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李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)教学教材

李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)教学教材
A.斯托尔帕-萨缪尔森定理
B.赫克歇尔~俄林定理
C.罗伯津斯基定理
D.李嘉图比较优势理论
9.下列不属于要素价格均等化理论前提假定的是()
A.生产要素存量一定
B.生产要素充分利用
C.生产中存在专门生产要素.
D.生产要素在国与国之间不能流动
第四章
1.如果一国进口竞争部门和出口部门各有一种特定要素,劳动力是共同要素,则进口关税一-定会()
A.提高进口竞争部门特定要素所有者的实际收入
B.提高出口部门]特定要素所有者的实际收入
C.降低两部门]共同要素劳动力的实际收入
D.同时提高进口竞争部]和出口部门特定要素所有者的实际收入
2.根据特定要素模型,-一个部门产品价格水平的上升- -定会导致()。
A.共同生产要素从该部]向其他部门转移
B.该部门专门生产要素的收入水平上升
4.下列哪一项不属于悲惨性增长的发生条件()
A.增加的生产要素是用于生产偏向出口商品的
B.国外市场对该产品的需求弹性无穷大
C.本国在该产品国际市场上占有较高的市场份额
D.本国供应量的增长会影响到该产品的国际市场价格
5.下列哪项定理描述了要素增长对生产的影响。()
A.赫克歇尔~俄林定理(Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem)
B. X是土地密集型产品,品本国出口Y
C. Y是土地密集型产品,产品本国出口.
D.Y是土地密集型产品,X产品本国出
2.根据要素禀赋理论,如果美国与中国相比是资本相对丰裕的国家,汽车是资本密集型产品,而纺织品是劳动密集型产品,则与封闭条件下相比,中美两国进行贸易后()。
A.美国汽车与纺织品生产中所投入的资本/劳动力的比重都将下降
A.土地所有者、劳动者

(国际经济学章节复习试题含答案)第11章开放条件下的宏观经济政策

(国际经济学章节复习试题含答案)第11章开放条件下的宏观经济政策

第十一章开放条件下的宏观经济政策一、单项选择题1.在开放经济中,宏观经济政策的主要目标包括经济增长、充分就业、价格稳定和()A.国际收支顺差B.国际收支逆差C.内部均衡D.国际收支平衡2.在开放经济中,宏观经济政策的首要目标是()A.经济增长B.充分就业C.价格稳定D.国际收支平衡3.在宏观调控中,汇率政策的主要问题是()A.确定合理的汇率水平B.确定汇率制度C.确定汇率的标价方法D.确定关键货币4.一国实现内外均衡目标的最主要的政策工具是()A.财政政策与货币政策B.汇率政策C.直接管制政策D.融资政策5.在IS-LM-BP模型中,推动LM曲线右移,使产出增加、利率降低的政策是()A.扩张性的财政政策B.扩张性的货币政策C.紧缩性的财政政策D.紧缩性的货币政策6.在固定汇率制下,扩张性货币政策无效的资本状态是()A.资本不完全流动B.资本完全流动C.资本完全不流动D.不确定7.在固定汇率制下,扩张性财政政策在长期内无效的资本状态是()A.资本不完全流动B.资本完全流动C.资本完全不流动D.不确定8.在固定汇率制下,一国失业和顺差并存时可以采取()A.扩张性的财政政策与货币政策B.紧缩性的财政政策与扩张性的货币政策C.紧缩性的财政政策与货币政策D.扩张性的财政政策与紧缩性的货币政策9.斯旺模型的原理说明当经济处于通货膨胀和国际收支顺差时,应采取的政策是()A.减少国内支出和货币升值的政策B.增加国内支出和货币升值的政策C.减少国内支出和货币贬值的政策D.增加国内支出和货币贬值的政策10.在浮动汇率制和资本完全流动情况下,BP曲线是()A.一条水平线B.一条垂直线C.一条向右上方倾斜的曲线D.难以确定11.在浮动汇率制下,扩张性的货币政策导致利率下降的资本状态是()A.资本不完全流动B.资本完全流动C.资本完全不流动D.不确定12.在浮动汇率制和资本完全流动性情况下,通过扩张性货币政策不会影响()A.收入B.利率C.汇率 D.价格二、判断改错题1.主要通过调节社会需求的内部结构来调控宏观经济的政策工具是需求增减型政策。

