《科技英语》课后习题答案
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语课后答案Exercise1
科技英语课后答案Exercise1Exercises 1II 翻译句子，注意“use”的词类与译法2．Use(名词) is made of electricity to run machines.=== Use of electricity is made to run machines.电（的功用）被用于驱动机械。
4．Computer have found wide use(名词)in industry.计算机在产业中找到了广泛的用途。
6．Electricity has been widely used (动词) in the modern world.电已被广泛应用于现代社会。
II 辨别句中的“to”是介词还是动词不定式的标志，并将句子译成汉语。
2．They often go to( 介词) the factory to(不定式标记)work with workers.他们经常到该厂与工人们一起劳动。
4． A magnetic field(主) is （系动词）able（形容词作表语）to (不定式标记)exert a force on an electric current.（不定式短语作状语，修饰表语）磁场能对电流施加作用力；6．The longer the wire, the greater the resistance to（介词）the electrons.线路越长，则对电子的阻碍越大。
由两个形容词比较级单句构成的主从复合句，均为倒装的主系表结构。
由原句省略is而来。
The longer is the wire, the greater is the resistance to the electrons.IV辨别句中的“it”是代词还是代替动词不定式的形式主语，并将句子译成汉语。
2． In order to improve the quality of the product, it（形式主语）is necessary to make various experiments.为了提高产品质量，进行各种实验是必要的。
《科技英语》课后习题答案
MainContent:UNIT1MATHEMATICSI.TextOrganizationParts Paragraphs MainIdeasPartOne Paras.1-3 Gametheorycanbedefinedasthescienceofstrategywhichstudiesbothpureconflicts(zero-sumgames)andconflictsincooperativeforms.PartTwo Paras.4-11 Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdependence:sequential-movegameandsimultaneous-movegame. PartThree Paras.12-19 Thetypicalexamplesofgametheoryaregivenasthebasicprinciplessuchasprisoners’dilemma,mixingmoves,strategicmoves,bargaining,concealingandrevealinginformation.PartFour Para.20 Theresearchofgametheoryhassucceededinillustratingstrategiesinsituationsofconflictandcooperationanditwillfocusonthedesignofsuccessfulstrategyinfuture.nguagePoints Thegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotakeovers.(Pa ra.1)Paraphrase:Thegamesit(gametheory)studiesextendsfromchesstochildbringing-u pandfromtennistohandovers.range:v.tovarybetweenlimits,extend,runinalinee.g.(1)Thepricerangesfrom$30to$80.(2)Theboundaryrangesfromnorthtosouth.takeover:n.theactoraninstanceofassumingcontrolormanagementoforresponsibili tyforsth.接收、接管e.g.TheeconomyofHongkonggoeswellafteritstakeover. GametheorywaspioneeredbyPrincetonmathematicianJohnvonNeumann.(Para.2)pioneer:v.tobeapioneer;tooriginate(courseofactionetc.,followedlaterbyothers) e.g.Thenewtreatmentforcancerwaspioneeredbytheexpertsofstatehospital. pioneer:n.originalinvestigatorofsubjectorexplorerorsettler;initiatorofenterprise e.g.Theyounggenerationwasgreatlymotivatedbythepioneers’exploits. Thatis,theparticipantsweresupposedtochooseandimplementtheiractionsjointly.( Para.2)Paraphrase:Thatis,theplayerswereexpectedtoselectandcarryouttheiractionstoget her. …hemustanticipateandovercomeresistancetohisplans.(Para.3)anticipate:v.1)toexpectorrealizebeforehand;toforeseee.g.Theexpertsareanticipatingthenegativeeffectsofairpollution. anticipate:v.2)todealwithorusebeforepropertime预支e.g.Tedwasnotusedtosavingmonthlyandhewouldalwaysanticipatehisincom e. Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.(Para.4) Paraphrase:Thekeyprincipalofagameisthatplayerstrategiesaredependentoneach other.essence:n.1)thequalitywhichmakesathingwhatitis;theinnernatureormostimporta ntqualityofathinge.g.Thetwothingsarethesameinoutwardformbutdifferentinessence. essence:n.2)extractobtainedfromasubstancebytakingoutasmuchofthemassaspos siblekessence;essenceofpeppermint(椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence:n.thequalityorfactofdependingoneachotherinter-为前缀，意为betweeneachother,类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
科技英语翻译课后题答案课后习题答案
The power plant is the heart of a ship. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
马力的感应电动机。
Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. 半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers ’ legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.Einstein ’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。
科技英语部分课后练习答案
III: Text Organization
Part I (1-3):
A multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
Part II (4-7): David Gump and Gary Hudson;
.
