2020近5年高考全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句(详解与真题)
高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句
定语从句一．考点概述：本考点是历年高考中考查的重点，主要考查关系代词(who, which,that,whose,whom)和关系副词（when, where, why）的用法；考查形式：语法填空和短文改错；其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难句的分析等二．考点聚焦功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后例如： He is the man who studies in USA.本句中涉及到三个概念：1.先行词即 the man：被定语从句饰的词称为先行词先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。
数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用引导词分两类：关系代词和关系副词关系代词：who;which;that;whose;whom关系副词：when;where;why3.从句即studies in USA.：引导词之后的句子。
三．考点精讲1. 关系代词 : who;which; that; whom; whose其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况(1)who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语)(2)which:指代先行词是物（做从句的主语或宾语）That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语)(3)that: 指代先行词是人或物（做从句的主语或宾语）She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语)(4)whom;指代先行词是人，但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。
近五年高考语法真题专练：定语从句（含解析）
近五年高考语法真题专练：定语从句（含解析）2018年高考题【2018」匕京】5. She and her family bicycle to work,helps them keep fit.A.whichB.whoC.asD.that【答案】A【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。
句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。
"helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。
A选项正确。
【2018•天津】2.Kae,sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.A.whomB.thatC.whoseD.her【答案】C【2018•江苏】23.Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。
句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。
句中先行词为area,在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where,相当于in which o 故选B。
2017年高考题【2017•北京卷】31.The little problems—we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A.thatB.asC.whereD.when【答案】A[2017-江苏】28.In1963the UN set up the World Food Programme,one ofpurposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.whichB.it'sC.whoseD.whom【答案】C【解析】试题分析：考查定语从句。
2020年高考英语语法考点讲解与真题分析专题6：定语从句(一)附解析
2020年高考高考语法考点讲解与真题分析06定语从句（一）在主句中作定语的句子叫定语从句。
定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
考点一定语从句关系词的选择定语从句关系词的选择是定语从句的重点和难点。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。
关系词的选择可从两个方面入手：一是关系词在从句中所作的成分；二是先行词所指。
关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语时，用关系代词；关系词在从句中作状语时，用关系副词。
先行词指人时，关系代词用who, whom, that, whose；先行词指物时，关系代词用which, that, whose。
详见下表：1.关系代词who, whom, which, that引导定语从句关系代词who, whom, which, that在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
1. The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. （2017北京）A.thatB. asC. whereD. when【答案】A【解析】这是一个复合句，主句是The little problems may be inspirations for great inventions，从句是_______ we meet in our daily lives。
从句修饰主句中的problem，是定语从句；关系词在从句中作meet的宾语，应用关系代词，故用that。
2．The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. （2014安徽）A. WhenB. whereC. whyD. which【答案】D【解析】这是一个复合句，主句是The exact year was 2008，从句是_______ Angela and her family spenttogether in China。
2020最新命题题库2020高考英语试题分项解析汇编 专题13 定语从句
2020英语高考试题分项解析汇编专题13 定语从句fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. there【答案】C【考点】考查定语从句。
【解析】本句中的先行词是the place.，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以应该用关系副词where。
has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. who【答案】A【考点】考查定语从句。
【解析】分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere与修饰它的定语从句被for her students隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用which。
was April 29,2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. A．that B．when C．since D．berore【答案】B【考点】考查定语从句。
【解析】去掉It was及that后，April 29，2020不可以单独作时间状语，所以不是强调句型。
用when引导定语从句修饰April29，2020。
﹚The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. what【答案】C【考点】考查定语从句。
【解析】本题主句中的先行词writer和从句中的主语story有所属关系，译为作者的故事，因此选C。
句子的意思是：我们的奖金会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。
2020年高中英语定语从句讲解及练习题(含答案)
定语从句讲解一．基本介绍❶功能：相当于adj,修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
❷位置：被修饰词之后❸先行词：被定语从句修饰的词❹关系词：连接先行词与从句的词称为关系词。
❺确定关系词的步骤：先看先行词，指的是什么；看关系词在充当的成份。
二．特殊用法1.He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels______filled his bus.2.The village is no longer the one ___it was five years ago. 5.Such books____you bought are useful.23.Which are the books____you bought for me? 6.____ is known,the earth is round.4.There is a room,_____window faces the river. 7.There is lots of air in loose snow,_____can keep the cold out.3高中定语从句练习（整理）1. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the factory.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. whom2. We are going to spend this Spring Festival in Beijing, _____ live our grandparents and some relatives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. where3. There are many areas in the world _____ lack experienced doctors.A. whereB. in whichC. whichD. what4. The years and months _____ we spent together are really wonderful to us all.A. whenB. on whichC. in whichD. that5. _____ has been described above, it is a general rule that solids expand as the temperature increases and contract when they are cooled.