模联培训资料_英文(英文文件汇总)

Model United Nations International Collaboration on Natural DisastersNanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics 2010-11-3I. Welcome LetterDear Delegates and Faculty Advisors:Welcome to the General Assembly in the Model United Nations held in Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics.We are the Dias of the General Assembly and we will be your loyalist companions during thetwo-day conference. We assure you that we will try every effort to offer you an excellent platform to for you to solve a global problem—International Collaboration on Natural Disasters.There is no denying that natural disasters damage the social and economic infrastructure of all countries. This severe hazard has already been a very dangerous obstacle to the development of human social and economy and also the insurance of human rights. Earthquakes, tsunamis, tornados, famine and so on, these names has taken away millions lives of human beings in the history. How to avoid such tragedies repeating themselves is a question for all of you to answer in this conference.We hope that every one of you will fully enjoy being a delegate who represents a nation and try to protect the national interest while managing to solve the issue. You will give speeches, debate with other delegates, and wring papers—doing all the work of a real delegate in the United Nations. We hope you will enjoy being a Muner!Good luck and see you in November!General Assembly Dias Members2010 Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics Of Aeronautics And AstronauticsModel United Nations ConferenceⅡ.Brief Introduction and Conference Agenda南京航空航天大学外国语学院模拟联合国参会指南一、活动主题：南航外院2010年模拟联合国大会二、活动简介：模拟联合国是一个具有全球性视角的学生活动。

以拓宽学生视野,锻炼学生综合性能力为宗旨,以培养国际性人才为目标，是一项健康积极、极富教育意义的学生活动。

模拟联合国中所探讨的涉及裁军、环保和社会发展等诸多方面的国际议题多具有跨学科的性质，这有助于加强跨学科的交流。

三．活动目的：为了给同学们创造一个平台，让同学们能释放自己对模拟联合国活动的热情，提高英语及汉语表达能力，组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，公开发言和辩论的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与人沟通交往等多方面能力，全面提高自身修养，培养世界眼光。

四、主办单位：学生处，南航外国语学院学生会五、活动时间：英文场：2010.11.3 13：00六、活动地点：艺术中心多功能厅七、活动对象：全体在校学生（要求：关心时事，有一定的政治见解、良好的交流能力、口才和临场应变能力）八、活动流程：第一部分：开始，介绍主席团和代表队第二部分：正式活动开始（流程详见模联具体流程介绍）第三部分：评委点评第四部分：新闻发布会（宣布投票结果及评委评出的最佳团队奖和最佳表现奖）第五部分：颁奖仪式，活动结束南京航空航天大学外院团委学生会2010年10月Ⅲ. Statement of the Problem1.委员会：联合国大会United Nations General Assembly2.议题：自然灾害的全球互助International Collaboration on Natural Disasters3.国家：英文场：中国，美国，英国，法国，俄罗斯，智利，海地，澳大利亚，德国，伊朗，印度，沙特阿拉伯，南非，苏丹（14个国家）After the devastating earthquake hit China in 12th of May 2008, the humanitarian assistance of the international society soon arrived in China, along with great sympathy from all over the globe. However, if we look back into recent years, we will be astounded to see a list of event which relating to natural disasters ravaging countries of the international society. Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, typhoon Fengshen in Philippines, Tropical Storm Arthur in Latin America & The Caribbean, flash floods in Afghanistan, volcano eruption in Colombia, earthquake in Kyrgyzstan, and of course the new-arrival Haiti earthquake, the list goes on and on.Facing these severe disasters, every single country is fragile, but countries will be much stronger if united. With the coming of the globalization era, we live in a shared risk society. Since global environmental security has been seen as a global public good, how to act for global crisis management under the logic of collective action has become a primary subject for the global actors.Thanks to much effort given by lots of people , the regional cooperation has already been on its way. For instance, according to the tremendous damage resulted from the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the engagement of disaster recovered and reduction from global society, above issues will be discussed through the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. It is a useful system to prohibit such huge damage caused by tsunami from happening again.In conclusion, it is highly possible and necessary to establish an analytically framework to explore the relationships between international organizations on the issue of reduce the effect of natural disaster and about how to improve the global cooperation in disaster reduction.Ⅳ. Background MaterialsHaiti EarthquakeTime: 16:53:10, 12 January 2010 Countries and regions affected: HaitiDeath toll of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, according to RNW findings: Buried Unrecovered bodies Total GovernmentestimatesLéogâne 3,364 1,636 5,000 20,000-30,000 Petit-Goâve,Grand-GoâveandGressier1,347 20 1,367 ?Jacmel ? ? 400 4,000main cemetery 18,000 18,000 ?other cemeteries 7,000 7,000 ?mass graves inTitanyen13,000-20,000 13,000-20,000 ?Total buried victims ~ 62,000 ?Bodies still under therubble30,000 30,000 ?Total death toll estimate ~ 91,767 ~ 230,000Description:Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, and is ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. The Australian government's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster, and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization. It is no stranger to natural disasters; in addition to earthquakes, it has been struck frequently by cyclones, which have caused flooding and widespread damage. The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.The damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake was extensive and affected areas included Port-au-Prince, Petit-Goâve, Léogâne, Jacmel and other settlements in southwestern Haiti. 