4
Page 52:
III: Translation
11.每个化学元素在周期表中都有一定的原子数和 位置，可以据此来推测其特性：如何同别的元素 相互作用，能形成什么样的化合物，以及它的物 理属性。
12.固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有 一部分离开固体表面而飞到周围的空间中去；这 种现象称为热电子放射；通常，电子管就利用这 种现象产生自由电子。
.
5
Page 74-75:
II: Abstract Correction
The current calibration methods of the projectilevelocity measurement system are introduced, and the problem and the unreasonableness of these methods are analyzed. Based on the principle of the mathematical statistics, the calibration method is investigated that measures the projectile-velocity at the same time by the multi-group zone-block device is unbiased, uniform and efficient and uses the average of the measured value as the true value of the projectile-velocity at the point.
科技英语课后答案
词组英汉译汉（英译汉10个，汉译英5个）第一单元第8页1. processing speed处理速度2. user-friendly interactive graphics用户友好的交互图形3. product cycle产品周期4. design specification设计规格5. design evaluation设计评价6. 计算机辅助设计CAD7. 计算机辅助制造CAM8. 计算机辅助工程.CAE9. 设计过程design process10. 制造过程production process第二单元第24页1. Amplitude Modulation [AM] 调幅2. radio frequency射频3. ice bath冰点槽4.be proportional to与…成比例5.a digital display register数字显示器6.音频麦克风audio microphone7.接收系统receiving system8.传输系统transmitting system9.开关控制on-off control10.设置温度set the temperature第三单元第37页1.manual or automatic transmissions手动或自动挡2.the interior design内部设计minated lithium-ion cells薄板锂离子电池4.solar panel太阳能电池板5.head and tail lamps头尾灯6.概念车concept car7.全景摄像头around view camera8.测试平台test bed9.电池组battery pack10.转弯半径tuning circle第四单元第51页1. part program零件程序2. punched tape 穿孔纸带3. hydraulic actuator液压制动器4. dimensional information三维信息5. Computer Numerical Control计算机数控6. 电子工业协会EIA7. 基本长度单位basic length-unit8. 以…的形式in the form of 9. 伺服驱动器servo actuator10. 步进电机stepping motor第五单元第66页1. laser printers激光打印机2. local area network局域网3. nonvolatile memory永久性存储器4. optical scanner光扫描仪5. electronic circuitry电子电路6. 调制解调器modulator-demodulator7. 色带inked ribbon8. 只读存储器read-only memory9. 数码影碟digital versatile disc10. 中央处理器CPU（central processing unit 只用回答cpu就行了）第六单元第83页1. commercial transactions 商业交易2. electronic medium电子媒介3. communication platforms交流平台4. after-sale service and support售后服务和支持5. internal processes内部流程6. 营销工具marketing tool7. 售前信息pre-purchase information8. 高科技（公司的）股票high-tech stocks9. 信息技术information technology10. 一种全新的方法/式an entirely new way 第七单元第99页1. technology revolution技术革命2. voice commands语音命令3. cellular network蜂窝网络4. set up temporary offices建立临时办公室5. location-based service定位服务6. 掌上电脑personal digital assistant7. 投影键盘projection keyboard8. 手机迷a phone guy9. 豪华大屏显the luxuriously large screen10. 智能手机smart phones.第八单元第113页1. Giant magnetoresistive effect巨磁电阻效应2. Semiconductor lasers and LEDs半导体激光器和发光二极管3. National Nanotechnology Initiative（美国)国家纳米技术计划4. Carbon fiber reinforced plastics碳纤维增强塑料5. rechargeable batteries充电电池6. 非磁性材料nonmagnetic materials7. 纳米技术Nanotechnology8. 条形码阅读器barcode readers9. 固态照明装置solid-state lighting10. 锂离子电池Li-ion battery一、翻译句子（考5个）第一单元第8页1.Today’s industries cannot survive worldwide competition unless they introduce new productswith better quality（quality, Q）, at lower cost（cost, C）, and with shorter time delivery（delivery, D）.除非能以较低的价格提供更好的质量及更短的交货时间提供新产品，否则任何企业都无法在当今的国际竞争中立足。
科技英语课后题答案
答案：答案：练习1：1. A rocket is made of metal.2. A battery is a device that gives a constant voltage.3. What a good computer (it is)！ How good a computer (it is)!4. In a computer, the tendency is to operate as high a clock rate as possible.5. A body must be made to move, or no work will be done.6. This railroad is 6 times longer than that one.7. Ordinary windows cannot withstand so large a force.8. This value is one third what it was.9. This is too complicated a problem for us to go into here.10. It will take a computer half an hour to solve this problem.练习2：1. We obtained this result with great ease.2. There are many instruments in common use.3. Forces are measured in newtons.4. The concept of gravity will be introduced in the next section.5. Of the first three chapters, the first one introduces nuclear energy.6. These two values differ by 5.7. This new device has many advantages over those old ones.8. We need to solve these equations for those unknowns.9. In everyday life, forces seem to be transmitted only by 9. In everyday life, forces seem to be transmitted only by ““direct contact direct contact””.10. This result looks correct.11 . This point cannot be overemphasized. 12. Their distance apart is very small.练习3：1. This quantity of information is approximately proportional to the range of frequencies usable/ available.2. All the chemistry textbooks available mention this phenomenon.3.In a normal atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons present.4.In this paper there is nothing special.5. In this case the signal waveform can be transmitted undistorted.6. The rays of the sun reach the earth almost parallel.7. This is a positive number larger than 1.8. Such sequences must have a limit either finite or infinite.9. This method can be used to handle problems too complex to be solved by inspection.10. All systems, living and mechanical, are (both) information and feedback control systems.11. Simple in structure and low in price, this machine is warmly received by users.12. Contrary to common belief, Dr.Gordon was not the first to use the metal. 13. The ball is moving parallel to the table 13. The ball is moving parallel to the table’’s surface.14. This circuit operates similar to a counter.15. This is a straight ling 5 meters long.