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. Which6. A. who’s B. which C. whose7. Susan is not the brilliant writer _____ she used to be. D. thisA. whichB. thatC. whoD. whom8. I, who _____ your friend, will try my best to help you.A. beB. amC. areD. is9. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over 1600.A. asB. thatC. whichD. who10. They have started an investigation, _____ are being kept secret.A. whose detailB. whose the detailsC. the details of whichD. the detail of it11. Have you ever asked him the reason _____ may explain his absence?A. whyB. for whichC. whichD. what12. There were two rooms in the beach house, _____ served as a kitchen.A. the smaller of themB. the smallest of whichC. the smaller of whichD. smallest of which13. He imagined various ways _____ he could teach her how to learn English well.A. /B. thatC. in whichD. A , B & C14. The speed _____ light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe.A. in whichB. by whichC. at whichD. from which15. Can you think out a situation _____ this idiom can be used?A. in whichB. thatC. whereD. A & C16. China has hundreds of islands, _____ is Taiwan.A. in which the largestB. its largest of whichC. of which the largestD. which the largest17. We ate in a luxurious restaurant but it wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what18. They stayed with me for three weeks, _____ they drank all the wine I had.A. whichB. which timeC. during whichD. during which time19. She was dressed in the same way _____ she was when I saw her last time.A. thatB. asC. onceD. in which20. The fire started on the first floor of the hospital, _____ patients are mostly elderly people.A. itsB. whichC. whoseD. their21. The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A. whomB. whoeverC. whoD. of whom22. Alec asked the policeman _____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with himB. whoC. whomD. with whom23. We are living in an age _____ many things are done on computer.A. at whichB. thatC. whenD. which24. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _____ are sold abroad.A. whichB. which ofC. of whichD. of that25. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect.A. itB. whichC. whatD. that26. He’s such a good teacher _____ we all love and respect.A. thatB. as C who D. whom27. Today, more and more people are concerned about the way _____ the environment is being destroyed.A. whichB. in thatC. in whichD. how28. The old man finally got a chance to visit the school, _____ he used to study, _____ he had beendreaming of for years.A. that…whichB. where…thatC. in which…whatD. where…which29. This is the least interesting book _____ during my holidays.A. that I have ever read itB. what I have ever readC. I have ever readD. which I have ever read30. The result is not the same _____ they had expected, _____ was rather disappointing.A. which…asB. as... thatC. that…whichD. as…which31. We interviewed the old lady, _____ had been killed in the air crash last week.A. whose all childrenB. all her childrenC. all of her childrenD. all of whose children32. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _____ are mine.A. of which fiveB. in which fiveC. five of whichD. A & C33. ---Is this dictionary _____ you want to buy?---Yes, this is the very dictionary _____ I need.A. which…thatB. the one…whichC. the one…/D. the one that…which34. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, _______ I can be reached most evenings.A. whichB. whenC. whomD. where35. The friendship is like health, _____ is seldom known until it is lost.A. its valueB. the value of itC. the value of whichD. whose the value36. I can think of many cases _____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions butcouldn’t write a good essay.A. whichB. in whichC. whereD. B & C37. The artist _____ the judge gave a prize is the teacher _____ I have been taught painting for two years.A. from whom…by whomB. to whom…whoC. to whom…by whomD. from whom…who38. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.A. whoB. asC. about whichD. with whom39. Last night I took a taxi, _____ took me straight home.A. and itB. itC. whichD. A & C40. I shall never forget the days _____ I lived in the countryside with the farmers, _____ has a great effecton my life.A. when…thatB. when…whenC. when…whichD. which…which41. The town _____ you visited last month is the one _____ Einstein was born.A. where…whereB. which…whichC. that…whereD. that...which42. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _____ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. whereB. whichC. at whichD. in that43. Tom’s mother kept telling that he should work harder, _____ didn’t help.A. but itB. asC. whichD. A & C44. I’m looking for a present for my mother’s birthday, _____ she can use and at a reasonable price.A. thatB. oneC. whatD. which45. There isn’t much _____ I can do, _____ makes me disappointed.A. that…whichB. which…thatC. that…thatD. which…which46. That e-book is no larger than an ordinary book with a screen _____ you can read novels.A. in whichB. thatC. whereD. of which47. "Who moved my cheese?”, _____ is a best-selling book, is written by Spencer Johnson.A. whichB. thatC. itD. whose48. Shirley said that she would have a two-week holiday in July, _____ I think, is impossible.A. itB. thatC. whenD. which49. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _____ for the first time in years their teamwon the World Cup.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. while50. I was so angry at all _____ he was doing _____ I walked out.A. that…thatB. which…thatC. which…whichD. /…which51. The moment he set his foot in the new country, to his great surprise, he was surrounded by friendlypeople_____ he could turn for help.A. from whomB. to whomC. on whomD. by whom52. It was not until Mum agreed to take her to KFC, _____ was her favorite, _____ the spoilt girl stoppedcrying.A. that…thatB. that…whichC. which…thatD. which…which53. You can use a large plastic bottle, _____ cut off, as a pot to grow flowers in. Which is wrong?A. the top of which isB. whose top isC. its top isD. with its to54. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and ways of doing things, ______is often thecase in other countries.A. thatB. soC. whatD. as55. Keep the drug _____ is out of children reach.A. in a place whereB. whereC. in a place whichD. in which56. When we talk about the cities in United States, the first _____ comes into our mind is New York.A. oneB. cityC. thatD. which57. He arrived in Shanghai in 2003, _____, some time later, he became a teacher.A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which58. The challenge is to create a system, _____ the farmers can teach the world about plant medicine.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. for which59. Jogging on the road was one of the reasons _____ 21 people, including 20 students and 1 teacher, diedand another 16 were injured in the accident in Shanxi Province.A. becauseB. whichC. for whichD. how60. It was in the Beihai Park, _____ they made a date for the first time _____ the old couple told us their love story.A. where…thatB. that…whereC. that…thatD. where…when定语从句Key1. BDCDB 6. CBBAC 11. CCDCD 16. CCDBC 21. CDCCB 26. BCDCD 31. DDCDC 36. DCDDC 41. CADB A 46.CADC A 51.BCCDC 56. CBACA。
备战2020高考定语从句讲解与练习(含答案)
定语从句第1讲相关概念考点1. 主句、从句、关系词主句：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，是句子的主句。
定语从句：相当于形容词，修饰主句中的一个名词或代词，相当于主句的一个定语先行词：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的三个作用1. 作定语从句的一个句子成分。
2. 起着连接主句和从句的作用。
3. 代指被修饰的先行词。
考点2. 关系代词①指人时可以用who, 也可用that。
Do you know the boy who/that is my desk mate?The man who/that was killed in the accident is Tom’s uncle.②指物时可以用which, 也可用that：I like visiting places which/that are not far away.How do you like the film which/that was shown last Sunday.③whose可以指人也可以指物He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.The dog whose tail is very short is my neighbor’s.④关系代词作宾语时可以省略：I like the meal (that/which)we had last night.Do you know the boy (who/whom/that)we talked about just now?考点3. 关系副词关系副词在从句中只能作状语。
when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，how 不能作关系词。
例如：①We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.②He has reached the point where a change is needed.③That is no reason why you should leave.④This is the way how I did it. (how不能作关系词)基础过关：1. 用合适的关系词完成句子。
2020年全国高考英语试题分类汇编：定语从句
2020全国高考汇编之定语从句一（2020 安徽卷）22. The exact year ________ AngeIa and her family SPellt togetherin China WaS 2008.A.WhenB. WhereC. WhyD. WhiCh【考点】考察左语从句【答案】D【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是the exact year,后而的宦语从句AngeIa and her family SPent together in China中动词SPent后面缺少宾语,所以使用关系代词WhiCh引导这个龙语从句，并在句中做宾语。
Where的先行词通常是指地点的名词，关系副词When的先行词通常是表示时间的塔词，Why的先行词是the reason。
ABC三项通常在句中做状语。
Which 在定语从句里做主语，宾语或者表语。
句义：Angela和他的家人一起在中国度假确切是在2008年。
故D正确。
【试题延伸】泄语从句的考査主要就是考査关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as. WhO在句中做主语,宾语，表语或者定语;where, why, When在句中做状语。
要分析句子成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
【举一反三】BetWeen the two PartS Of the ConCert is an interval, _______ the audience Can buy ice-cream.A. WhenB. WhereC. thatD. WhiCh【答案】A【考点】考査定语从句。
【解析】句意：音乐会的两大构成部分中间有幕间休息时间，在这段时间里观众可以去买冰激凌。
When引导的宦语从句修饰an interval, When在从句中作时间状语。
首先解析句子结构，判断从句类型，题「说“在音乐会中间有间歇，此时你可以买冰激凌。
”题「的前半部分完整无缺,后半部分补充说明这个间歇你可以干的事，所以这是一个非限定性左语从句, 先行词为interval,非限定性圧语从句的功能就是对先行词进行补充说明。
2020高考英语 高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-非谓语作定语和状语详解
