CN_Newsletter_11_2010_web
Newsletter
NewsletterSecretariat: Schlossplatz 12, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria2007No. 5OctoberIntPhone (+43 2236) 71 4 47, Fax (+43 2236) 72 8 59, E-mail: secr@ifac.co.at – URL: Contents:Preparations for the 17th IFAC World Congress are well under way. Due to the overwhelming number of requests, the submission deadline was postponed to September 25, 2008 from the initial deadline of September 8. For those authors who have already submitted their work, the submission site will allow editing up until the very last day of submission. All contributions are submitted on the Congress website ().The following plenary speakers for the Seoul Congress have been chosen for their experience and reputation in various topics. More details of the speakers’ biographies and speeches will soon be available on the Web:– Roger Brockett (Harvard University, US)– Xi-Ren Cao (The Hong Kong Universityof Science and Technology, CN)– Frank Doyle (University of California,Santa Barbara, US)– Hidenori Kimura (Institute of Physical andChemical Research, JP)– Lennart Ljung (Linköping University, SE)– Marc Raibert (Boston Dynamics, US)– Etienne Tarnowski (Airbus, FR)As of September 13, 92 Invited Sessions were submitted, covering a wide range of topics inclu-ding semiconductor manufacturing, electronics, networks, mobile industry, and more. Also, 24 Pre-Congress Tutorial and Workshop proposals have been submitted, covering cognition and communication, mechatronics, robotics and com-ponents, transportation and vehicle systems, bio & ecological systems, and more.From among these areas, the Congress has chosen seven fields as Highlight Sessions to emphasize some of the most interesting industries in Korea. In addition to Semiconductor, Display & Electro-nics Industry, Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, Ubiquitous Robotic Companion, Life Care Intel-ligent Robot, Control Education has been selected as another highlight topic on account of its im-portance in all control fields. This will be a great opportunity to establish global connections with Korea’s major companies.Video Sessions are a new area at the 17th World Congress. Authors of accepted videos will show their videos but will also have the opportunity to give a presentation to briefly explain their work and answer questions in person. The accepted vi-deos will be published in DVD and will be availa-ble during and after the Congress. All files must be under 3 minutes in length and 100MB in size, in MPEG format. No video submission may be for commercial purposes.The Korean National Member Organization of IFAC will do its best to give warm hospitality to all participants. We are also preparing exci-ting events for participants, including a special exhibition for robotic research, an exceptional banquet, technical tours to facilities of Samsung, Hyundai Motor, Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO), and many more, and also social tours to some of the most beautiful and interesting cul-tural sites of Korea.The Congress venue, COEX (Convention and Exhibition Center), is excellent. All rooms are equipped with LCD displays that can easily dis-play program schedules and other information. Also, every participant will have access to a fast and convenient Internet connection.Authors of accepted contributions will be noti-fied of their acceptance by December 15, 2007. Once accepted, the authors will be able to regis-ter online at the Congress website (). Full registrations fee for the 5 day Congress is USD 550 (USD 650 after April 10, 2007) and Student/Retiree registration fee is USD 250 (USD 300). If you plan to register as a retiree, please contact the IFAC World Congress‘08 Sec-retariat (secretariat@). All registra-tions include participation in the Opening/Closing Ceremony, Welcome Reception, Farewell Party and Congress Publication (including the final program and CD-ROM). However, the banquet is covered only by the full registration. For more details on the registration process, please visit the registration webpage /Submission10.htmlFor those authors who may need financial support to participate in the Congress, two types of aid are provided. One may apply for only one of the two options. First, The IFAC Foundation will provi-de aid to the young authors of accepted technical papers. The must be citizens of developing coun-tries that are listed on the website and less than 30 years old at the time of the conference. The other aid is a special fund created by Korean industries to support students from developing countries of Asia. Further details and the application form are found on the Congress website ().Following the IFAC World Congress 2008, the CCC 2008 (Chinese Control Conference) and the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will take place in July and August respectively, providing an addi-tional incentive to combine a visit to Korea with one to China.IFAC World Congress 2008Seoul, Korea, July 6 – 11, 2008The Tables of Contents of the IFAC Journals can be foundrespectively atAutomatica/locate/automatica Control Engineering Practice/locate/conengprac Engineering Applications of ArtificialIntelligence/locate/engappai Journal of Process Control/locate/jprocont Annual Reviews in Control/locate/arcontrol Journal on Mechatronics/locate/mechatronicsIFAC World Congress 2008Seoul, Korea, 6 – 11 July, 2008*Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics – ICINCO 2007INSTICC//IFAC Conference France, May 2007*Control of Distributed Parameter SystemsIFAC Workshop Belgium, July 2007*Forthcoming Events*Call for IFAC Fellow Nominations 2008The 4th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2007) was held at the University of Angers from 9 to 12 May, 2007. With more than 300 persons attending the conference, ICINCO has now con-solidated as a major international forum to debate technical and scientific advances presented by re-searchers and developers both from academia and industry, working in areas of Control, Automation and Robotics that require Information Technology support.The conference was co-organized by INSTICC (The Institute for Systems and Technologies of In-formation, Control and Communication) and the University of Angers, through LISA (Laboratoire d‘Ingénierie des Systèmes Automatisés) of IS-TIA. It was co-sponsored by IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control), GdR MACS (Groupe de Recherche Modélisation, Analyse et Conduite des Systèmes Dynamiques), CNRS (Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique) and the EEA (Club des Enseignants et des Cher-cheurs en Electronique, Electrotechnique et Auto-matique). Furthermore, the conference was held in cooperation with the AAAI (Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence).The ICINCO 2007 Conference Program included oral presentations (full papers and short papers) as well as posters, organized in three simultaneous tracks: “Intelligent Control Systems and Optimi-zation”, “Robotics and Automation” and “Sys-tems Modeling, Signal Processing and Control”. Furthermore, ICINCO 2007 included 2 satellite workshops and 3 plenary keynote lectures, given by internationally recognized researchers.The two satellite workshops held in conjunction with ICINCO 2007 were: the Third Internatio-nal Workshop on Multi-Agent Robotic Systems (MARS 2007) chaired by Joaquim Filipe and the Third International Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks and Intelligent Information Processing (ANNIIP 2007) chaired by Kurosh Madani. The three plenary keynote lectures were the following:– “Real Time Diagnostics, Prognostics, & Process Modelling” delivered by Dimitar Filev, The Ford Motor Company, U.S.A. who is member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE SMC and President of the North American Fuzzy In-formation Processing Society (NAFIPS).