练习4：1. One of the advantages of these new devices over the old ones is their small size.2. Because of its great importance, this circuit will be discussed in detail later.4. Our discussion of this topic will be presented in the next chapter.6. The density of water is higher than that of ice.7. By efficiency one means the ratio of output to input.9. These results are in agreement with the experimental ones.10. These computers are similar to those in our labortory.练习51. This is any constant not zero.6. These devices have been factory calibrated accurately.11. These measurements must be made at many frequencies, a rather time-consuming and tedious task.13. This method has an advantage over that of example 2.17. The variation of speed with time is shown in Fig. 6-6.练习73. The stationary electric charge can never interact with a magnet.4. Eq. (5-18) cannot be satisfied for all values of x and t.5. None of the textbooks available have mentioned this problem.7. This instrument does not appear to be good as that one.9. This figure indicates that the speed of light is not infinite as many people believed at that time.10. These rules are not valid for all types of circuits.练习8：2. The better one knows C, the harder it seems to be to avoid writing C ++ in C style3. In a well-designed instrument, R4 may be as high as 105. In this case, switch resistance is much less important.8. The whale 8. The whale’’s body is a thousand times heavier than its brain, while the elephant s body is a thousand times heavier than its brain, while the elephant’’s body is about 5 hundred times as heavy.9. There are probably as many different techniques as there are service men.练习9：1. In recent years, they have been designing a new kind of product.2. We discussed this problem briefly in chapter 1.3. That aircraft is being assembled.4. It has been/ is more than 10years since this professor became an academician.5. By the end of this year, these engineers will have worked in this research institute for 20years.6. The world is always changing.7. Up to now, we have been concerned only with the motion of particles.8. This is the first time they have ever developed this new kind of computer.9. A few years ago, the NASA said that they would establish a space factory.10. That chief physician told us that his research group had found a new kind of virus.练习练习10： 1. Full use should be made of the computers available.or: The computer available should be made full use of. 2. Each point is assigned a number.3. Now we are told that I is proportional to V .4. Nonlinear equations will be discussed in chapter5.5. This stone is being acted on by 3 forces.6. The reader may not be convinced that this is true.练习11：2. To deform anything requires a force.3. To do work is to move a body through a distance.5. In this laboratory there are many devices for students to choose from.7. This case is particularly simple to analyze.8. It requires much time and effort for scientific knowledge to be applied to the practical affairs of life.9. There are wide differences in the ability of various substances to conduct heat.10. Gravity is the tendency of all objects to attract each other.11. This unit determines which of these operations to perform.12. In some experiments, you will be told what to measure and what instruments to use.练习12：对比对比 练习11第一题：第一题：All matter is found to be composed of atoms or molecules.Ⅲ1. This is a device consisting f five parts.2. Resistance equals voltage divided by current.3. Flowing through a circuit, the current will meet some opposition.4. Expressed in a formula, this law can be written as follows.5. This battery, properly used, may last for a long time.6. A force can be resolved into two components, one of them (being) vertical and the other horizontal.Ⅳ1. Let us construct, with the origin as center, a circle of radius R.2. A tiny nucleus is at the center of the atom, with its electrons some distance away.3. With no friction present, energy would not be lost.4. This device was designed with security in mind.5. The equations with V proportional to F can be solved this way.6. A keyboard is the device with buttons on it.练习13：1. There are many ways of generating electricity.4. Upon/ On rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.5. In using the above equation, attention must be paid to the sign.6. Compressing a gas quickly raises its temperature.8. The more crowded the conditions, the greater the chances of epidemics breaking out.练习17：1. It is necessary to know what units are used for measuring the quantity of heat.2. This book tells the reader what electric circuits are and what we do with them.4. Force is what makes bodies move.5. What this chapter describes is extremely important.7. This concept will be introduced in what the author hopes is a clear and concise manner.9. What we call the weight of a body is really the attractive force which the earth exerts on the body. 10. The current in this branch has become 10 times what it was.练习182. There is almost no natural science but requires mathematics.4. It is unfortunate that early cancer is painless; otherwise, cancer would not be the problem (that) it is.9. Faraday was the scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction.10. Gain is the number of times an amplifier amplifies a signal.练习19：1. These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws in electricity are built.6. They derived an equation, the solution to which is very simple.8. The author would like to thank the editors of the series of which this book is a part.