国际经济学题库(含参考答案)

国际经济学题库(含参考答案)

国际经济学题库(含参考答案)一、单选题(共50题,每题1分,共50分)1、区域一体化组织中最松散、最低级的形式是()A、关税同盟B、自由贸易区C、共同市场D、优惠贸易安排正确答案:D2、要素价格均等化表明()A、一国丰富要素所有者受益,稀缺要素所有者受损B、一国丰富要素所有者受损,稀缺要素所有者受益C、一国丰富要素所有者和稀缺要素所有者都受益D、一国丰富要素所有者和稀缺要素所有者都受益正确答案:A3、下列不属于关税同盟动态效应的是()A、大市场效应B、加剧竞争C、吸引外资D、贸易创造效应正确答案:D4、如果开放前一国X产品的相对价格低于其贸易伙伴,则贸易后该国()A、进口 X产品B、生产者福利增加C、整体福利下降D、消费者福利增加正确答案:B5、下列()会给本国带来较大的贸易创造效应。

A、本国对贸易商品的供给弹性较大B、本国对成员国的初始关税较大C、本国与成员国之间贸易商品的成本差别较大D、本国对贸易商品的需求弹性较小正确答案:D6、初级产品的出口价格若下降,其出口量将增加,出口总收入()A、不变B、增加C、下降D、不确定正确答案:C7、马歇尔一勒纳条件所要说明的是在供给弹性()的情况下,本币贬值能够改善贸易收支的进出口需求弹性条件。

A、零B、无穷大C、1D^大于零小于1正确答案:B8、假设中国和美国都能生产小麦和布,中国将一单位劳动时间全部生产布,可以生产50米;全部生产小麦,可以生产80千克;美国将一单位劳动时间全部生产布,可以生产40米;全部生产小麦,可以生产 100千克。

如果开放后的国际交换比价为1米布=L 8千克小麦,则下列说法正确的是()A、无法比较美国和中国的获利情况B、中国从贸易开放中获利更多C、美国和中国从贸易开放中获利相同D、美国从贸易开放中获利更多正确答案:D9、下列不属于国际收支平衡表资本项目的是()A、利息收支B、短期信贷C、短期证券买卖D、票据买卖正确答案:A10、消费者剩余是()A、消费者为了商品的消费而必须向政府支付的东西B、消费者通过低于市场价格的价格而得到的收益C、消费者购买商品所需支付的价格低于其愿意支付的价格而获得的收益D、消费者可以在各种价格水平得到的收益正确答案:C11、外汇市场中的即期交易不包含()A、套汇B、投机C、国际贸易结算D、银行同业拆借正确答案:B12、如果一个中国工人能生产3匹布或者1辆汽车,一个美国工人能生产4匹布或2辆汽车,则能促进中国与美国进行贸易并各自收益的交换比率是()A、4匹布换2辆汽车B、3匹布换1辆汽车C、3匹布换2辆汽车D、5匹布换2辆汽车正确答案:D13、国际经济学的研究对象是()A、国际商品流动B、国际收支平衡C、世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置D^国际人员流动正确答案:C14、根据国民收入决定方程Y=C+I+G+X-M,国际收支的吸收分析法中的“吸收”是指()A、YB、C+IC、C+I+GD、X-M正确答案:C15、开放经济条件下的宏观经济政策目标是()A、追求贸易顺差B、汇率稳定C、扩大出口D、国际收支平衡正确答案:D16、在进行贸易后,一国的收入分配会发生如下变化,()A、收入由消费者转向生产者B、受到进口商品竞争压力的国内生产者遭受损失,而出口商品的生产者则会受益C、消费者受损,生产者受益D、作为整体的国家受益,而个人则会受到损失正确答案:B17、商品和服务贸易记录在国际收支平衡表中的()A、经常项目B、误差和遗漏项目C、官方结算项目D、资本项目正确答案:A18、下列哪个行业最有可能具有内部规模经济?()A、好莱坞的电影业B、加州硅谷的半导体产业C、美国的大型农场D、北京中关村的电脑城正确答案:C19、采用()的配额分配方式,配额的福利效果与关税一样。