– “Synchronization of Multi-Agent Systems”, delivered by Mark W. Spong, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A. (past IEEE CSS President)– “Toward Human-Machine Cooperation”, de-livered by Patrick Millot, Université de Valen-ciennes, France.As additional points of interest, it is worth men-tioning that the Conference Program included a plenary panel on the theme “Practical Applica-tions of Intelligent Control and Robotics” chaired by Janan Zaytoon and 3 Special Sessions focus-ed on narrower topic areas, namely: “Fractional Order Systems” chaired by Samir Ladaci, from IRCCyN, France; “From Planning to Control of Manufacturing Systems”, chaired by Jean-Louis Boimond, from LISA, Angers, France and Jean Jacques Loiseau, from IRCCyN Nantes, France; and “Intelligent Vehicle Control Systems”, chaired by Oleg Gusikhin, from Ford Research & Adv.Engineering, U.S.A.ICINCO received 435 paper submissions, not in-cluding workshops, from more than 50 countries, on all continents. To evaluate each submission, a double blind paper review was performed by the program committee, whose members are resear-chers in one of ICINCO main topic areas.Finally, only 263 papers were published in these proceedings and presented at the conference; of these, 195 papers were selected for oral presen-tation (52 full papers and 143 short papers) and 68 papers were selected for poster presentation. The oral paper acceptance ratio was thus 45% and the full paper acceptance ratio was 12%. After the conference, some authors were invited to publish extended versions of their papers in a book that will be published by Springer-Verlag including the best papers of ICINCO 2007.A “best paper award” was given to the author(s) of a full paper presented at the conference, selected by the Organizing Committee based on the best combined marks from the Program Committee and Session Chairs.Selected paper: Comparying a Tabu Search Pro-cess – Using and Not Using and Intensification Strategy to Solve the Vehicle Routing Problem Etiene Pozzobom Lazzeris Simas and Arthur Tórgo GómezA “best student paper award” was given to the author(s) of a paper whose first author and pre-senter is a student and has the best combined marks from the Program Committee and Session Chairs.Selected paper: A Multi Criteria Evaluation over a Finite Scale for Maintenance Activities of a Mo-torway OperatorCéline Sanchez, Jacky Montmain, Marc Vinches and Brigitte MahieuBoth awards were announced at the conference closing session.The conference proceedings were indexed by ISI ProceedingsSM, INSPEC and DBLP.In order to promote the development of research and professional networks the conference inclu-ded in its social program a Town Hall Reception in the evening of May 9 (Wednesday) and a Con-ference and Workshops Social Event & Banquet in the evening of May 10 (Thursday). Commitment to high quality standards is a major aspect of ICINCO that the organizers will strive to maintain and reinforce next year, including the quality of the keynote lectures, of the workshops, of the papers, of the organization and other aspects of the conference. We look forward to seeing new results of R&D work in Informatics, Control, Automation and Robotics at ICINCO 2008, next May, at Madeira, Portugal.Janan Zaytoon, CReSTIC, URCA, France Juan Andrade Cetto, Institut de Robòtica i In-formàtica Industrial, CSIC-UPC, SpainJean-Louis Ferrier, Université d’Angers, France Joaquim Filipe, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal / INSTICC, PortugalInformatics in Control, Automation and RoboticsICINCO 2007INSTICC/IFAC Conference (4th)Angers, France, 9 – 12 May, 2007Control of DistributedParameter SystemsIFAC Workshop Namur, Belgium, July 24 – 26, 2007This workshop was the fifth meeting of a series started in 1998 (Leeds, UK, September 2nd - 11th, 1998). The three other meetings were organised in 2001 (University of Twente, Enschede, The Ne-therlands, July 2nd - 6th, 2001), 2003 (University of Exeter, UK, July 14th - 18th, 2003), and 2005 (University of Waterloo, Canada, July 25th - 29th, 2005) respectively. Distributed parameter systems (DPS) is an established area of research in cont-rol which can trace its roots back to the sixties. While the general aims are the same as for lum-ped parameter systems, to adequately describe the distributed nature of the system the use of partial differential equation (PDE) models is needed. The modelling issue is in itself nontrivial, especially when there is boundary control action and sensing on the boundary. Controllability and observability concepts are subtle and investigating these for a single PDE example leads to a sophisticated ma-thematical problem. The action of controlling the system introduces feedback into the PDE model which results in a more complicated mathemati-cal model; the resulting closed-loop system may not be well-posed and this issue has only quite re-cently become well understood. At this stage, the mathematical machinery for formulating the ba-sic control problems is available (although not so well known), and this has led to a wealth of new system theoretic results for DPS. The aim of this workshop is also is to bring together scientists who are all studying distributed parameter systems, but from different points of view and possessing dif-ferent types of expertise. It gathered 45 attendees in a very studious yet colloquial atmosphere. The format (one session, 35 minutes per paper) allowed lively and interactive discussions which continued over the coffee breaks and the lunches.Denis DochainImpressum:Medieninhaber und Herausgeber:International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC),ZurichSchlossplatz 12, A-2361 Laxenburg, AustriaVerlagsort und Redaktion:Univ.Prof. Dr. tech. K. Schlacher, Schlossplatz 12,A-2361 LaxenburgHersteller:Artur Schefczik & SohnAugust-Reuss-Gasse, A-1130 WienEditor: Kurt SchlacherLayout: Ernestine Rudaspublished bimonthlyThis Newsletter may be re-produced in whole or in part.We encourage reprinting in national and local automatic control periodicals. Acknowledgement to IFAC would be appreciated.2007No. 5Oct.FORTHCOMING EVENTSIFAC FellowsThe IFAC Fellow Award is given to persons who have made outstanding and extraordinary contributions in the field of interest of IFAC, in the role as an Engineer/Scientist, Technical Leader, or Educator.The first Fellows were appointed at the IFAC World Congress in Prague in July 2005.Call for Fellow Nominations 2008TO IFAC FELLOW NOMINATORSIf you plan to submit an IFAC Fellow Nomination, please find instructions below to assist you in this nomination process. Strict adherence to this procedure is essential; otherwise, a candidate may be placed at a serious disadvantage and possibly even excluded from consideration.NominatorAny person is eligible to serve as a nominator with the exception of members of the Fellows Selection Committee (FSC), and IFAC Council Members. The nominator is responsible for the information provided. The nominator is asked to read the Nominator Information to be found on the IFAC website at /awards/Nominator_Information.doc. He/she is then to complete the Nomination Form downloadable at /awards/2_Fellow_Nom_Form.doc according to the requirements given below and to alert the persons given as references that they have been named referees.Fellow Nominations must reach the IFAC Secretariat (by e-mail: secr@ifac.co.at) byDecember 31, 2007Fellow CandidatesThe IFAC Fellow award provides a distinction of excellence in the Federation and is conferred to a small number of outstanding scientists or engineers by the IFAC Council, based on the proposal of the Fellow Selection Committee (FSC). The FSC Committee shall consider:1. Outstanding and extraordinary individual contributions in the fields of interest of IFAC in the role as an Engineer/Scientist, Technical Leader or Educator. These achievements shall be recorded as technical publications, patents, reports, systems products or/and applications, services or/and proven teaching activities.2. Opinions of Fellow references.3. Involvement in IFAC activities.Any control scientist or engineer can be a candidate for the IFAC Fellow position. Exceptionally, he/she could have no prior involvement in IFAC activities, if he/she is very outstanding, but he/she should become involved in IFAC after becoming a Fellow. Current members of the Fellow Selection Committee (FSC) are not eligible to