语言学知识点

IC analysis直接成分分析法: It refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups, which are in turn analysised into the immediate constituents of their own and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.Garden path花园小径现象: there are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turn out to be incorrect. They have been led up the garden path, fooled into thinking the sentence has a different structure than it has.Interlanguage中介语: the type of language constructed by second or foreign learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understand as a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.Foregrounding前景化: it is defined as “artistically motivated deviation”, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc. Relevance Theory关联理论: this theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance: Communication and Congnition in 1986. they argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.The Cooperative Principle合作原则: four categories of maxims as follows:Quantity 1. make your contribution as informative as is required.2. Do not make your contribution moreinformative than is required.Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true1.Do not say what you believe to be false.2.Do not say that for which you lackadequate evidence.Relation Be relevantManner Be perspicuous.1.Avoid obscurity of expression.2.Avoid ambiguity.3.Be breif4.Be orderly跨文化交际中应注意什么？1.When in Rome do as the Romans do2.Put yourself in other’s shoes3.One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison.4.Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutualunderstanding.Culture in language teaching classroom1.to get the students familiar with cultural differences.2.to help the students transcend their own culture andsee things as the members of the target culture will3.to emphasize the inseparability of understandinglanguage and understanding culture through variousclassroom practices.All this lesds to a belief that a good understanding ofstructural things in some cases has much to do with aconscious understanding of the cultural background of thetarget language for language learners.Metaphor隐喻involves the comparison of two conceptsin that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s oftendescribed in terms of a target domain and a source domain.The target domain is the experience being described bythe metaphor and the source domain is the means that weuse in order to describe the experience.Categorization范畴化is the process of classifying ourexperiences into different categories based oncommonalities and differences.Psycholinguistics心理语言学is the study ofpsychological aspects of language; it usually studies thepsychological states and mental activity associated withthe use of language. It is customary to distinguish sixsubjects of research within psycholinguistics: acquisition,comprehension, production, disorders, language andthought, neurocognition.Cognition认知is the mental process or faculty ofknowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception,reasoning, and judgement.Sentence Meaning句子意义The meaning of a sentenceis obviously related to the meanings of the words used init. But it is also obvious that the former is not simply thesun total of the latter. Sentences using the same wordsmay mean quite differently if they are arranged indifferent orders.The Referential Theory指称论The theory of meaningwhich relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refersto, or stands for, is known as the Referential Theory.Syntax句法is the study of the rules governing the waysdifferent constituents are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or the study of the interrelationships betweenelements in sentence structuresSyntactic relations句法关系can be analysed into threekinds, namely, positional relation. Relation ofsubstitutability, and relation of co-occurrence.Morpheme语素is the smallest unit of language in termsof the relationship between expression and content, a unitthat cannot be divided into further smaller units withoutdestroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether itis lexical or grammatical.The systematic study of morpheme is a branch oflinguistics called morphology形态字, which studies theinternal structure of words, and the rules by which wordsare formed.Suprasegmental features超音段特征are those aspectsof speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone,and intonation.The word phoneme音位simply refers to a “unit ofexplicit sound contrast”; the existence of a minimal pairautomatically grants phonemic status to the soundsresponsible for the contrasts.Features of languageArbitrariness随意性the forms of linguistic signs bearno natural relationship to their meaning.Duality二元性the property of having two levels ofstructures, such that units of the primary level arecomposed of elements of the secondary level and each ofthe two levels has its own principles of organization.Creativity创造性resourceful because of its duality andite recursiveness.Displacement移位性means that human beings enabletheir users to symbolize objects, events and concepts andconcepts which are not present at the moment ofcommunication.Language is a system of arbitary vocal symbols used forhuman communication. The definiation has captured themain features of languages: human-specific, arbitary,symbolic, systematic。