《宏观经济学》课后习题答案

《宏观经济学》课后习题答案

《宏观经济学》课后习题答案第⼀章导论1.宏观经济学的研究对象是什么?它与微观经济学有什么区别?答:宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为研究对象,即以国内⽣产总值、国内⽣产净值和国民收⼊的变动及就业、经济周期波动、通货膨胀、财政与⾦融、经济增长等等之间的关系作为研究对象。

微观经济学研究的是个体经济活动参与者的⾏为及后果,是组成经济的具体单位,⽽不是聚集单位。

它企求解释个⼈、家庭、企业和⼯业的经济⾏为和经济原则,并研究各种市场结构和表现。

消费者和家庭的开⽀⽔平、具体企业和⼯业的价格、产出决策、⼯资、竞争机制和作⽤,市场结构及社会效益等,都是它需要研究的变量。

微观和宏观的区别在于:a研究对象不同;宏观的研究是整个国民经济的经济⾏为,微观研究的是个体经济⾏为。

b研究主题不同:宏观是资源利⽤以⾄充分就业;微观是资源配置最终到效⽤最⼤化。

c中⼼理论不同:宏观是国民收⼊决定理论;微观是价格理论。

第⼆章宏观经济的衡量与均衡1.试述国民⽣产总值、国内⽣产总值、国民⽣产净值、国民收⼊、个⼈收⼊和个⼈可⽀配收⼊之间的关系。

答:(1)国内⽣产总值(GDP)是指⼀国范围内在某⼀给定时期内运⽤⽣产要素所⽣产的最终产品(包括产品和劳务)的市场价值的总和。

(2)国民⽣产总值(GNP)是指⼀国所拥有的⽣产要素所⽣产的最终产品的价值。

GNP和GDP 的关系:⼆者统计⼝径不⼀样。

GNP是⼀个国民概念,GDP是⼀个地域概念。

这两者之间的关系为:国民⽣产总值=国内⽣产总值+本国公民在国外⽣产的最终产品的价值总和-外国公民在本国所⽣产的最终产品的价值总和。

(3)国内⽣产净值(NDP)即⼀个国家⼀年中的国内⽣产总值(GDP)减去⽣产过程中消耗掉的资本(折旧费)所得出的净增长量。

(4)国民收⼊( NI)即⼀个国家在⼀年内各种⽣产要素所得到的实际报酬的总和,即⼯资、利息、租⾦和利润的总和。

从国内⽣产净值中(5PI=NI-公司未分配利润-公司所得税和社会保险税+加政府转移⽀付(6)个⼈可⽀配收⼊(disposable personal income,简写为DPI),指缴纳了个⼈所得税以后留下的可为个⼈所⽀配的收⼊。

《国际经济学》问答题(第一篇)答案

《国际经济学》问答题(第一篇)答案

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些?⑴ 贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭经济(Closed economy)下的相对价格水平。

在李嘉图的两国贸易模型中,一个隐含的假设是,两国的规模大小相似。

因此,在自由贸易的情况下,两国各自放弃不拥有比较优势的产品而将所有的资源用于生产本国拥有比较优势的产品。

但在现实世界中,贸易中两国的大小可能相差很大。

例如:中国与斯里兰卡相比,无论是人口还是土地面积,前者都是后者的几十倍甚至一百多倍。

即使中国有生产小麦的比较优势,斯里兰卡有生产大米的比较优势,两国进行自由贸易,中国也不可能只生产小麦而不生产大米,因为即使把斯里兰卡全部生产的大米都出口到中国来也满足不了中国的最低消费。

因此,如果大国与小国发生贸易,小国可以只生产其拥有比较优势的产品,而大国则不会实行专业化只生产一种产品。

大国仍然需要两种产品都生产。

⑵ 小国(Small nation)与大国(Large nation)进行贸易,谁从自由贸易中获得的收益会更大呢?一般来说,贸易所得与贸易前后相对价格的变化幅度成正比。