be considered as Fellow Candidates; in addition, the President and President-Elect of IFAC are not eligible to be nominated/considered for selection as Fellows, but other IFAC Council members could be nominated and selected. In this case, any candidate Council Members would be obliged to excuse themselves from any form of participation in any selection process of IFAC Fellows.ReferencesA nomination must be supported by at least three, but no more than five references from internationally reputed experts in the field who are aware of the Candidate‘s contributions. It is to be noted that the choice of references is important for the success of the candidate’s nomination. Members of the IFAC Council and the Fellow Selection Committee are not eligible to serve as referees. If you have been asked to act as reference, please read the Reference Information at /awards/Reference_Info07.rtf and complete the Reference Form downloadable from /awards/4_Fellow_Ref_Form.docFellow References must reach the IFAC Secretariat (by e-mail: secr@ifac.co.at) byFebruary 1, 2008New Fellows AnnouncementThe election of newly elected Fellows will be announced shortly after the completion of the selection process carried out by the IFAC Council. IFAC will inform all candidates and their nominators of the election results by e-mail and/or first class mail. Nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified by e-mail and/or first class mail.。
IEEE是全球知名专业科技信息出版社
IEEE 是全球知名专业科技信息出版物、会议、教育论坛和开发标准，据库产品IEL （IEEE/IET Electronic 世界领先的科技信息。
IEEE 每年在全球举办超过超过领域有重大影响，更在诸多新兴热点领在中国召开的会议，为中国高校师生提人员进行项目研究和自身学习有极大的本期Newsletter 主要为您提供IEEE 会议详情，供老师和同学们了解— 了解相关领域最新的科研动态— 有针对性地向IEEE 会议投稿IEEE 会议涉及的学科领域主要有机器人技术，机电一体化，广播多媒体控制，自动化，机器人，生物信息，了解IEEE 会议的更多信息请访问请访问本刊第二页获取IEEE 会议IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL 研内容和IET 会议和活动的出版物算机及其相关领域最重要的文献资源论文主题涉及技术学科各个领域，因此能提供最新的科研动态和研究成果您可以通过IEEE Xplore 平台访问－ IEL Newsletter － iGro 信息出版社，同时也是相关技术领域的领先权威机构，IEEE 在激励未来几代人进行技术创新方面做出onic Library ）自2001年进入中国以来，为中国的学IEEE 会议介绍900场的学术会议。
会议涉及领域广，不仅在电子电电子电热点领域如纳米纳米纳米、、生物医学工程生物医学工程、、能源能源、、自动化控制师生提供了有利的学术交流通道，了解会议内容对国极大的促进作用。
提供2009年12月1日到2010年12月31日已公布们了解，希望这些信息能让您：研动态，洞悉竞争对手以及同行的研究热点；议投稿，及时分享自己的科研成果，提高您的科研实主要有：信号处理，计算机网络、多媒体技术，纳米多媒体系统，显微镜技术，医药生物工程，能源，信息，生物医学工程，网络技术，无线电通信等。
请访问：/web/conferences会议中国召开会议列表。
IEEE 会议录介绍y (IEL)每年收录900多种会议录，其中包括了版物。
chinese_10_auto_L1_P1
上海交通大学方案称冬令营（优秀学生选拔），中学 推荐和学生自荐均可。理科测试科目为数学、英语、物理 或化学，文科测试科目为数学、英语、语文。
（二）自主招生渐行渐近 1. 自主招生比例首次超过高考录取比例 2008年12月6日，一篇题为《自主招生渐行渐近》的 文章出现在复旦大学招生网上，而作者正是复旦大学招生 办公室主任郑方贤教授，文章明确建议上海市的高中毕业 生不能仅仅依赖于统一高考这唯一的途径，而要积极参与 大学的自主招生。
2.“破冰之旅” 高校自主招生始于2001年，当年，经教育部批准，东 南大学、南京理工大学、南京航空航天大学在江苏省内首 次尝试高校自主招生改革。2002年，南京大学、中国药科 大学、河海大学加入改革试点。
2003年2月24日，北京大学、清华大学等22所高校开 展自主选拔录取改革试点工作。入选考生均须参加全国统 考，成绩达到生源所在省(自治区、直辖市)确定的与试点 学校同批次录取控制分数线的，省级招办应向考生选报的 试点学校投档。
而就是这“一字之差”却被称为中国高考制度改革的 “破冰之旅”。因为其最大的突破就是以面试成绩作为录取 的主要依据，而高考成绩只作为参考依据。到了2008年，两 校同时把自主选拔录取的名额增加到500人，其中复旦大学 最后预录取了461名考生。也正是从300人到500人的变化， 再加上冬令营、综合素质测试等其他形式的自主招生，使得 两校在2008年上海市的招生中，自主招生比例首次超过高考 录取比例。按照郑方贤的说法，这是“极其自然的”。
按照规定，试点高校自主选拔录取招生人数原则上不 超过其年度本科招生计划总数的5%，而生源较好的试点高 校可适当扩大自主选拔录取人数并报教育部(高校学生司) 备案。
到了2006年，复旦大学和上海交通大学自主选拔录取 招生的人数就超过了本科招生计划总数的5%，两校当年通 过自主选拔分别预录取了298人和300人，达到了10%左右, 两所学校称之为“自主选拔录取改革试验”，与“自主选 拔录取改革试点”仅一字之差。
newsletter 讲解
以下是对newsletter的讲解：1. 定义与内涵：Newsletter可以直译为“新闻信”，常被译作“会员通讯”。
从“news”可以知道，Newsletter有很强的时效性，多数作者一周更新一次。
从“letter”可以看出，news 的内容是给特定读者的。
Newsletter是定期向特定读者发送的时事简报，通常用于推广目的，例如推广展会、产品等。
其内容通常由服务商制作成网页版，然后作为邮件群发出去。
2. 历史背景：Newsletter最早是古罗马时期官员和朋友间的一种信息交换方式。
在中世纪，它成为商人家族之间通讯的一种方式，内容包含商品价格、库存、政治新闻，以及其他会影响贸易的一些新闻。
3. 写作特点：Newsletter写作方式中一个常见的栏目是“优质内容推荐”，即作者把自己最近看到的优质的文章、书、播客等信源推荐给自己的读者。
4. 发布与推广：Newsletter在今天受到重视是由于它被看作一种个人向的内容创作工具，类似于Vlog、播客和短视频。
开发过Newsletter发布工具的王龙行认为，Newsletter 是一种“个人化的期刊”。
5. 发布策略：邮件的标题（主题）要体现出整个Newsletter的精华，同时要包含公司品牌或产品的信息，以增加被用户发现的机会。
在整个邮件中，要确保把重要的内容安排在预览窗口能看到的地方，让用户第一时间看到他们需要的信息。
在整个邮件中，应使用统一的品牌logo，并确保整个框架的色彩与之搭配协调。
使用适当的对比色可以增强视觉效果。
6. 创意元素：使用的图片要有巧妙的创意，吸引客户的同时又表达了邮件的主题。
以上信息仅供参考，如需了解更多信息，建议查阅相关文献或咨询专业人士。
法国06药理会
10th Annual meeting of French Society of Pharmacology,73rd Annual meeting of Society of Physiology,27th pharmacovigilance meeting,54th APNET Seminar and 4th CHU CIC meeting (Corum Montpellier 10–12April 2006)1Training does not reverse the impairment of pulmonary artery relaxation in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats:involvement of L-arginine bioavailabilityL Goret a ,S Tanguy a ,I Guiraud b ,M Dauzat c ,P Obert a a Faculte´des Sciences,Je2426Laboratoire de Physiologie Cardiovasculaire A´l’Exercice,Avignon;b Faculte ´de Me ´decine,Laboratoire d’Histologie,embryologie,cytoge ´ne ´-tique,Nıˆmes;c Faculte ´de Me ´decine,Ea2992,dynamique des Incohe ´rences Cardiovasculaires A ´l’Exercice,Nıˆmes Introduction:Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension is associated with deleterious effects on the nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery relaxation.We previously demonstrated that pulmonary artery relaxation was not improved by exercise training in pulmonary hypertensive rats.This study was designed to test whether an hypoxia-related alteration in L-arginine bioavailability is involved in the impairment in nitric oxide-induced vasorelaxation.Methods:40male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4groups:normotensive sedentary,normotensive trained,pulmonary hypertensive sedentary,pulmonary hypertensive trained.Pulmonary hypertension was obtained by chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (PIO 2»90mmHg,alti-tude »4000m).Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine (10)8–10)4M)with or without L-arginine (10)3M)and/or nitro-L-arginine methylester (5.10)6M)was assessed on isolated pulmonary artery rings.Results:There was a significant impairment of maximal relaxation to acetylcholine in both sedentary and trained pulmonary hypertensive rats.However,although it has no effect in pulmonary hypertensive sedentary rats,the acute L-arginine supplementation led to a significant improvement of acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in pulmonary hypertensive trained rats to the level obtained in normotensive sedentary rats.Conclusion:Our results clearly suggest that the potential beneficial effect of exercise on nitric oxide-mediated pulmonary artery vasorelaxation is partly blunted by deleterious effects of hypoxia on L-arginine bioavailability.Therefore we can postulate that combinated L-arginine supplementation and exercise training may have beneficial effects on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.2Electrophysiological effects of the association of Droperidol and OndansetronJ Weissenburger a ,B Charbit b ,E Fligeil a ,P Jaillon a ,C Funck-Brentano b a Laboratoire de Pharmacologie,Hoˆpital Saint-Antoine –Universite´Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris;b Centre d’Investigation Clinique,Ho ˆpital Saint-Antoine –Universite´Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris Introduction:Droperidol (DRO)and ondansetron (OND)have both been reported to prolong QT interval through HERG blockade.These two antiemetics are frequently combined in patients at high risk of postoperative vomiting.This study assessed cardiac electrophysiological effects of this association.Methods:Purkinje fibres were excised from Rabbit hearts and exposed to increasing doses (0.01,0.1,1&10l M)of DRO (n =7)or OND (n =8)at 30min intervals at 36.5°C.Other fibres were exposed to a constant DRO concentration (0.1l M)together with the same increasing doses of OND (n =6).Action potential driven at 1Hz were recorded using conventional intracellular glass microelectrode.Data are presented as mean ±parison between experiments used a Kruskal-Wallis test.Results:DRO increased action potential duration measured at 90%repolarization (APD90)from the first DRO dose (0.01l M:27±5ms,P <0.02)while the third dose was necessary for OND (1l M:60±10ms,P <0.01).The maximal effect was a lengthening of 426±175ms at 1l M of DRO and of 205±36ms at 10l M of OND.When OND was added to DRO,the maximal increase was similar:216±53ms at 10l M.Early after depolarization occurred in 6DRO experiments and 1OND experiment.Conclusion:Both OND and DRO prolong action potential