250,000 residences and 30,000commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged. 90% percent of the buildings in Léogâne had been destroyed andLéogâne had "to be totally rebuilt." Many notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Half the nation's 15,000 primary schools and 1,500 secondary schools were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, the three main universities in Port-au-Prince were also severely damaged. It would take half a day to make a trip of a few miles. The roads would also crisscross haphazardly due to disorganized construction.Humanitarian responses:From the UN:The World Bank provided extra funding of $100 million to support recovery and reconstruction in Haiti.The Security Council authorized an increase of 3,500 troops and police of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti in Resolution 1908.Wo rld Health Organization - Sent a "12-member team of health and logistics experts."World Food Programme - Over 200 staff members on the ground, and their rapid-response team is currently supporting the entire humanitarian effort."International Atomi c Energy Agency - Sent eight mobile medical X-ray machines to Haiti.The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has established a coordination office in Haiti to coordinate the international relief effort in support of the Government of Haiti.From the EU:The EU is providing €122 million in humanitarian assistance: Emergency relief aid package = € 30 million. Commission funds are distributed via UN agencies, international NGOs and the Red Cross. € 92 million from member countries.T he European Commission will provide € 100 million for short-term recovery and rehabilitation.The European Commission will provide € 200 million from the 10th and 9th EDF funds for Haiti. This will be in addition to bilateral contributions from EU Member States' budgets.The European Union pledged at least EUR 429 million to Haiti in both emergency humanitarian aid to help medium and long term work of rebuilding the country devastated by the earthquake.In addition, the 27 countries decided to send some 150 troops from the European Gendarmerie to ensure humanitarian aid reaches the people affected by the earthquake.From China:T he People's Republic of China sent a 60-member rescue team (National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Rescue Team) following the quake, as well as US$1M.China donated additional US$4.41 million in humanitarian aid. On January 21, China announced that it was donating an additional $2.6 million in cash to quake-hit Haiti and it would send a 40-member medical care and epidemic prevention team to the Caribbean country.A medical assistance station has been set up by the Chinese rescue team in Port-au-Prince. From the US:President Barack Obama pledged an initial US$100 million in aid. The aid amount was later raised to $379 million. The aid is distributed through the military and through the U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentThe expected breakdown of aid was:42% for direct disaster assistance33% for U.S. military aid9% for food9% to transport the food5% for paying Haitian survivors employed in recovery effortsless than 1% directly to the Haitian governmentabout 0.5% to the Dominican Republic for dealing with Haitian refugees.From NGOs:O xfam International - International relief and development agency Oxfam International swung into action to raise emergency funds to assist relief and rehabilitation efforts on the ground. Oxfam is committed to assisting in the rebuilding efforts in Haiti, and the agency will be on the ground for the long haul. This along with the immediate response of providing clean water, shelter, and sanitation means that the level of need continues to be great.I nternational Red Cross - sent tons of supplies, hundreds of personnel, and field hospitals. The number of emergency teams sent to Haiti equals the total sent to all 14 countries affect by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.S OS Children delivered 21 tons of aid to Haiti by road as of 21 January. They also brought supplies to Haiti by cargo plane and have around 60 staff present there. In support of their work, they received a £1 million donation from HSBC, and Swedish businessman Roger Hakelius donated US $14 million to support and educate approximately 400 orphan children in Haiti over a 25-year period.H umanity First particularly from Canada, USA and UK set out teams of doctors to Haiti.10,000 patients have been seen so far by the team of doctors. The Humanity First team has also shipped 5 tons of aid to Haiti. It has also deployed water infrastructure at a camp to provide daily water to 7,000 people and is in the process of installing 2 more filtration units elsewhere.Indian Ocean TsunamiTime：December 26, 2004Place: Indian OceanDamage: On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.0 undersea earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, unleashed a tsunami that affected more than 12 countries throughout south and southeast Asia and stretched as far as the northeastern African coast. Current official estimates indicate that more than 250,000 people are dead or missing and millions of others are affected, including those injured or displaced, making this the deadliest tsunami on record. The world‟s largest insurance company Munich Re estimated the economic impact of the Tsunami to be 10 billion euros (A$17 billion)Description:At 07.58 Aceh time on 26 December 2004, the biggest earthquake for 40 years struck off the west coast of Northern Sumatra. The earthquake led to the most destructive series of tsunamis in recorded history. Sections of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand have suffered the worst devastation. The waves, while not very big in deep water, slowed down and grew in size as they reached shallower water near land. The tsunamis killed people in 14 counties around the Indian Ocean. In terms of lives lost and people missing, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand were the hardest hit. Experts have said this is the most powerful earthquake in 40 years and the fourth (and perhaps the second) most deadly in the last century. Estimates of the dead make it the worst tsunami disaster on recordHumanitarian responses:1. SocietyPeople were mostly dominated by the government. As an immediate response Swiss Red Cross supported a comprehensive relief operation by distributing food items, cooking sets and temporary shelters in Karaikal district of Pondicherry. Actions including emergency evacuation had been put into practice and nations all over the world provided over US$7 billion in aid for damaged regions. However, the destruction of transportation infrastructure has made it difficult to extend assistance to all of the affected areas.2. GovernmentAs news of this natural disaster broke, it sparked an extraordinary mobilization of resources for humanitarian relief and assistance by private citizens, corporations and governments in the affected countries and beyond. In the days following the tsunami, the government tookinitial quick response. 696,392 people were rescued and evacuated while 783 relief camps were set up. Surviving doctors, nurses and paramedics rendered first aid in makeshift or remaining health facilities. Significant effort was spent in undertaking debris removal and disposal of dead bodies. Gratuitous relief and restoring essential services like power, water supply was provided as soon as possible.3. MediaIn late December, many factors combined to make the tsunami a key news story that generated enormous media coverage: the lack of other news stories; the time of year; the involvement of Western tourists; the geographical range of the tsunami; the daily climbing death toll; the availability of dramatic amateur footage of the waves hitting shore; and the celebrities who perished or survived. The tsunami was probably the most reported disaster up to that date.The tsunami dominated the internet as well. All of this media attention, together with the time of year, the level of association with those affected and familiarity with some of the affected countries, prompted an unprecedented flood of both official and private funding and of material assistance.4. UNLess than two weeks since tsunamis struck on 26 December, the support of the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme and presence of UN Volunteers continues to mount in the devastated countries in the Indian Ocean region. In the affected areas of India, Indonesia, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, several teams of UN Volunteers are assisting in relief efforts in collaboration with a number of UN organizations, including the UN refugee agency (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). They are also supporting local and national governments in disaster information collection and damage and relief need assessments.5. NGOThe NGOs including the Red Cross and other organizations, all reacted in an admirably fast response before the government took measure; the NGOs had organized small-ranged search and rescue, soon they cooperate with other relief forces. However, it was the affected communities themselves who generally provided the initial emergency response. Some NGOs gave very low priority to integrating their activities into larger programmes and coordinating them with other actors.Reconstruction:Reconstruction of affected areas has been addressed in the Emergency Tsunami ReconstructionProject. This report will support in: a) reconstruction of housing and public buildings, and revival of livelihoods in fisheries, agriculture and animal husbandry; bcapacity building in housing reconstruction and coastal zone management, along with technical assistance to implement the program.Meanwhile A&D has undertaken reconstruction project in India as a post-tsunami response. This project mainly considers the people who have been affected by the December 2004 Tsunami but were left out by the government lists as well as the other NGOs working in the area. The project mainly focuses on: 1) Construction of houses in villages 2) Construction of Community Centers in several villages 3) A series of participatory micro-projects 4) A series of capacity building programmes in different villages 5) Empowerment of traditional fisher folk through introducing them into a collective process of Co-operatives.Sichuan EarthquakeTime: 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on May 12, 2008Location: Wenchuan, Sichuan province of ChinaDamage: 68,000 people killed, 374,176 injured, 18,222 listed as missing at least; cost to rebuild disaster areas will be more than 845.1 billion yuan(about $120 billion).Description:The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan Earthquake was a deadly earthquake that measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake, after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County in Sichuan province. The epicenter was 80 kilometers (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 kilometers (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai—1,500 kilometers (932 mi) and 1,700 kilometers (1,056 mi) away—where office buildings swayed with the tremor.Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) state that 69,197 are confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people and the strongest since the 1950 Chayu earthquake in the country, which registered at 8.5 on Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time.Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.Humanitarian responses:) 1. SocietyAt 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars on Beijing's roads came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering "China jiayou" and "Sichuan jiayou" afterwards.2. Government:The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR were raised at half mast.3. Media:Many websites converted their front page to black and white. All Mainland Chinese televisionstations, along with some Hong Kong stations, displayed their logo in grayscale, while broadcasting non-stop earthquake footage from CCTV-1.4. The United NationsAs a first step in the planning of rehabilitation support to the Chinese Government, the UN agencies in China have designed the UN China Appeal for Early Recovery Support in close cooperation with Government counterparts. This Appeal is only the first step in the United Nations‟ medium to longer term assistance plan for the earthquake-affected areas. The current Appeal includes proposals from partner agencies in meeting sector-specific needs from July to December 2008.5. NGOsMore than 100 NGOs took part in the rescue, while a couple of new ones were built to improve the lives of those affected by the 12 May 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Governmental organizations were supposed to be the ma in power during the disaster relief, but there are many ―tiny things‖ that need people to participate in, such as spiritual comfort the victims. In that way, NGOs and GOs can cooperate with each other to complete the aid system.Ⅴ. Assessing Community Impacts of Natural DisastersMichael K. LindellIntroductionA natural disaster occurs when an extreme geological, meteorological, or hydrological event exceeds the ability of a community to cope with that event. Assessing the community impacts of natural disasters is important for three reasons. First, such information is useful to community leaders after a disaster strikes so they can determine if there is a need for external assistance and, if so, how much. Second, information about disaster impacts can be used to identify specific segments of the community that have been affected disproportionately or might be affected in the future. Third, planners can develop disaster impact projections before disasters strike to assess potential consequences of alternative hazard adjustments.Physical Impacts of DisastersThe physical impacts of disasters include casualties (deaths and injuries) and property damage, and both vary substantially across hazard agents.There often are difficult ies in determining how many of the deaths and injuries are ……due to‟‟ a disaster. In some cases it is impossible to determine how many persons are missing and, if so, whether this is due to death or unrecorded relocation. Even when bodies can be counted, there are problems because disaster impact may be only a contributing factor to casualties with preexisting health conditions.Losses of structures, animals, and crops also are important measures of physical impacts. Such losses usually result from physical damage or destruction, but they also can be caused by other losses of use such as chemical or radiological contamination, or loss of the land Itself to subsidence or erosion.Other important physical impacts include damage or contamination to crop land, range land, and woodlands. Such impacts may be well understood for some hazard agents but not others.One way to reduce the physical impacts of disasters is to adopt hazard mitigation practices. These can be defined as preimpact actions that protect passively against casualties and damage at the time of hazard impact. Another way to reduce a disaster‟s physical impacts is to adopt emergency preparedness practices, which can be defined as preimpact actions that provide the human and material resources needed to support active responses at the time of hazard impact.Social Impacts of DisasterSocial impacts, which include psychosocial, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical impacts, can develop over a long period and can be difficult to assess when they occur. Despite the difficulty in measuring these social impacts, it is nonetheless important to monitor them because they can cause significant problems for the long-term functioning of specific types of households and businesses in an affected community.Psychosocial ImpactsOne type of social impact not measured by census data consists of psychosocial impacts and, indeed, research reviews conducted over a period of 25 years have concluded that disasters can cause a wide range of negative psychosocial responses. These include psychophysiological effects such as fatigue, gastrointestinal upset, and tics, as well as cognitive signs such as confusion, impaired concentration, and attention deficits. Psychosocial impacts include emotional signs such as anxiety, depression, and grief, as well as behavioral effects such as sleep and appetite changes,ritualistic behavior, and substance abuse.There also are psychosocial impacts with long-term adaptive consequences, such as changes in risk perception and increased hazard intrusiveness. In turn, these beliefs can affect risk area residents‟ adoption of household hazard adjustments that reduce their vulnerability to future disasters.Sociodemographic ImpactsPerhaps the most significant sociodemographic impact of a disaster on a stricken community is the destruction of households‟ dwellings.Socioeconomic ImpactsThe property damage caused by disaster impact causes direct economic losses that can be thought of as a loss in asset value and this can be measured by the cost of repair or replacement. Unfortunately, these losses are difficult to determine precisely because there is no organization that tracks all of the relevant data and some data are not recorded at all.In addition to direct economic losses, there are indirect losses that arise from the interdependence of community subunits.It also is important to recognize the financial impacts of recovery on local government. Costs must be incurred for damage assessment, emergency