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阅读理解：第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Tumor C级The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking ,said medical experts after a five-year research study .Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else .Following breast cancer ,it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer ,” said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchens.However , local women were adjacent to then cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer .come claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don/t eat at home every day , I must stay in the kitchen to cook,” said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.”Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other experts agreed with He.“Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,” said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College. “It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.练习：1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? DA Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.2. Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai? BA Heart disease.B Breast cancer.C Infectious diseases.D Lung cancer.3. What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? AA Irritated eyes an throat.B Severe pain in both lungs.C Continuous cough and headache.D Difficulty in breathing.4. What was the local women’s reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer? BA Happy.B Surprised.C Angry.D Careless.5. Which of the following has relatively little connection with women’s lung cancer? DA Family cancer history.B Unhealthy dietary habits.C Weak immune systems.D Personal health and physical condition.第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics B级Most older people with so-called type Ⅱ diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet’s Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body’s ability to utilize insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said. Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with typeⅡ, all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects’ muscles could utilize as a measure for how well their insulin worked.Associate Professor Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilization as the healthy non-exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes, but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment,” Dela was quoted as saying.Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and the point where they begin to work up a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added.练习：1.How could most elderly type Ⅱdiabeticc stop taking insulin? CA By taking more salt than usualB By taking less than usualC By going brisk ecercise for half an hour at least three times a weekD By going climbing ,swimming or boxing every day2. Physical exercise many increase the body ability to utilize insulin by BA 70 per centB 30 per centC 60per cent C only a few percent3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included DA elderly non-diabetic men.B elderly type Ⅱ diabetic men.C both sexes of all ages.D both A and B.4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect? AA To the degree where they begin to sweat.B To the degree where they feel exhausted.C To the point when they feel thirsty.D To the point when they have to take insulin.5. According to Dela, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is____ the importance of watching their diet. CA as poofly understood asB as well understood asC Less understood thanD better understood than第二十四篇Preventing Child Maltreatment B级Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse).Every year, there are an estimated 31, 000 homicide deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infectionBeyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment child welfare, and longer-term health costsA number of risk factors for child maltreatmenthave been identified, these risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but preview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important to emphasize that child are the victims and are never to blame for being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted ,or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs ,crying persistently or having abnormal physical features练习：1.The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT----C------according to the passage.A child maltreatment is a global problemB There is no exact data about low-and mid-income countriesC there is a shortage of the professional data collectorsD different scientists use different research methods2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? BA 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhoodB 25-50%of all children were reported to have been physically abusedC 25-50%of children were psychologically abusedD 60-75%of children were neglected by their parents3.Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT----B----according to the passageA drowning in swimmingB diarrheaC burnsD falls4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? AA The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows upB Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systemsC Child maltreatment damages his early brain developmentD The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood5.The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT------D----avvording to the passageA they frequently and easily cryB they are in infant/s or in adolescentC they are often neglected by their parents or friendsD they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents第三十四篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance A级The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue .Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria ),so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy .they constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics ,reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in the lancet infectious diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR(antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteriaWhile multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear ,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission , and to define the most effective measures for controlThose called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include industry ,and international agenciesWHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance ;rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription ;and strictadherence to infection prevention and control measures , including the use of hand-washing measures ,particularly in healthcare facilitiesSuccessful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries . and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies . and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance ,Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO\s World Health Day 2011练习：1、Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest? AA The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at presentB the micro-organisms develop much faster than the past ,so the researchers are more interestedC the antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industryD the antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria2、Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Diseases? CA the issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human geneB a new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteriaC a new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibioticsD AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics3、Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR? DA those who use antibioticsB those who sell antibioticsC those who produce antibioticsD those who study in universities4、All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT? DA education to the users of antibioticsB control on the use of antibioticsC introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibioticsD limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they can use5、What can you infer from the passage ?BA WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi-drug resistant organismsB even with new strains against the existing antibiotics ,the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under controlC without the support from WHO ,no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organismsD WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010and will set a special day for it in 2011.完形填空：第二篇Influenza C级Influenza has been with us a long time .According ___to_____some Greek writers on medical history ,the outbreak of 412B.Cwas of influenza .the same has been suggested of the sickness that swept through the Greek army ____attacking _Syracuse in 395B.C. FLUis a disease that moves most quickly among people __living____ in crowded conditions, hence, it is likely to attack armies.During the nineteenth century there were five widespread __outbreaks of influenza .the last of the five ___happened___ in 1889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time .like the recent outbreak ,____it____ started in Asia .For more than forty years before that outbreak ,influenza had steadily ___decreased____ and was believed to be dying out .A new group of outbreaks was introduced by the great outbreak of 1889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century flu __remained___ a constant threat.In April 1918 flu broke out among American troops stationed in France. It quickly spread through all the armies but caused relatively ____few_deaths. Four months later, however__, a also ___healthy__ young adults. It went through every country in the world, only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining ___untouched___ It brought the life of whole countries ___to stop___ ,food supplies stopped and work loss was very great. Before the great outbreak ended, it ___had killed__ at least 15 million people. Thereafter there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world. It is thus___clear_ that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to pay more attention to.第七篇Exercise B级Weather or not exercise adds __to____ the length of life, it is common experience that a certain ___amount__ of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exercise _which____ involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should _take____ merits careful consideration .The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports .They fatigue to the __point___ of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with __those_ of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is _of_____ vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question _____hard_ to answer. Individual variability is __too__ great to permit of generalization .A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The safe limit for exercise ____depends__ on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type ofexercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will ____serve__as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be __determined__ periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The __other__ is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should __choose___ depends upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous activities sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate _in___throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.第八篇Food Safety and Foodborne Illness B级Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over theworld are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response___to__ an increasing number of food safety problems and __rising_ consumerconcerns.Foodborne illnesses are _defined____ as diseases, usually either infectious or toxic innature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. Every personis ___at_ risk of foodborne illness.Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both indeveloped __and____ developing countries. The global __incidence___ of foodbornedisease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 2005 __alone_____8million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. A great ___proportion__ of these casescan be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. __Additionally_____,diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be 10 __up to____30%. In theUnited States of America(USA), for example ,around 76 million cases of foodbornediseases, ___resulting in___325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated tooccur each year.While less well documented, developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide __range___ of foodborne diseases, including those causedby parasites. The high __prevalence__of diarrhoeal diseases in many developingcountries suggests major underlying food safety problems.In partnership __with____ other stakeholders, WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food. These policies cover the entire food chain fromproduction to consumption and will __make use of___ different type of expertise.第十二篇pandemic H1N12009 A级The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe Focal increases in rates during recent weeks were reported in at least two eastern European countries .A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity with concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still exists in parts of southern and eastern Europe .particularly in Greece , Poland , and Ukraine .In Western Europe . influenza transmission remains active and widespread , but overall disease activity has peaked .all influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N12009,however,very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses , covering less than 1%of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia. In addition limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries along the Mediterranean coast.In Central Asia ,limited data suggest that in virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places .in West Asia ,Israel Iran ,and Iraq also appear to have passed their peak period of transmission within the past month ,though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels ,in East Asia ,influenza transmission remains active but appears to be declining____ overall. _slight___ increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago.In North America, influenza transmission_remains____widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean, influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, except for___ focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.。