duration in Purkinje fibres,DRO being more potent than OND on a molar bination of OND and DRO exhibits an additive effect on action potential duration.This might favor arrhythmia during combination therapy in clinical practice.3Improvement of carotid diameter and functional properties with perindopril 8mg but not with perindopril 4mg in diabetic hypertensive patients :a pressure-independent effectP Boutouyrie a ,AI Tropeano a ,B Pannier b ,R Joannides c ,E Balkestein d ,H Struijker-Boudier d ,C Thuilliez c ,SLaurent a a Service de Pharmacologie,Hoˆpital Europe ´en Georges Pompidou,Paris;b Service de Cardiologie,Manhe `s,Fleury Me´rogis;c Service de Pharmacologie,Chu –Hopitaux de Rouen,Rouen;d Service de Pharmacologie,University Of Medecine,Maastricht,NETHERLANDSBackground and objective:Hypertension and diabetes are associated with an increased of carotid internal diameter and arterial stiffness.ACE inhibitors (ACEI)reduce arterial stiffness and improve arterial distensibility.These reductions under treatment could be related to the decrease in blood pressure.However,taking into account the predominant role of the renin-angiotensin system in arterial remodeling,we hypothesized that carotid diameter and carotid distensibility would be improved by a pressure-independent pharmacological effect of ACEI,mainly in diabetic hypertensive patients who have predominant arterial stiffening and carotid dilatation.Methods:After a placebo run-in period,57essential hypertensive patients with type 2diabetes (age 63±7)were randomized to 6months of double-blind treatment with either Perindopril 4mg or Perindopril 8mg.Patients were allocated to an ACEI as first step and a diuretic (DIU)as second step.All patients had a preserved renal function (creatinin clearance 60mL/min).Common carotid diameter,carotid cross-sectional distensibility and elastic modulus were determined with a high resolution echotracking system (Walltrack)and aplanation tonometry at baseline and after treatment.For comparison of serial changes in BP and arterial parameters,repeated-measures ANOVA (period,group)was performed to detect treatment differences.The effects of relevant variables on the study endpoints were analyzed by use of a multivariate analysis.Results:The reduction in BP was significantly more important with Perindopril 8mg (from 154±18/88±9to 139±18/80±10mmHg)than Perindopril 4mg (from 156±15/87±9to 148±15/82±9mmHg,P >0.05).However,ambulatory blood pressure showed no difference in the hypotensive effects of the two doses in 28patients.ACEI decreased carotid diameter with Perindopril 8mg ()3.6%)but not with Perindopril 4mg (3.6%,P <0.01).Moreover,carotid distensibility and elastic modulus were improved with Perindopril 8mg but not with Perindopril 4mg,with a significant treatment-period interaction (P <0.05).These differences remained significant after adjustment to BP changes.Conclusion:Despite adjustment to BP changes,and similar ambulatory BP reduction in the two groups,Perindopril 8mg but not Perindopril 4mg improved carotid distensibility and diameter in diabetic hypertensive patients after 6month.These results suggest that Perindopril improves carotid diameter and distensibility independently of the blood pressure changes.4Effect of chronic hypoxia on the expression and functional role of gap junctions in rat intrapulmonary arteriesC Guibert a ,M Lafargue a ,A Moothoocarpen a ,R Marthan a ,JP Savineau a a Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire,Inserm E356,BordeauxIntroduction:Since the activity and the number of gap junctions are linked to cellular proliferation and variation of vascular reactivity,such intercellular communications may participate to the hyperreactivity and the increase in the proliferation to serotonin (5)HT)observed following hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.In the present study,we focused on the expression of connexins,and their role in the reactivity to 5)HT in small intrapulmonary arteries from normoxic and chronic hypoxic rats.Methods:Vessels from normoxic (N)rats were compared to vessels from rats exposed to 3weeks of hypobaric chronic hypoxia (CH).To determine the expression of connexins 37,40and 43,immuno-fluorescent labelling and western blot experiments were performed in confluent smooth muscle cells (SMC)and vessels,respectively.Isometric contraction to 5-HT was measured in an organ bath system and confluent SMC were loaded with indo-1to record intracellular calcium signal to 5-HT.N indicates the number of vessels or slides of confluent SMC.Results:Immunofluorescent labelling demonstrated the presence of connexins 40and 43unlike 37in N confluent SMC.Western blot analyses on whole vessels showed the presence of connexins 37,40and 43in N and CH vessels suggesting the presence of connexins 37in endothelial cells (n =5).Normalisation of the expression of connexins against the expression of b -actin indicated no differences in the amount of connexins 37,40and 43in CH versus N.The amount of b -actin was not changed following hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.Isometric contraction to increasing concentrations of 5-HT (0.01–100l M),in normoxic vessels,was decreased after one hour incubation with 300l M Gap 27,a specific peptide blocker of connexins 37and 43(n =9).Inversely,the same pretreatment with 300l M Gap 27did not affect the calcium response to 10l M 5-HT in N confluent SMC (n =5).Conclusion:All together,connexins 37,40and 43were equally expressed in N and CH vessels.In confluent SMC,the expression of connexin 37was absent suggesting the importance of this connexin in intercellular junctions between endothelial cells.Moreover,the effects of Gap 27suggest (1)the importance of connexins 37and 43in endothelial and/or myoendothelial junctions and (2)the functional role of these endothelium-dependent connexins in the contraction to 5-HT in N rats.From these results,we can speculate that gap junctions may participate to the hyperreactivity to 5-HT in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.5Hypoxia differentially regulates vesiculation of human endothelial progenitor cells and mature endothelial cellsC Labrande a ,B Guillet a ,JL Codaccioni b ,F Sabatier c ,F Dignat-George c ,P Pisano a a Laboratoire dePharmacodynamie,Faculte de Pharmacie,Marseille;b Service d’Anesthe´sie,Ho ˆpital de la Timone,Marseille;cLaboratoire d’He´matologie,Hopital de la Conception,Marseille Introduction:An increasing number of studies provide evidence that exogenous hematopoietic stem cell application improves functional outcome after ischemic brain lesions.Although hypoxic preconditioning was shown to enhance neovascularization efficacy of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)transplanted into the ischemied hindlimb of rats,the exact effects of hypoxia on EPCs phenotype and vesiculation are not fully characterized.We therefore present here preliminary results showing the effect of different techniques of hypoxia on the vesiculation of human EPCs and mature endothelial cells (HUVECs).Methods:HUVECs and EPCs were incubated for 24hours in growth factor free-medium with 1%of fetal bovin serum,in presence of cobalt chloride (CoCl2,150l M:chemical hypoxia)or in oxygen free-atmosphere with bubbled-medium (5%CO2,10%H2/N2:drastic hypoxia)or in 1.5%oxygen-atmosphere without bubbled-medium (1.5%O2,5%CO2and 94.5%N2:soft hypoxia)or in normoxic conditions (21%O2,5%CO2and 74%N2).Cell viability was estimated by LDH release and MTT reduction.Endothelial microparticles (EMP)release (number of EMP/1000cells)was estimated by annexin-V labelling analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:HUVECs viability (expressed as %of normoxic conditions)was significantly altered by chemical hypoxia (MTT:79±11%and LDH:11±7%)and by drastic hypoxia (MTT:73±14%and LDH:21±18%).In the same way,EPCs viability was significantly altered by chemical hypoxia (MTT:82±7%and LDH:8±5%)and by drastic hypoxia (MTT:64±10%and LDH:23±19%).Surprisingly,soft hypoxia seemed to protect HUVECs (MTT:102±8%and LDH:-20±8%)as well as EPCs (105±11%and LDH:)4±8%).Chemical and drastic hypoxia induced a significant increase