非谓语——作定语和状语一．考点概述：本考点是近几年高考全国卷中考查的重点也是难点，主要是考查非谓语的三种形式即doing; done; to do在句中的用法；考查形式：语法填空和短文改错；其次就是阅读理解和完型填空中长难句以及书面表达等二．考点聚焦1.作定语功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词，在句中作定语位置：一般位于名词之后，没有逗号隔开例如： She is the girl living in China.（作定语）2. 作状语功能：在句中作为插入语，表示伴随；位置：一般也是位于名词或某个句子后，有逗号隔开；例如：She is the girl , living in China.(作状语)三．考点精讲1.doing: 表示主动，进行，性质；2.done：表示被动，完成，状态；3.to do: 表示目的，将来；1）作定语例如：(1)There is the man standing under the tree.(这里the man与stand之间构成的是主动关系，所以用doing形式即standing)(2) That is the bike repaired by Tom.(这里the bike与repair之间构成是被动关系，所以用done的形式即repaired)(3) There is a party to be held next week.( 这里有next week表示将来，所以用to do 形式)2) 作状语（1）在句中或句尾用逗号隔开的例如：Tom, living in China, invented the bike.(作插入语)There is the man， standing under the tree.That is the bike， repaired by Tom.注意:用done或是doing还是依据句中的某个名词或是整个句子与动词间的关系(2) 在句子的开头，用逗号隔开例如：Knowing that he is a student, we try our best to help him.(这里we与know之间是主动关系，所以是doing形式)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.(这里John与absorb之间构成被动关系，所以是done形式)To complete the job in time, the staffs were working on weekends.(这里表示目的关系，用to do形式)(3)with +sth+doing/done/to do的结构，表示伴随（看sth与动词间关系）例如：With the society developing rapidly, +句子。
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2020近5年高考全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句（详解与真题）考查形式：语法填空和短文改错；其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难句的分析等1考点聚焦功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后例如：He is the man who studies in USA.本句中涉及到三个概念：1.先行词即 the man：被定语从句饰的词称为先行词先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing 的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。
数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用引导词分两类：关系代词和关系副词关系代词：who;which;that;whose;whom关系副词：when;where;why3.从句即studies in USA.：引导词之后的句子。
2考点精讲1. 关系代词: who;which; that; whom; whose其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况(1) who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语)(2) which:指代先行词是物（做从句的主语或宾语）That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语)(3) that: 指代先行词是人或物（做从句的主语或宾语）She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语)(4) whom;指代先行词是人，但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。
She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)That is the man whom teaches us English.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的)(5) whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况（表示所属关系）That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows 是属于the building构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s)2.关系副词：when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况即从句是个完整句)(1) when:指代先行词表时间如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词+which)I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子，先行词是the day在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即I came to Beijing on the day)(2)where :指代先行词是地点的词如：place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词+which)That is the place where/in which I was born .(该从句I was born也是一个完整句，即不缺主语或宾语的，此时where可以换成in which)(3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即：reason（形式上只能是等于for+which)That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.3非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。
在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.I still remember the day, when I came to Beijing.4总结定语从句三步法：1. 找出先行词2. 判断从句是不是完整句:完整句考虑关系副词：when;where; why不是完整句考虑关系代词：that;who;which;whom;whose3. 选择合适的关系词注意：（1）定语从句中是没有引导词what;（2）非限制性定语从句中无引导词that；The house, that I bought last year, has a lovely garden.(错误)改为The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.（3）先行词做从句的宾语时，可省引导词That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)可改为That is the book I want.（4）在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which 1．先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
2．先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything 等不定代词时。
3．先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus. 4．先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.5．当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?（5）宜用which而不用that的情况①在非限制性定语从句中②在关系词前有介词时③当先行词本身是that时④当关系词离先行词较远时52015年—2019年全国卷语法专项语法填空1. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ___are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.（2015年全国1）解析:本句中的从句是缺主语的，所以考虑关系代词，通过判断先行词是mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，表示物所以填that或which。
2. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _____ I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016年全国1) 解析:本句意思是我和熊猫的关联要追溯到20世纪80年代，那时我是第一个西方的记者。
通过判断本句是个非限制性定语从句，而从句是完整句考虑关系副词，先行词是the 1980s，表示时间所以填when3. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.（2016年全国3）解析：一些人认为伟大的中国学者孔子，生活在公园前的551到479，影响了筷子的发展。
本句的从句是缺主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是Chinese scholar Confucius，表示人，所以填who。
4. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.（2017年全国1）解析：本题通过判断是考查非限制性定语从句，从句是缺主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是前面整个句子，表示个事件，填which。
5. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.（2017年全国3）解析：Sarah和顶级模特已经参加了表演，想证明她有智慧和美丽。
本句的从句是缺主语，先行词是Sarah，表示人，填who。
6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014________showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.（2018年全国1）解析：两个评论家也做了研究，在2014年被发表，这项研究表明5到10分钟跑步可以减少心脏病和早死的风险。
本句中的从句缺少主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是study，填that或which。
7. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.（2018年全国2）解析：政府开始了一项土壤测试项目，这个项目对农民给出了具体的建议。