换句话说,如果产品出口价格越高,或是进口产品的价格越低,一国从贸易中获得的利益就越大。

那么,小国与大国贸易,谁的价格变化会更大一些呢?假设:贸易前中国的大米市场的交易量为 1 亿吨,价格为每吨 1000 元。

斯里兰卡大米市场交易量为 100 万吨,价格为每吨 500 元。

发生贸易后中国从斯里兰卡进口了 50 万吨大米。

这 50 万吨大米对于 1亿吨的中国市场来说,只占 0.5%份额,影响甚微,对中国大米市场价格的影响不会很大。

但是,对于斯里兰卡来说,50 万吨意味着相当于原有市场的 50%现在出口到了国外,大米价格会大幅上升。

虽然自由贸易的结果会使两国的大米价格都发生变动,但相对于封闭时两国的市场价格来说,中国只降了一点点以至小到可以忽略不计,而斯里兰卡的大米价格则可以涨到非常接近于中国市场价格(将近每吨 1000 元)。

国际经济学试题及答案

国际经济学试题及答案

国际经济学试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际经济学研究的核心问题是什么?A. 国内经济政策B. 国际贸易与投资C. 国际货币体系D. 国际政治关系答案:B2. 根据比较优势理论,一个国家应该专门生产并出口什么?A. 其资源最丰富的商品B. 其生产成本最低的商品C. 其技术最先进的商品D. 其劳动力成本最低的商品答案:B3. 以下哪项不是贸易保护主义的措施?A. 关税B. 配额C. 出口补贴D. 进口许可证答案:C二、简答题1. 简述绝对优势理论的基本内容。

答案:绝对优势理论由亚当·斯密提出,主张一个国家应该生产并出口其生产效率最高的商品,进口其生产效率最低的商品。

该理论认为,即使一个国家在所有商品的生产上都没有绝对优势,它仍然可以通过专业化生产效率相对较高的商品来获得贸易利益。

2. 什么是国际收支平衡表?答案:国际收支平衡表是一个记录一个国家与其他国家之间所有经济交易的统计报表。

它包括经常账户、资本和金融账户以及官方储备账户。

经常账户记录商品和服务的交易,资本和金融账户记录资本流动和金融资产的交易,官方储备账户记录中央银行的外汇储备变动。

三、论述题1. 论述汇率变动对国际贸易的影响。

答案:汇率变动对国际贸易有重要影响。

当一个国家的货币升值时,其出口商品在国际市场上的价格上升,竞争力下降,导致出口减少;同时,进口商品的价格下降,国内消费者更倾向于购买外国商品,导致进口增加。

相反,当一个国家的货币贬值时,其出口商品的价格下降,竞争力增强,促进出口;进口商品的价格上升,抑制进口。

此外,汇率变动还会影响跨国公司的投资决策,因为投资成本和收益会随着汇率变动而变化。

2. 分析全球化对发展中国家的影响。

答案:全球化为发展中国家带来了机遇和挑战。

机遇方面,全球化促进了资本、技术和信息的流动,为发展中国家提供了更多的市场机会和投资机会,有助于提高生产效率和经济增长。

挑战方面,全球化加剧了国际竞争,对发展中国家的产业和就业产生压力,可能导致收入差距扩大。

李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)

李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)

1.封闭条件下,中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后,小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为.A。

1:6B。

2:6C。

3:6D。

4:62。

在机会成本递增条件下,只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异,那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。

这种说法是否正确?A。

正确B.不正确3。

作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一,规模经济意味着随着产量增加,()A。

平均成本与边际成本都下降B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降C。

平均成本下降D。

平均成本与边际成本都上升4。

以下说法中,()是错误的。

A。

绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的,而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的B。