of the number of EMP released by HUVECs (respectively 3709±653and 3507±978)and by EPCs (respectively 15295±8408and 14508±6756)compared to normoxic conditions (HUVECs:2504±844and EPCs:5630±2626).In a different way,soft hypoxia significantly decreased the number of EPM released by HUVECs 44±602)whereas it seemed to increase the release of EMP by EPCs (11478±3302%).Conclusion:Our results indicate that the effect of hypoxia on HUVECs and PECs viability and vesiculation depend on the hypoxia modalities.However,further research is needed to explore the functional properties of EMP released.6The anchoring protein SAP97reduces the mobility of Kv1.5channels in CHO cells and cardiac myocytesJ Abi Char a ,C Pouzet b ,A Coulombe a ,S Hatem a a Faculte´de Me ´decine,Inserm-Upmc,Paris;b Faculte ´de Me´decine,Groupe Hospitalier Bichat –Claude Bernard,Paris Introduction:Localization of ion channels in discrete plasma membrane domains is critical for cell function.Excitatory synapses of neurons and gap junctions of the myocardium are the best examples of this phenomenon.However,little information is available on the regulation of ion channel expression in the plasma membrane,owing mainly to the difficulty of studying membrane proteins with conventional immunocytochemical and imaging approaches.Methods:Here,using the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)approach,we examined the mobility of Kv 1.5channels in CHO cells and neonatal rat cardiac myocytes expressing GFP-tagged Kv1.5channels.Immunocytochemistry was used to study the expression of endogenous proteins.Currents were recorded with the patch clamp technique.The expression of endogenous proteins was studied by means of immunocytochemistry.Results:In CHO cells,Kv1.5channels were evenly distributed and highly mobile:the fraction of mobile channels was 88.0±1.8%and the apparent diffusion constant was 0.086±0.011l m 2/s,n =18.When co-expressed with the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein SAP97,the channels formed plaque-like clusters in the plasma membrane and became poorly mobile (the mobile fraction and apparent diffusion constant became respectively 42.6±3.0%and 0.032±0.003l m 2/s,n =35).This effect was suppressed by colchicine,which disrupts the cytoskeleton.The sustained outward current was markedly increased in cardiac myocytes over expressing GFP-Kv1.5channels attesting of their functionality (30fold the endogenous Kv1.5current).Channels were highly mobile when clustered at the bottom of the cell whereas they were immobile when linearly organized in membrane at the cell periphery.The immunostaining of endogenous SAP97predominanted also at the myocyte periphery.Conclusion:The mobility of Kv1.5channels depends on their clustering and interaction with an anchoring protein,possibly explaining the presence of distinct pools of channels in cardiac myocytes.As in neuron,regulation of cardiac channel mobility could play an important role in their replacement and recruitment of in specializeddomains.+ DRO (0.1 µM )I n c r e a s e i n A P D 90 (m s )Fundamental &Clinical Pharmacology 20(2006)145–234doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00409.xÓ2006Blackwell Publishing Fundamental &Clinical Pharmacology 20(2006)145–2341457Hyaluronan induces migration though RHAMM-mediated activation of Rac-andPI3K-dependent pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cellsY Goue¨ffic a,C Guilluy a,P Gue´rin a,P Pacaud a,G Loirand a a U-533,L’Institut du Thorax,Nantes Introduction:Atherosclerosis and restenosis are characterized by marked changes in the content and distribution of hyaluronan,an important glycoaminoglycan constituent of the extra cellular matrix. Hyaluronan is known to regulate cellular events such as proliferation and locomotion through binding to at least two cell surface receptors:CD44and the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility(RHAMM). However,the relative contribution of these receptors and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in hyaluronan-mediated effects in vascular smooth muscle cells remains unknown.Methods:In this study we identified the receptors and the signaling pathways involved in hyaluronan-mediated effects in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.Results:Hyaluronan(0.1to5mg/ml)stimulated the actin cytoskeleton organization,leading to actin stressfiber and lamelipodia formation,and dose-dependently induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration,analyzed by both scratch test and Boyden chamber assay.Hyaluronan had no effect on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.Time-course analysis of Rho protein activity by pull-down assay indicated that hyaluronan induced sequential activation of RhoA and Rac.Hyaluronan rapidly(10min)and transiently activated RhoA,and induced delayed(1–6h)but maintained Rac activation.The RhoA inhibitor Tat-C3(10l g/ml),the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632(10l M)and blocking anti-CD44antibody have no effect on HA-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration.In contrast,hyaluronan-induced VSMC migration was reduced by89±4%by the non-selective Rho protein inhibitor simvastatin(10l M), by96±1%by the Rac inhibitor LT-toxin(1l g/ml)and by84±1%by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (25l M)(n=5).To further assess the respective role of CD44and RHAMM in hyaluronan effects,we selectively knockdown CD44and RHAMM in vascular smooth muscle cell by small interfering RNA.CD44 knockdown did not alter hyaluronan-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration but inhibited hyaluronan-mediated RhoA activation.In contrast,small interfering RNA-mediated RHAMM gene silencing inhibited both hyaluronan-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and Rac activation. Conclusion:Our results demonstrate that hyaluronan activates two independent signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells and that,although hyaluronan binding to CD44induced transient RhoA activation,hyaluronan-induced migration exclusively depends on Rac-and PI3K-dependent signaling pathway downstream to RHAMM activation.8Infection is associated with an overexpression of pro-apoptotic proteins that is reversed by ADRB3stimulation:an In Vitro approach in human myometriumF Lirussi a,Z Rakotoniaina a,F Goirand a,P Guerard a,M Dumas a,P Sagot b,MJ Leroy b,M Breuiller-Fouche c, M Bardou a a LPPCE Faculte´de Me´decine,Dijon;b De´partement d’Obste´trique,CHU du Bocage,Dijon;c INSERM U427,Hoˆpital Saint Vincent de Paul,Paris,FranceIntroduction:Pre-term delivery remains the main cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.Infection is one of the leading causes of preterm labour(PTL).Recent data have suggested that apoptotic pathways may play a role in triggering PTL.This study was aimed to assess,In Vitro,the consequences of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced inflammation on human myometrium and to evaluate the ability of ADRB3agonists to interfere with this process.Material&Methods:Myometrium biopsies were obtained from pregnant women delivered by caesarean section.Myometrium samples were placed in a24-well plate and leaved to stabilize at37°C for48h and were thereafter incubated with LPS at three different concentrations(50ng/ml,1l g/ml,10l g/ml)or the vehicle for8h,24h,or48h.The level of expression of apoptosis proteins(cleaved caspase-3CC-3,Bax, Bcl-2)was assessed by western blot(WB)and immunostaining(IS)experiments.In a second set of experiments myometrial samples were incubated for48h with LPS(10l g/ml)and SAR59119A(10)7to 10)5M),an ADRB3agonist,We performed similar IS and WB experiments in two myometrial samples obtained from women with confirmed chorioamniotitis.Results:Compared with controls,LPS stimulation was associated with a significant increase in CC-3and Bax and a decrease in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2,with a time and dose relationship.The same level of CC-3 expression was observed in IS of samples obtained from infected women.We defined that the optimal conditions of LPS-stimulation to reproduce the clinical situation were10l