surface of the Arabs (Hu Xuduo), and the number of the expulsion of the numerous, customs inspection staff is very difficult to distinguish between what is a deported person. By using this system, illegal immigration, all be avoided, the maximum guarantee of national security.Kennedy International Airport in New Jersey state (John F. Kennedy International Airport) of the iris recognition system installed on its international flights fourth boarding port, 300 of all 1300 employees have already started to use the system login control. By using this system, all can enter to the apron personnel must be after the system safety certification of personnel. Unauthorized want to break through, the system will automatically take emergency measures to try to force through personnel closed in the guard space. Using this system, the safety grade Kennedy International Airport rose from B+ to A+ grade. The Kennedy International Airport to travel to other parts of the passengers has increased by 18.7%.Generally speaking, the iris recognition technology has already begun in all walks of life in various forms of application in the world. At the same time, to the application of their units of all had seen and what sorts of social benefits and economic benefits are not see. This trend is to enhance the high speed, the next 10 years will be gradually achieve the comprehensive application of iris recognition in each industry.In China, due to the Chinese embargo and iris technology itself and the difficulty in domestic cannot develop products. So far, there has not been a real application of iris recognition system. However, many domestic units are expressed using strong intention, especially the "9 · 11" later, security anti terrorism consciousness has become the most concerned problems in the field of aviation, finance. Iris recognition system is a major airline companies, major financial institutions and other security mechanisms (such as aerospace bureau) become the focus of attention of object and other key national security agency. As with the trend of development in the world, iris recognition technology will in the near future in application China set off climax.The second chapter of introduction of iris recognition technology2.1 Technology of biological feature recognition based on2.1.1 Present status and development of biological feature recognition“9.11" event is an important turning point in the development of biometric ident ification technology in the world, the importance of it makes governments more clearly aware of the biological recognition technology. Traditional identity recognition technologies in the face ofdefect anti terrorism has shown, the government began a large-scale investment in the research and application of biometric technology. At the same time, the public understanding of biological recognition technology with "9.11" exposure rate and greatly improve the.The traditional method of individual identification is the identity of the people with knowledge, identity objects recognition. The so-called identity: knowledge refers to the knowledge and memory system of personal identification, cannot be stolen, and the system is easy to install, but once the identification knowledge stolen or forgotten, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, this method at present in a wide range of applications. For example: the user name and password. The so-called identity items: refers to the person, master items. Although it is stable and reliable, but mainly depend on the outer body, lost or stolen identification items once proof of identity, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, for example: keys, certificates, magnetic card, IC card etc..Biometric identification technology is related to physical characteristics, someone using prior record of behavior, to confirm whether the facts. Biometric identification technology can be widely used in all fields of society. For example: a customer came into