相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因D。

无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提1。

下列()属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。

A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素B。

没有运输成本和其他交易成本C。

生产要素可以在两国间自由流动D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。

A。

货币是财富的唯一表现形式B。

通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平C.出口意味着贵金属的流入D。

进口意味着贵金属的流出3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的()A。

分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动,而且机会成本保持不变C。

参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高D。

一国比另一国家的技术优势越大,则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大4。

下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张()A。

贸易不是“零和”的B.多卖少买,保持贸易顺差,是获得财富的基本原则C。

国家应干预经济,鼓励出口,限制进口D。

金银货币是财富的唯一形态1.假定每单位x产品的生产需要4单位劳动与6单位土地,每单位Y产品的生产需要2单位劳动与4单位土地,如果本国有100 单位劳动与200单位土地,外国有200单位劳动与300单位土地,则根据H—O理论可推出()A。

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案

international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。

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第三章新古典国贸理论习题一、名词解释1、劳动价值论:2、机会成本:3哈伯勒的比较优势理论:二、计算题1、美英两国都能生产A、B、C、D、E五种商品,美国生产一单位上述商品所需投入的劳动量分别为10、25、65、80、43(人小时),英国生产上述商品所需投入的劳动量分别为11、30、60、90、55(人小时)。

美国和英国的工资率之比为1 :0.85。

问美英两国各自在何商品的生产上具有劳动成本方面的比较优势?2、美英两国都能生产A、B、C、D、E五种商品,上述商品的价格在美国国内分别为2、4、6、8、10美元,上述商品在英国国内价格分别为6、4、3、2、1英磅。

如果现在的汇率水平为2美元/英磅,问美国应该进口何种商品、出口何种商品?当汇率水平变为3美元/英磅时呢?国贸理论研究方法与分析工具一、填空题1、国贸理论的三种图形分析工具分别是:分析贸易条件的();分析供给的();分析需求的()。

2、相对价格概念的实质反映了一种()关系,国贸理论研究中引入这一概念的目的是避开()因素对贸易活动的影响,从而使理论研究更简明。

3、经济行为主体根据部分价格信息,而不考虑其他价格信息进行决策的制定,这种现象在经济学中被称为()。

4、完全竞争的市场结构其特征有()、()等,在完全竞争的市场结构中厂商利润最大化的原则是()。

5、封闭条件下,一国经济达到均衡状态需要具备的条件有:()、()、()。

6、开放条件下,一国经济达到均衡状态需要具备的条件有:()、()、()。

7、2*1的完全竞争条件下,一国的生产可能性边界为一条直线,原因是(),这意味着生产可能性边界线上机会成本或边际成本()。

8、2*2的完全竞争条件下,一国的生产可能性边界为一条向外凸的曲线,原因是()和()。

这意味着生产可能性边界线上机会成本或边际成本()。

9、2*2的不完全竞争条件下,一国的生产可能性边界为一条凸向原点的曲线,原因是(规模经济)。

这意味着生产可能性边界线上机会成本或边际成本()。

10、社会无差异曲线的特征有:()、(、()、()。

二、名词解释相对价格:生产可能性曲线:社会无差异曲线:国民收入预算线:均衡生产点:均衡消费点:三、问答题1、为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?2、在只有两种商品的情况下,当一种商品的生产或消费达到均衡时,另外一种商品的生产或消费是否也能同时达到均衡?李嘉图——克鲁格曼模型一, 填空题1、李嘉图——克鲁格曼模型的基本分析框架是( )。

2、李嘉图——克鲁格曼模型中A 、B 两国的生产可能性边界为直线段的原因是(3、当一国的生产可能性边界线为一直线段时,该国的均衡生产点如何确定(4、李嘉图——克鲁格曼模型中,A 国在封闭条件下的均衡相对价格线与( ) 曲线重合,而且这条线也是该国的( )曲线。

