(精品)初中英语长难句_语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义语篇学语法——从句I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place①where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain ④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose ⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said.“But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said.“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。

Eg：My uncle gives me a camera.Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t..Study hard and you will make progress.3. 复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。

名词性从句1. 主语从句：，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。

eg: (1) What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.②连词whether（意思是“是否”）③连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引导，④连接副词when，where，how，why等引导。

2. 表语从句：。

跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。

eg: (1) That is what I want to say. （what在从句中充当，不能省略）(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.(who在从句中当，不能省略）(4) What I want to know （从句）is who is in charge of the work（从句）.(5) It looks as if it’s going to rain. （looks是系动词）(1) I stood there and thought ③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句，第④句是explain的宾语从句。

(2) I suppose ⑤you are lost.(这是suppose的宾语从句，省略了that).(3) Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.（这是told的宾语从句，充当间接宾语，引导词where在从句中充当状语）(4) I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily.(wondered的宾从，why在从句中充当状语）另外：宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。

Eg：Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.（充当介词except的宾语）What we should take with us （主语从句）depends on where we’ll stay.（充当介词on的宾语）在使用宾语从句时，要注意：1）宾语从句的时态①当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。

Eg：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.②但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定。

Eg：I am glad that you passed the exam.3）如果主句中it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时，that不能省略。

Eg：Many students take it for granted that their parents should do everything for them.（it是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that）形容词性从句限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。

I was very glad to have a man ⑥who could take me to the meeting.(1) A student, whose name I don’t know, comes to see you.(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.(3) Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.注1：需要注意的是，当先行词是表示地点的名词时，引导词可以是关系代词that或which，但有时也用关系副词where。

例如：(1) This is the place which / that we visited last year.(2) This is the place where I once worked.具体区别在于：引导词that或which是关系代词，在从句中要充当主语或宾语。

在第(1)句中，which / that在定语从句中相当于做的语；而引导词where是关系副词，在定语从句中只能担当状语，如第(2)句中，where做的语，相当于，从句可以理解为： .注2：另外，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which，有时也用 when，其区别也是如此：that / which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。

例如：(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.虽然这两个句子的先行词都是the days，但是在第一句中，which / that相当于，在定语从句中做谓语动词的语；在第二句中，when相当于 ,，在定语从句中做语：The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.1. whom: 先行词必须是人，whom在定语从句中只能做宾语。

例如：He is the man whom I met yesterday.该句中的whom可以换成who或that，也可以省略。

who和that在定语从句中可以充当主语和宾语，因此，当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时，who， that和whom可以互换，也可以省略。