the bank, he did not take bank card, also did not remember the password directly drawing, when he was drawing in the drawing machine, a camera to scan on his eyes, and then quickly and accurately complete the user identification and deal with business. This is the application of the iris recognition system of modern biological identification technology. "".America "9.11" after the incident, the anti terrorist activity has become the consensus of governments, it is very important to strengthen the security and defense security at the airport, some airports USA can in the crowd out a face, whether he Is it right? Wanted. This is the application of modern technology in biological feature recognition "facial recognition technology".Compared with the traditional means of identity recognition, biometric identity recognition technology in general has the following advantages:(1) the security performance is good, not easy to counterfeit or stolen.(2) carry, whenever and wherever possible, therefore more safety and security and other identification method.For the biological information of biometric recognition, its basic nature must meet the following three conditions: universality, uniqueness and permanency.The so-called universality, refers to any individual has the. Uniqueness, is in addition to other than himself, other people did not have any, namely different. The so-called permanent, refers to the character does not change over time, namely, life-long.Feature selection of organisms with more than three properties, is the first step of biological recognition.In addition, there are two important indexes in biological recognition technology. The rejection rate and recognition rate. Adjusting the relation of these two values is very important. The reject rate, the so-called false rejection, this value is high, use frequency is low, the error recognition, its value is high, safety is relatively reduced. So in the biological identification of any adjustment, the two index is a can not abandon the process. The choice of range size, related to the biological identification is feasible and available .And technology of identity recognition based on iris feature now appears, it is the development of biometric identification technology quickly, due to its uniqueness, stability,convenience and reliability, so the formation of biometric identification technology has the prospects for development.Generally speaking, the biological recognition system consists of 4 steps. The first step, the image acquisition system of collecting biometric image; the second step, the biological characteristics of image preprocessing (location, normalization, image enhancement and so on); the third step, feature information extraction, converted into digital code; the fourth step, the generation of test code and database template code to compare, make identification。
生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译摘要本文翻译了生物医学专业的基因编辑外文文献，包括中英文翻译和外文翻译。
详细内容见下文。
中英文翻译1. 标题：生物医学专业基因编辑（Biomedical Gene Editing）基因编辑是一种针对生物体遗传信息进行改变的技术。
通过编辑基因组，可以修改或插入DNA序列，从而改变目标生物体的遗传特征。
基因编辑在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。
2. 摘要（Abstract）基因编辑已成为生物医学研究中的重要工具。
它不仅可以用于疾病诊断和治疗，还可以用于基础科学研究和生物技术开发。
随着技术的不断发展，基因编辑对人类健康和生物多样性的影响也引起了人们的关注。
3. 引言（Introduction）基因编辑是一种通过改变生物体的遗传信息来实现特定目的的技术。
它可以在DNA水平上对基因组进行精确的修改和操控，从而实现对目标生物体特征的变化。
外文翻译1. Title: Biomedical Gene EditingGene editing is a technology that allows for changes to be made to the genetic information of an organism. By editing the genome, DNA sequences can be modified or inserted, altering the genetic characteristics of the target organism. Gene editing has wide applications in the field of biomedical research.2. Abstract3. IntroductionGene editing is a technology that achieves specific objectives by altering the genetic information of an organism. It allows for precise modifications and manipulation of the genome at the DNA level, resulting in changes to the characteristics of the target organism.。