5、单一要素模型中,封闭条件下两国相对价格的差异是由( )引起的,开放条件下随着国贸的进行这种价格上的差异会逐渐( )。

6、单一要素模型中,由于生产可能性边界是一直线段,开放条件下两国的生产会出现( )分工的格局。

7、李嘉图——克鲁格曼模型证明,贸易后两国工人的实际工资水平都(提高)。

8、大国和一个小国进行贸易,一般情况下,( )国从中获得的利益多,因为( )。

9、一国从贸易中获得的利益进一步可以分解为( )和( )两部分。

二、名词解释1、规模收益不变:2、交换利益:3、专业化利益:三、作图计算题假设某一国拥有20000万单位的劳动,X ,Y 部门的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5单位和4 单位,试确定该国的生产可能性边界线方程?如果X 产品的国际均衡价格为2,且该国的进口量为 2000单位,试确定该国的出口量?解:设该国X 部门的产量为Qx ,Y 部门的产量为Qy ,则生产可能性边界方程为5Qx+4Qy=20000万 即 Qy= —(5/4)Qx + 5000万如图假设M 点为开放条件下均衡消费点,已知A 点为开放条件下均衡生产点,贸易三角为△MNA ,AN 为出口量,MN 进口量,则MN/AN=2000/AN=2,故出口量AN=1000第六章 要素禀赋理论一、 填空题1、要素禀赋理论最初是由( )和( )师生提出的,后经( )等人加工不断完善。

Qy2、赫克歇尔—俄林模型的基本分析框架为(),两种生产要素意味着该理论已放弃了()论,开始采用机会成本理论作为其理论基础。

3、要素禀赋是指一国所拥有的两种生产要素(),若A国相对于B国为资本丰裕国,则A国资本的价格相对于B国一定(),A国劳动的价格相对于B国一定()。

4、无论一国两种生产要素的相对价格在任一水平,若生产X商品的要素投入比K/L总大于生产Y 商品的要素投入比,则称X商品为()商品,Y为()商品。

5、两国消费者的偏好如果完全一致,则两国的社会无差异曲线()相同。

6、平面坐标中横轴代表生产要素--劳动,纵轴代表生产要素--资本,则资本密集型商品的等产量线更偏向()轴,劳动密集型商品的等产量线更偏向()轴。

二、名词解释。

1、国家要素丰裕度:2、等产量线:三、问答题赫克歇尔—俄林模型中,国家的生产可能性边界线是一条向外凸的弧线,为什么?答:四、作图分析题贸易利益可进一步分解为交换利益和专业化利益,请用外凸的生产可能性边界线作图说明之。

第六章要素禀赋理论(二)一、填空题1、H—O模型揭示的是产业间国际贸易,产业间贸易长期内对参与国收入分配的影响是通过()定理揭示的。

2、产业间国贸由商品的()引起,国贸的进行又促使各贸易国的商品相对价格趋于均等;同时随着各国商品价格的变动会引起生产要素的再配置,最终达成要素价格的()化。

3、劳动丰裕国在长期的产业间贸易中,()要素所有者的实际收入水平将会提高,(资本)要素所有者的实际收入水平将会降低;资本丰裕国在长期的产业间贸易中劳动要素所有者的实际收入水平将会(,资本要素所有者的收入水平将会()。

4、生产要素在长期内都是可以流动的,但在短期内生产要素的流动性是不同的。

短期内不能流动,即只适合于一个部门,而不适合于其他部门的要素称为();短期内可以流动的要素称为()。

5、国贸理论中,特定要素模型主要用于解释在短期内国际产业间贸易对一国()的影响。

6、长期内国际产业间贸易对收入分配的影响是基于商品()的差异。

而在短期内,国际贸易对收入分配格局的影响是因为要素的()性。

7、短期内国际产业间贸易会()贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入,()进口替代部门特定要素的实际收入,而对流动要素的实际收入影响不确定,是否提高取决于要素所有者的(8、偏向()部门的要素积累会导致一国外贸规模缩小,偏向()部门的要素积累会导致一国外贸规模扩大。

9、罗伯津斯基定理适用于()国。

二、名词解释1、斯托珀—萨缪尔森定理:2、罗伯津斯基定理:3、特定要素模型:三、问答题1、在下列情况下,一国的产品生产及贸易条件如何变化?A、资本、劳动同比例增加;B、资本增加的比例大于劳动;C、资本增加的比例小于劳动;答:2、试析外资流入对东道国贸易条件和比较优势的影响?3、请分析产业间国贸对一国收入分配的影响4、请问悲惨增长所需具备的条件是什么?哪些国家可能会出现这种情况?第七章生命周期理论一、填空题1、古典国贸理论认为国际贸易发生的根本原因是技术();生命周期理论认为国际贸易发生的根本原因是技术(变化),所以可以把生命周期理论看作是比较优势理论的动态发展。