g/ml for48h Compared with LPS alone, treatment with SR59119A was associated with a decrease of Bax and an increase of Bcl-2expression(cf.table).Bax(n=3)Bcl-2(n=3) Control14999±1055335189±5162 LPS53505±225489201±1356 LPS+SR59119A0.1l M23831±740412199±1199 LPS+SR59119A1l M31134±905424198±2243 LPS+SR59119A10l M60287±12954Level of Bax and Bcl-2expression assessed by western blot experiments.Results are expressed as(mean±s.e.m)in Arbitrary Density Unit.Conclusion:This study suggests that inflammation,in a validated In Vitro model of human myometrial infection,is associated with an over expression of pro-apoptotic protein that is reversed by ADRB3 stimulation.This result,with our previous works,strengthens the potential clinical interest of ADRB3 agonists in the management of preterm labour.9Time course of ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in a model of transgenic anemic miceF Favret a,JL Macarlupu´b,A Buvry a,OE Morel a,F Leo´n-Velarde b,JP Richalet a a Ea2363‘‘Re´ponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles A´l’Hypoxie’’,Universite´Paris13,Bobigny;b Departamento de Ciencias Biolo´gicas Y Fisiolo´gicas,laboratorio de Transporte de Oxı´geno/Iia,Universidad Cayetano Heredia,Lima,PERU Introduction:Exposure to hypoxia induces polycythemia secondary to an increase in erythropoietin release,allowing to increase oxygen carrying capacity to maintain O2delivery.To survive at high altitude, anemic transgenic mice need to develop other adaptation mechanisms to maintain oxygen delivery,such as a higher ventilatory acclimatisation to hypoxia.This study focuses on the time course and effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on the ventilatory response in the erythropoietin SV-40T antigen mouse(Epo-TAg h) with a reduction in Epo expression resulting in anemia.Methods:Epo-Tag h and Wild Type mice were exposed to different FIO2(8%to21%)to characterise hypoxic ventilatory response.Acclimatisation to hypoxia(14days)was achieved in both groups using a hypobaric chamber(PB=450mmHg,equ.4200meters).Ventilation was measured at day1,day5and day14.After the physiological measurements,the heart was rapidly removed and weighed(left and right ventricle). Results:Hemoglobin concentration(g/dl)was lower in Epo-TAg h than in Wild type mice in normoxia (6.9±0.3vs.17.1±0.3,P<0.05).Acclimatisation to hypoxia induced an increase in hemoglobin in Wild Type but not in Epo-TAg h mice(19.2±0.4vs.7.3±0.4).Ventilation in normoxia in Epo-TAg h mice was greater than in Wild Type,and the difference was due to a higher tidal volume.Hypoxic ventilatory response was higher in Epo-TAg h mice at every FIO2suggesting a higher chemosensitivity.However ventilation declined only in Epo-TAg h at FIO28%.Epo-TAg h mice increased their ventilation with acclimatisation,mainly through a greater tidal volume at every FIO2.Non-acclimatised Epo-TAg h mice showed an hypertrophied heart but did not develop right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to acclimatisation to hypoxia. Conclusion:We show that anemia in Epo-TAg h mice is partially compensated by a hyperventilation in normoxia and probably a higher cardiac output as suggested by heart hypertrophy.Epo-TAg h mice survive to chronic hypoxia through a greater ventilatory acclimatisation probably due to the higher chemosensitivity.10Alteration of the diaphragm contractility in piglet and its recovery after acute hypercapniaS Jaber a,B Jung a,M Sebbane a,M Ramonatxo b,J Mercier b,X Capdevila c,JJ Eledjam a,S Matecki d a Service de Re´animation,Hopital Saint-Eloi,Montpellier;b Faculte´de Me´decine,Institut de Biologie,Montpellier;c Service de Re´animation,Hopital Lapeyronie,Montpellier;d Faculte´de Me´decine,Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve,Montpellier Introduction:The effects of hypercapnic acidosis on the diaphragm and its recovery to normocapnia have been poorly studied.Thus our aim was to study diaphragmatic contractility facing acute variations of PaCO2and evaluated the contractile function at60minutes after normocapnia recovery.Methods:Eight anaesthetized and ventilated piglets were acutely and shortly exposed tofive consecutive ranges of PaCO2(40,50,70,90and110mmHg).Then CO2insufflation was stopped.Diaphragmatic contractility was assessed by measuring transdiaphragmatic pressure(Pdi)variation obtained after bilateral transjugulary phrenic pacing at increased frequencies(20–120Hz).Results:For each level of PaCO2,force-frequency curves were obtained in in vivo by phrenic nerve pacing.Mean(±SEM)Pdi decreased significantly from42±3to30±3cm H2O(P<0.01)between the first(40mmHg)and thefifth stage of capnia(116mmHg)at the supramaximal frequency of stimulation (120Hz).The observed alteration of the contractile force was proportional to the level of capnia(r=0.78, P<0.01).Normocapnia recuperation allowed a partial recovery of the diaphragmatic contractile force (80%of the initial value)at sixty minutes after CO2insufflation interruption.Conclusion:A short exposure to respiratory acidosis may impair diaphragmatic contractility propor-tionally to the degree of hypercapnia and this impairment is only partially(80%of the initial value) reversed at60min following exposure.11Chaotic dynamics of ventilatoryflow in humans during sleepMN Fiamma a,M Wysocki b,E Konofal c,I Arnulf c,M Zelter d,JP Derenne e,T Similowski e,C Straus f;a Upres Ea 2397,Faculte´de Me´decine Pitie´-Salpeˆtrie`re,University Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris b Service de Pneumologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere,Paris;c Fe´de´ration des Pathologies du Sommeil,Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere,Paris;d Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires et Upres Ea2397,Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere,Paris;e Service de Pneumologie et Upres Ea2397,Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere,Paris;f Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires,Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere,ParisIntroduction:Although seemingly periodic,the ventilatoryflow of awake humans follows a chaotic trajectory.This does not means that this oscillatory phenomenon would be random or stochastic but that it depends on deterministic processes,without any period however.The chaos that characterizes the ventilatoryflow may originate either in the mechanical properties of the peripheral ventilatory apparatus or,most probably,in the central pattern generator that controls ventilation.The degree of chaos in the ventilatoryflow may then provide a new approach to study the human control of breathing.To further investigate this issue we analyzed the ventilatoryflow of humans,when their control of breathing was naturally modified by sleep.Methods:Six healthy volunteers(5men and1woman,25–26years)participated in the study.The ventilatoryflow was reconstructed from the signal recorded with a thoracic and abdominal inductance plethysmograph.Sleep stages were assessed by EEG.Recordings were performed during wakefulness,light (stages I–II),deep slow wave sleep(stages III-IV)and rapid eye movement sleep(REM).The chaotic behavior of theflow was assessed with the noise titration method.If chaos was confirmed,the degree of chaos was assessed with the Lyapunov exponents,its complexity with the correlation dimension,and its unpredictability with the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy.Results:The ventilatoryflow followed a chaotic trajectory,during wakefulness and during all sleep stages.The correlation dimension,the largest Lyapunov exponent(bit/iteration)and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy(bit/iteration)did not differ between wakefulness,either in the evening(respectively 3.103±0.216,0.285±0.047,0.339±0.073)or in the morning(respectively 3.095±0.230, 0.264±0.090,0.314±0.133),and REM(respectively 3.125±0.152,0.288±0.037,0.348±0.050).They were significantly higher(ANOVA,P<0.016)during wakefulness and during REM than in light(respectively 1.768±0.207,0.216±0.065,0.244±0.089)and deep slow-wave sleep (respectively2.125±0.303,0.163±0.027,0.163±0.027).In light sleep,the