生物工程专外名词解释词及汇英汉互译
生物工程专外名词解释词及汇英汉互译名词解释发酵（fermentation）：通过微生物或动植物细胞生长培养和化学变化大量产生和积累专门的代谢产物的过程。
生物固定化（immobilized）：将具有一定生理更能的生物细胞，如微生物细胞、植物细胞、动物细胞等，用一定方法将其固定，作为固体催化剂加以利用的一门技术，固定化细胞与固定化酶技术共同组成了现代化的生物催化技术固体培养（solid culture）：微生物生长在潮湿不溶于水的基质发酵，在固体发酵过程中几乎不含自由水。
腺病毒（adenovirus）：一类DNA病毒主要引起呼吸系统急性感染，经改造的的腺病毒基因组可作为基因载体用于转染，也可用于基因治疗，潜在危险性较小。
在作为基因载体转染的过程中外源基因并整合到宿主靶细胞基因组中，并且表达一定时间自然降解。
佐剂（adjuvant）：能非特异性的增强机体对抗原免疫应答的物质，其本身无抗原性，但与抗原结合后可以促进机体产生抗体，或延长抗体产生的时间，还能产生炎症反应，使抗体在组织局部聚集。
胰岛素（insulin）：胰腺中的胰岛β细胞分泌的一种蛋白质激素含51个氨基酸其生物学作用包括参与糖代谢、脂代谢、蛋白质代谢的调节。
单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibody）：抗体主要由B细胞合成，每个B细胞有合成一种抗体的遗传基因，动物脾脏有上百万种B细胞系，含遗传基因不同的B细胞合成不同的抗体，当机体受到抗原刺激时，抗原分子上的许多决定簇分别激活各个具有不同基因的B细胞，被激活的B细胞分裂增殖形成该细胞的子代细胞，有许多个被激活B细胞的分裂增殖,形成该细胞的子代细胞，有许多个被激活的B细胞的分裂增殖形成多克隆，并合成多种抗体，若能选出一个制造一种专一抗体的细胞进行培养，就可得到由单细胞经分裂增殖而形成的细胞群即单克隆、单克隆细胞将合成一种决定簇的抗体称为Ig。
单克隆抗体技术：要制备单克隆抗体须首先获得能合成转移抗体的单克隆B细胞。
生物课程中英文对照
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生化与分子生物学进展 Progresses in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 开花的艺术 Art of Flowering 蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure 分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution 生物工程下游技术 Downstream Technique ofBiotechnology 仪器分析 Instrumental Analysis 临床检验与诊断 Clinical Check-up & Diagnosis 药理学 Pharmacology。
生物相关专业外文文献（有翻译好的版本）
生物相关专业外文文献（有翻译好的版本）Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–38 Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic andsoil lters for reclamation and reuse of waterCH House BA Bergmann AM Stomp DJ FrederickDepartment of Forestry North Carolina State Uniersity Box 8008 Raleigh NC 27695 8008 USAAccepted 22 May 1998 AbstractReclamation and reuse of water and nutrients at their source provide the opportunity touse simple less costly technologies and lessens potentials for catastrophic effects due tocentralized treatment system failures The combination of multiple treatment environmentswithin constructed wetlands can provide water quality suitable for reuse A current projectin rural Chatham County NC uses simple aesthetically pleasing treatment componentsconstructed both outdoors and indoors to reclaimdomestic sewage for toilet ushinglandscape irrigation and aesthetic water features A courtyard containing constructedwetlands and a solarium with modular soil lter components and aquatic chambers aredesigned to treat sewage from within a small business facility and to provide recreationalspace for its 60 employees The combination of vertical ow and horizontal ow constructedwetlands with ll and draw controls provides the necessary environments for nitrication–denitrication removal of organic materials and phosphorus adsorption reactions Thesystem is designed to treat and reuse 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day 1 of domestic sewage fromthe business Some of the plants used are selectively bred or genetically engineered toimize their water reclamation potential Utilization of simple treatment and reusetechnology has permitted the business owner to renovate an abandoned and deterioratingschool building into a home for two thriving andinternationally based businesses and toprotect the water quality of a nearby reservoir 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV Allrights reservedKeywords Reuse Constructed wetlands Vertical ow Soil lter Fill and draw ReclamationCorresponding author0925-857499 - see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV All rights reservedPII S0925-85749800052-428 CH House et al Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–381 IntroductionAn effective nutrient management system for domestic sewage should reduceand reuse wastewater The general objective of this research project is to evaluatethe feasibility of treating and recycling 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day1 of domesticwastewater for ushing toilets Specic objectives include 1 the evaluation ofstep feed recirculation spatial aerobic and anaerobicenvironments uctuatingaerobic