2、产品在初始期,决定比较优势的的因素主要是(),在成长期决定比较优势的最重要因素是(,而在成熟期,()和()是决定比较优势的最主要力量。

*3、WTO建立于()年()月()日,其总部设在(),现有成员国()个。

二、问答题1、试比较产品生命周期理论与要素禀赋理论的异同?2、生命周期理论所揭示的贸易模式是什么样的?第八章重叠需求理论一、填空题1、两国收入水平越高越接近,则这两个国家之间的重叠需求就(),重叠需求商品就()。

2、重叠需求理论适合于解释发生在发达国家之间的()贸易。

*3、WTO的协定中明确指出了五个基本原则:非歧视原则,()原则,可预见原则,()原则,()原则。

二、名词解释重叠需求商品:三、问答题试比较重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论的异同?第九章规模经济理论入门一、分析下列四例,解释每例中是外部规模经济情形,还是内部规模经济:1、美国印第安那州艾克哈特的十几家工厂生产了美国大多数的管乐器。

2、在美国销售的所有本田车要么是从日本进口的,要么是在俄亥俄州的玛丽斯维利生产的。

3、欧洲惟一的在型客机生产商——空中客车公司的所有飞机都在法国西伦组装。

4、康涅狄格州的哈特福特成为美国东北部的保险业中心。

二、评价下述情形中规模经济与比较优势的相对重要性:1、世界上大部分的铝由挪威或加拿大冶炼。

2、世界上半数的大型喷气式客机在西雅图生产。

3、美国和日本生产了大部分的半导体。

4、世界上最好的葡萄酒产自法国。

三、问答题在封闭条件下,差异产品与规模经济有何矛盾?如何才能很好地解决这一矛盾?第十章外部规模经济理论一、填空题1、并不是所有的规模经济都存在于单个厂商内部,在很多时侯由于各种原因,某一行业在一个或几个地区集中生产,从而(了该行业的平均成本,而行业中的单个厂的规模却仍然很小。

2、一个行业的地区聚集现象,常带来外部规模经济效应。

这种现象在知识技术密集型行业或者(行业表现的特别突出,而在这些行业中,内部规模经济效应并不十分明显。

3、建立在()基础上的贸易模式是不确定的,某一具有外部规模经济的行业最先在哪个国家建立并发展壮大,最终形成国际竞争优势,这取决于历史的原因或者国家政策的扶持。

其他国家由于这种产业建立较晚或者生产规模不大,就会失去发展这种产业的机会。

4、与外部规模经济对应的是()竞争市场结构。

二、问答题什么是外部规模经济?它产生的主要原因是什么?能否举几个例子?阅读材料:产业集聚是现阶段产业竞争力的重要来源和集中体现。

用集聚提升区域产业竞争力。

产业集聚能有效降低成本。

各种相关企业在地理上的相互集中,不仅可以降低原料和产品的运输成本,节约生产时间,还能减少能源和原料的消耗,减少库存,从而降低生产成本。

如燕矶金刚石产业,通过20多年的发展,现已形成初具规模的产业群落。

近百家专业厂相互扎堆、互通有无,充分利用集聚优势,生产出占据全国金刚石刀具市场70%的系列产品,成本比国内其他地区的生产厂家低30%以上。

产业集聚能有效提高专业化水平。

传统企业“大而全”、“小而全”的生产方式,通过产业集聚,能够实现专业化分工、协作化生产,从而有效提高专业化生产水平。

华容区白浒镇村聚集了65家与铸造相关的企业,从铸造鼎锅、犁头、煤气灶架到生产水泵、鼓风机、空气压缩机、飞机场灯具、矿山机械配件,产品达100多个系列、1000多个品种,占领了全国泵业30%的市场,成为“江南铸造第一村”。

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