demolition, debris removal, infrastructure restoration, and replanning stricken areas. In addition to these additional costs, there are decreased revenues due to loss or deferral of sales taxes, business taxes, property taxes, personal income taxes, and user fees.Political ImpactsThere is substantial evidence that disaster impacts can cause social activism resulting in political disruption, especially during the seemingly interminable period of disaster recovery.The disaster recovery period is the source of many victim grievances and this creates many opportunities for community conflict. Victims often experience a decrease in the quality of life associated with their housing, with the following complaints being most frequent, namely availability of housing units, site characteristics, building characteristics and conditions of allocation. Another source of conflict is the contrast between a personalistic culture in many victim communities based upon bonds of affection and the universalistic culture of the alien relief bureaucracy, which values rationality and efficiency over personal loyalty even when engaged in humanitarian activity.However, attempts to change prevailing patterns of civil governance can arise when individuals sharing a grievance about the handling of the recovery process seek to redress that grievance through collective action.Community Recovery ResourcesCommunity recovery resources can come from a variety of individuals and organizations as well as victims‟ financial and tangible assets undamaged by hazard impact. Alternatively, the victims can promote their recovery by bringing in additional funds through overtime employment or by freeing up the needed funds by reducing their consumption below preimpact levels.The impact of a disaster on the housing recovery of affected households depends upon a number of community characteristics, mainly are the availability of housing vacancies and the nature of a community‟s private and public housing support programs.Recovery resources can be administrative as well as financial. Meanwhile some of the needed financial resources come from the households themselves, but kin networks are another majorsource of assistance.Extra-Community AssistanceExtra-community assistance can be obtained from a variety of sources. Nongovernmental organizations‟ in-kind contributions of goods and services consists the major part while regional governments, and national governments also provide financial assistance. Another important factor is the degree to which a community is vertically integrated with higher levels of government and horizontally integrated with other jurisdictions at the same level of government. Discussion and ConclusionsThe magnitude of the physical impacts can be reduced by investments in hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices have become a basic premise of FEMA‟s National Mitigation Plan. Natural disasters have been found to have no measurable long-term impacts on the overall viability of communities. Recovery resources flow to affected communities that are strongly linked vertically and horizontally to resources in the remainder of the country.One goal of hazard mitigation, which should be supplemented by emergency preparedness practices, is to promote the adoption of land use practices that minimize unnecessary exposures of population and structures in high-risk areas. In places where the economic advantages of the location outweigh its potential losses due to disaster impact, building construction practices should be adopted that minimize the danger to the contents and occupants of structures.A major challenge for future research is to identify ways in which hazard-prone communities can be induced to reduce their vulnerability. An ideal pattern of socioeconomic development would be one in which risk area occupants purchase property on the basis of adequate information about hazard vulnerability and risk area occupants would adopt hazard adjustments to limit their losses if a disaster were to strike.These adjustments would include hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices to avoid casualties and property damage.Actual patterns of development are significantly different from the ideal. In many cases, there is migration to hazard-prone areas because of beneficial land uses for agriculture, transportation, and recreation. Even when there is local knowledge about hazards, there often is a lack of hazard intrusiveness because events that are not recent or frequent tend not to be thought about or discussed.There also are problems in the adoption of effective hazard adjustments. One of these arises from households‟ and businesses‟ concentration of hazard exposure. Moreover, externalities arise when system dynamics cause the actions of one party to increase the vulnerability of another. One of the most important practical lessons to be learned about disaster impact assessment is that local planners should know their communities‟ economic base and types of employment within areas prone to major hazards while another lesson for local planners is that low-income workers are likely to have a more difficult time finding temporary and permanent housing. Besides, another important implication of the research on disaster impacts is that the reduction of hazard vulnerability must be a community effort, not an individual one. As for local governments, they should expect a continuation of demands for routine services and provision of disaster-related services even if they also have suffered damage to their facilities and casualties to their employees.In summary, it is clear that there has been significant progress over that past 25 years in developing an understanding of the complexities involved in avoiding and recovering from the。