and anaerobic environments and zeolite absorbents for nitrogen treat-ment 2 the evaluation of brick chips as a phosphorus absorbent and nitrogenxing woody plants for phosphorus uptake and storage 3 develop a costeffectiveness analysis of on-site nitrogen and phosphorus treatment methods andon-site wastewater treatment and reuse within eastern Chatham CountyThe addition of human waste into high quality water and its disposal intoground and surface waters is not sustainable This practice makes inefcient useof water supply and simultaneously adversely impacts it Both on-site and central-ized treatment technologies can benet from the treatment and reuse of sewagenear its source On-site wastewater treatment design has evolved into a sophisti-cated technology with numerous advances but its adverse impacts onground andsurface waters as non-point sources of nitrogen phosphorus and pathogenicbacteria and virus continue Centralized treatment plants plagued by increasingdemands for expansion high cost and inconsistent funding mechanical or opera-tional failures periodically discharge partially treated wastewater into our surfacewatersMost water reuse research in the US currently focuses on irrigation of re-claimed wastewater from industrial and municipal sized systems North Carolinais just beginning to explore the potentials of water reuse Reduction of nutrientload and water volume through advanced treatment and reuse from installationswith small ows such as homes and businesses has potential to。
生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译(八)
第八章动物细胞培养获得的产品及生产过程8.1历史尽管很多研究者很早以前曾经研究在试管中培养的动物细胞的性质，最早将这类细胞应用于实际生产的是J.F.Eeders，他在1949年发表文献，说明脊髓灰质炎病毒可以在灵长类的神经组织或其它组织中生长。
导致这一开创性成果的出现可以简要概括如下。
早在1880年，Annold发现白细胞可以在体外分裂，随后又有人发现，动物离体组织在浸泡在血清、淋巴或腹水等组织液中可以生长。
通过R.Harrison发明的悬滴培养法是一个转折点，其方法是将蝌蚪脊髓放入特殊的中空的载玻片，里面装入淋巴液，上面用盖玻片封住。
Correl又对这项工作进行拓展，他发展出一种巧妙的方法，可以使培养细胞保持不受外来杂菌的污染，这在当时很少有人能够做到。
再后来，培养基中加入促进细胞生长的物质，到了1928年，能够在试管中培养的鸡胚或小鼠的碎组织中使病毒生长，这些方法被Enders借鉴，他和他的同事在培养过程中使用了刚刚在10年前发明的抗生素，这对他的试验大有帮助。
在20世纪50年代初期，Salk通过滚管培养猴肾组织或睾丸组织的方法制成了脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗。
这种方法建立起来以后，其它疫苗也通过鸡胚或灵长类胚细胞生产。
8.2 从动物培养细胞中获得产品的类型动物病毒至今仍然是从动物细胞培养中获得的最多的商业产品。
目前，每年大约生产1.5×109剂量的口蹄疫病毒疫苗，针对家禽新城病和马克莱氏病的疫苗数量与之相当。
人类病毒疫苗每年的投药量每年不超过108剂量。
生产干扰素的方法仍然处于发展中，将来会接近或超过动物疫苗的规模，但是现在而言，从特殊合成的杂交瘤中提取的免疫生物制剂仍然是人们不熟悉的领域，然而，这方面无疑将是未来十年会取得重要进展的领域。
8.3产品获得的方法综述从动物细胞培养物中获得产品的基本路线已经在图中列出。
基本上有三个时期组成。
第一个时期是准备期，第二个时期涉及到动物细胞的培养。
生物医学工程专业英语
basic English
Topic 4
Translation of Foreign Medical Devices Manual
II. Product Manual
written translation of medical divices manual； drug manual
II. Product Manual
Language Feature
1. Simple and clear words.
Instructions of medical devices should have standard and plain language,and an excessive number of words should be avoided so that all the medical workers and some users can understand.
I. Translation (Translation of EST)
To understand the form of "translation"
oral translation
face to face; timeliness、实时的 accuracy；non-common means
written translation
Accurate Aesthetic Vocative function
Language feature
Voltage ~220 volts：ensure the correct voltage of the instrument power and the mistaken access to ~380volts will cause damage to the instrument. voltage [‘vəultidʒ] n. 电压 译文：电源电压220伏，仪器电源电压应 确保无误（220伏）。一旦接入380伏。 将会引起设备损坏。
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生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文
翻译、外文翻译
本文旨在提供关于生物医学工程技术的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译和外文翻译的指导和技巧。
以下是一些简要说明：
外文文献翻译
- 外文文献翻译需要准确地传达原文的内容，同时确保译文自然流畅。
- 翻译时应注意专业术语的准确使用，避免将其误译或过度解释。
- 翻译人员应具备扎实的外语水平和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
中英文翻译
- 中英文翻译需要准确传达中文原文的内容，并使其在英文环境下具有流畅性和可读性。
- 翻译时应注意中英文表达方式的差异，确保翻译后的文本符合英文语法和惯表达惯。
- 翻译人员应具备中英文双语能力和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
外文翻译
- 外文翻译是将外文文本翻译为母语的译文。
- 翻译要保证译文准确、流畅，并符合目标语言的语法和惯表达方式。
- 翻译人员应具备对目标语言的熟悉和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
请注意，以上是针对文献翻译的一些基本指导，实际翻译过程中还需根据具体文献的特点和要求进行适当调整。
谢谢！。