练习20：1. We can let the x-axis coincide with one of the forces, which will simplify the problem.5. As the name shows, a conductor is the substance that conducts electric current.6. This resulted in the creation of 6. This resulted in the creation of ““high-speed mechanics high-speed mechanics””, or as it is called relativistic mechanics.7. The result is as shown in Fig. 2.练习22：1. There does exist water on that planet.2. It is not clear by what method it is that this equation can be solved.4. It is this advantage of the device with which we are concerned.5. It may well be this flaw that often leads to the failure of that computer.6. It is what this paper describes that has attracted many readers.练习23：3. Below / Here is a table of conductivities of some metals we are familiar with.6. Shown in Fig. 1-1 is a block diagram of a digital computer.7. By speed is meant the ratio of distance to time.9. This problem we shall discuss in detail later.10. By no means do ions move in a wire.练习24：3. It is necessary to find the current through and the voltage across the capacitor.5. This value is less than or equal to unity.6. No matter how high the density, solar matter can be considered as an ideal gas.7.Different emf’’s result in potential gradients. hence electric fields.7.Different emf。
科技英语综合教程_课后练习答案及参考译文
科技英语综合教程_课后练习答案及参考译文科普课后练习答案及参考译文Unit 1Translation PracticeII. Words and Phrases Translation A. Translate the following expressions into Chinese:1. mutual gain game and mutual harm game 互赢博弈和互败博弈2. sequential-move game 连续策略博弈3. simultaneous-move game 联立策略博弈4. linear reasoning 直线推理5. circular reasoning 循环推理6. Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡7. dominant strategy 支配性策略8. optimal result 最优化结果9. breakdown of cooperation 合作分裂10. strategy of brinkmanship 边缘化策略B. Translate the following expressions into English:1. 完全博弈 pure conflict2. 竞争与合作 competition and cooperation3. 策略性相互作用strategic interdependence4. 囚徒困境prisoners’ dilemma5. 长远性损失 long-run loss6. 针锋相对策略 tit-for-tat strategy7. 混合性策略mixing one’s moves8. (网球)斜线球或底线球 hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line9. 垄断性市场 monopoly market10. 均衡份额 equilibrium sharesIII. Sentence Translation:A. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese: (Pay attention to the underlined part)1. 博弈的实质是博弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Main Content :UNIT 1 MA THEMA TICS I.Text OrganizationParts Part OneParagraphsParas. 1-3Main IdeasGame theory can be defined as the science of strategywhich studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games)and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part Two Paras. 4-11 There are two distinct typesinterdependence: sequential-movesimultaneous-move game.of strategic game andPart Three Paras.The typical examples of game theory are given as the12-19basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixingmoves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing andrevealing information.Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded inillustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation andit will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.nguage PointsThe games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase:The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers’exploits.That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. (Para.2)Paraphrase:That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together.⋯he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3) anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foreseee.g. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution. anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time预支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would alwaysanticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependenceof player strategies. (Para.4) Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence. essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essence of peppermint椒薄(荷、椒薄荷油 ) interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、 international、interview 等。
A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look aheadand reasonback. (Para.5)Paraphrase: A commonly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; tothink oute.g. (1) Man ’s ability to reason makes him different from the animal. (2)I reason in this way about the matter.In principle, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence ofmoves⋯ (Para.6)finite: a. limited; having boundse.g. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot becalculated)e.g. infinite space.In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para.7)Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games.⋯in ignorance of the others’current actions. (Para.7)ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformede.g. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.The logical circle is squared ⋯ (Para.8)square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible做（似乎是）不可能的事When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. (Para.10)Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each player’s best choice will lead to the best effect for all the players.此句是一个复合句， when引导时间状语从句，主句 there is no presumption 中又包含一个同位语从句that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修饰 presumption。