correlation dimension was significantly smaller than in deep slow wave sleep(P<0.05)and than in REM(3.125±0.152) (P<0.0001).Conclusion:The trajectory of the ventilatoryflow remains chaotic during sleep.The chaotic structure of the ventilatoryflow is similar during wake and REM sleep.However,the degree of chaos,its complexity and its unpredictability decrease during slow wave sleep.The results suggest also that the complexity of he flow may not be simply related to the depth of sleep.12A model of lung diffusionS Glenet a,C de Bisschop b,R Dridi c,H Gue´nard a a Service de Pneumologie,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bordeaux;b Faculte´de Sport,Laphap,Poitiers;c Service de Pneumologie,Faculte´de Me´decine Ibn El Jazzar,Sousse, TUNISIAIntroduction:The usual model describing the lung transfer of a gas is that of Roughton and Forster (1957):1/TL=1/Dm+1/(h x.Vc).In which the transfer of a gas x is a function of two conductances, that for the alveolo-capillary membrane,Dm,the other for the blood h x.Vc where h x is the rate of reaction of a gas x with haemoglobin and Vc the amount of blood within the lung capillaries assuming that the haemoglobin concentration is normal.The criticism which can be made to this model is that, Dm depends on Vc,as if there was no capillary behind the membrane,the membrane conductance would be nil.Methods:We hypothesized that the surface of exchange S of the membrane is related to the capillary volume.In afirst attempt:Vc=K.S.If lung capillaries are considered to form a sheet of blood,K is the thickness of this sheet.If l is the thickness of the membrane,setting c=K.l,1/c=(TLNO/TLCO-A).B, with A=d NO.a NO.Coefficients d and a are diffusivity and solubility respectively.TLNO/TLCO ratio is then inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane and of the pulmonary capillary bed.Coefficient A without unit is about2.Coefficient B is6.2x107cm2taking into account a The experimental protocols were devised as to illustrate the sensitivity of the TLNO/TLCO ratio to alterations in the thickness of either the alveolo-capillary membrane or the blood sheet.TLNO and TLCO were measured with a commercially available device(Hypair’compact Medisoft,Belgique).Results:In18subjects in the sitting position,the TLNO/TLCO ratio decreased from 4.9±0.6to 4.2±0.5when alveolar volume decreases from7.4±1.4to 4.8±0.5L.Vc did not changed significantly(from113to105ml),suggesting that the thickness of the membrane increase by32%, without appreciable change in the thickness of the blood sheet.In50subjects the TLNO/TLCO ratio was measured while the subjects breathed freely or during continuous negative pressure()13hPa)at the same alveolar volume.The TLNO/TLCO ratios decreased from4.88±0.32to4.71±0.25respectively, suggesting an increase in the thickness of the blood sheet of6%in the negative pressure breathing condition.Conclusion:The present model seems to give some more insight in the analysis of the diffusion of gases in the lung however further works should be made to validate the assumptions made in the model.Ó2006Blackwell Publishing Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology20(2006)145–234 146Abstracts。
中文在线引得数字人文资源平台
中文在线“引得”数字人文资源平台域名：用户名：zjgsdx密码：zjgsdx123北京中文在线教育科技发展有限公司目录1、背景介绍 (1)2、平台介绍 (1)2.1 平台特点 (2)2.2平台架构 (3)3、独特价值 (5)4、适用对象 (6)5、软件功能 (6)6、访问方式 (6)7、登录方式......................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
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1、背景介绍中文在线“引得”数字人文资源平台是由哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心、台湾“中央研究院”历史语言研究所、北京大学中国古代史研究中心及中文在线四方共同合作进行，中文在线将与哈佛大学、北京大学等CBDB项目组专家一起，共同打造中国古典数据的数字人文资源平台，重构古文献研究服务新脉络，同时运用人工智能技术，提高处理历史资料的效率和准确度，聚合更多主体并不断优化用户体验。
中国历代人物传记资料库（CBDB）创始人为郝若贝教授（RobertM.Hartwell）（1932-1996）。
郝若贝教授将本资料库初版及其他财产遗赠给哈佛燕京学社，目前由哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心、北京大学中国古代史研究中心、台湾“中研院”历史语言研究所共同主持开发，将内容用于学术研究之用。
中文在线数字人文资源平台签约仪式2、平台介绍“引得”数字人文资源平台共收录从先秦到晚清约42万人的传记、著作资料（约4亿字，存储信息量达2TB），是历经150余位专家学者提供学术支持才获得的宝贵成果。
这些人物主要出自七世纪至十九世纪，其中以唐、宋、明、清的人物传记资料最为充实。
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先锋VSX-815 915用户手册说明书
AUDIO/VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL RECEIVERVSX-815VSX-915Register your product at:• Protect your new investmentThe details of your purchase will be on file for reference in the event of an insurance claim such as loss or theft.• Improve product developmentYour input helps us continue to design products that meet your needs.• Receive a free Pioneer newsletterRegistered customers can opt in to receive a monthly newsletter.• Receive free tips, updates and service bulletins on your new productOperating InstructionsWARNING – TO PREVENT FIRE OR SHOCKHAZARD, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPLIANCE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.D1-4-2-1_En IMPORTANT NOTICE – THE SERIAL NUMBER FOR THIS EQUIPMENT IS LOCATED IN THE REAR.PLEASE WRITE THIS SERIAL NUMBER ON YOUR ENCLOSED WARRANTY CARD ANDKEEP IN A SECURE AREA. THIS IS FOR YOUR SECURITY . D1-4-2-6-1_En NOTE:This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant toPart 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if notinstalled and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:– Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.– Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.– Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.– Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. D8-10-1-2_En WARNING: Handling the cord on this product orcords associated with accessories sold with theproduct will expose you to lead, a chemical known to the State of California and other governmental entities to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm.D36-P4_EnWash hands after handling For U.S. and Australia ModelC67-7-3_EnCAUTION– PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DONOT USE THIS (POLARIZED) PLUG WITH AN EXTENSION CORD.RECEPTACLE OR OTHER OUTLETUNLESS THE BLADES CAN BE FULLY INSERTED TO PREVENT BLADE EXPOSURE.ATTENTION –POUR PREVENIR LES CHOCSELECTRIQUES NE PAS UTILISER CETTE FICHE POLARISEE AVEC UN PROLONGATEUR UNE PRISE DE COURANT OU UNE AUTRE SORTIE DE COURANT, SAUF SI LES LAMES PEUVENT ETRE INSEREES A FOND SANS EN LAISSER AUCUNE PARTIEA DECOUVVERT.D2-4-4-1_EF This ClassB digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la Classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.D8-10-1-3_EFInformation to UserAlteration or modifications carried out without appropriate authorization may invalidate the user’s right to operate the equipment. D8-10-2_EnCAUTION:This product satisfies FCC regulations when shielded cables and connectors are used to connect the unit to other equipment. To prevent electromagnetic interference with electric appliances such as radios and televisions, use shielded cables and connectors for connections. D8-10-3a_EnIf the AC plug of this unit does not match the AC outlet you want to use, the plug must be removed and appropriate one fitted. Replacement andmounting of an AC plug on the power supply cord of this unit should be performed only by qualifiedservice personnel. If connected to an AC outlet, the cut-off plug can cause severe electrical shock. Make sure it is properly disposed of after removal.The equipment should be disconnected by removing the mains plug from the wall socket when leftunused for a long period of time (for example, whenon vacation). D3-4-2-2-1a_A_En Thank you for buying this Pioneer product.Please read through these operating instructions so you will know how to operate your model properly. After you hav e finished reading the instructions, put them away in a safe place for future reference.Manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories. "Dolby", "Pro Logic","Surround EX", and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories."DTS" ,"DTS-ES Extended Surround" and "Neo:6" are trademarks of Digital Theater Systems, Inc.The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the presence of important operating andmaintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance.The lightning flash with arrowhead, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated "dangerous voltage" within the product's enclosure that may be of sufficientmagnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons.CAUTION:TO PREVENT THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.CAUTIONRISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCKDO NOT OPEND1-4-2-3_EnREAD INSTRUCTIONS — All the safety andoperating instructions should be read before the product is operated.RETAIN INSTRUCTIONS — The safety andoperating instructions should be retained for future reference.HEED WARNINGS — All warnings on the product and in the operating instructions should be adhered to.FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS — All operating and use instructions should be followed.CLEANING — The product should be cleaned only with a polishing cloth or a soft dry cloth. Never clean with furniture wax, benzine, insecticides or other volatile liquids since they may corrode the cabinet.ATTACHMENTS — Do not use attachments not recommended by the product manufacturer as they may cause hazards.WATER AND MOISTURE — Do not use this product near water — for example, near a bathtub, wash bowl, kitchen sink, or laundry tub; in a wet basement; or near a swimming pool; and the like.ACCESSORIES — Do not place this product on an unstable cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or table. The product may fall, causing serious injury to a child or adult, and serious damage to the product. Use only with a cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or table recommended by themanufacturer, or sold with the product. Any mounting of the product should follow the manufacturer’s instructions, and should use a mounting accessory recommended by the manufacturer.CART — A product and cart combination should be moved with care. Quick stops, excessive force, and uneven surfaces may cause the product and cart combination to overturn.VENTILATION — Slots and openings in the cabinet are provided for ventilation and to ensurereliable operation of the product and to protect it from overheating, and these openings must not be blocked or covered. The openings should never be blocked by placing the product on a bed, sofa, rug, or other similar surface. This product should not be placed in a built-ininstallation such as a bookcase or rack unless proper ventilation is provided or themanufacturer’s instructions have been adhered to.POWER SOURCES — This product should be operated only from the type of power source indicated on the marking label. If you are not sure of the type of power supply to your home, consult your product dealer or local power company.LOCATION – The appliance should be installed in a stable location.NONUSE PERIODS – The power cord of theappliance should be unplugged from the outlet when left un-used for a long period of time.GROUNDING OR POLARIZATION• If this product is equipped with a polarizedalternating current line plug (a plug having one blade wider than the other), it will fit into the outlet only one way. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug fully into the outlet, try reversing the plug. If the plug should still fail to fit, contact your electrician to replace your obsolete outlet. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized plug.• If this product is equipped with a three-wire grounding type plug, a plug having a third (grounding) pin, it will only fit into a grounding type power outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into the outlet,contact your electrician to replace your obsolete outlet. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the grounding type plug.POWER-CORD PROTECTION — Power-supplycords should be routed so that they are not likely to be walked on or pinched by items placed upon or against them, paying particular attention to cords at plugs, conveniencereceptacles, and the point where they exit from the product.OUTDOOR ANTENNA GROUNDING — If anoutside antenna or cable system is connected to the product, be sure the antenna or cable system is grounded so as to provide some protection against voltage surges and built-up static charges. Article 810 of the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70, providesinformation with regard to proper grounding of the mast and supporting structure, grounding of the lead-in wire to an antenna discharge unit, size of grounding conductors, location of antenna-discharge unit, connection togrounding electrodes, and requirements for the grounding electrode. See Figure A.LIGHTNING — For added protection for thisproduct during a lightning storm, or when it is left unattended and unused for long periods of time, unplug it from the wall outlet anddisconnect the antenna or cable system. This will prevent damage to the product due to lightning and power-line surges.POWER LINES — An outside antenna systemshould not be located in the vicinity of overhead power lines or other electric light or power circuits, or where it can fall into such power lines or circuits. When installing an outside antenna system, extreme care should be taken to keep from touching such power lines or circuits as contact with them might be fatal.OVERLOADING — Do not overload wall outlets, extension cords, or integral conveniencereceptacles as this can result in a risk of fire or electric shock.OBJECT AND LIQUID ENTRY — Never push objects of any kind into this product through openings as they may touch dangerous voltage points or short-out parts that could result in a fire or electric shock. Never spill liquid of any kind on the product.SERVICING — Do not attempt to service thisproduct yourself as opening or removing covers may expose you to dangerous voltage or other hazards. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.DAMAGE REQUIRING SERVICE — Unplug this product from the wall outlet and refer servicing to qualified service personnel under the following conditions:• When the power-supply cord or plug is damaged.• If liquid has been spilled, or objects have fallen into the product.• If the product has been exposed to rain or water.• If the product does not operate normally byfollowing the operating instructions. Adjust only those controls that are covered by the operating instructions as an improper adjustment of other controls may result in damage and will often require extensive work by a qualified technician to restore the product to its normal operation.• If the product has been dropped or damaged in any way.• When the product exhibits a distinct change in performance — this indicates a need for service.REPLACEMENT PARTS — When replacement parts are required, be sure the service technician has used replacement parts specified by themanufacturer or have the same characteristics as the original part. Unauthorized substitutions may result in fire, electric shock, or other hazards.SAFETY CHECK — Upon completion of any service or repairs to this product, ask the service technician to perform safety checks to determine that the product is in proper operating condition.WALL OR CEILING MOUNTING — The product should not be mounted to a wall or ceiling.HEAT — The product should be situated away from heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other products (including amplifiers) that produce heat.GROUND CLAMPELECTRIC SERVICE EQUIPMENTANTENNA LEAD IN WIREANTENNADISCHARGE UNIT (NEC SECTION 810-20)GROUNDING CONDUCTORS (NEC SECTION 810-21)GROUND CLAMPSPOWER SERVICE GROUNDING ELECTRODE SYSTEM (NEC ART 250, PART H)NEC — NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEFig. AD1-4-2-2_En。
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此外，对于进一步 PP 的开发，将关注在诸多的产品领域， 比如 USB 存储设备、企业安全管理、电子证书系统、安全签名 等。 来自 atsec 的首席科学家 Helmut Kurth 在会议上发表了题为 “提高保护轮廓的灵活性和适用性（Improving the Flexibility and Applicability of Protection Profiles） ，他本人参与了诸多业界 PP ” 和各个大型厂商 ST 的编写工作，并且对 CC 标准的发展起了重 要的作用，如往年一样，他的讲演吸引了诸多业界专家的关注和 学习。 最后值得一提的是，PP 的编制和贡献鼓励多个厂商参与， 旨在推动同类产品的安全标准发展，而不是某厂商制定技术壁垒 的途径，在 PP 中提及的安全功能要求和安全保障要求应该是具 有普遍意义且较为通用的，且能够在同类厂商产品中获得实现。 标准技术的整合 CC 会议作为信息安全业界较为重要的会议之一，一向以来 关注信息安全领域的诸多的标准和技术，以及其之间的关联和整 合。 早在 2007 年罗马的 CC 会议上， atsec 的业务发展总监 Fiona Pattinson 便提出了 FIPS 140-2 和 CC 的相辅相成的合规建设思 路。本届 CC 会议上，来自加拿大和美国的评估实验室继续致力 于 CC 和 FIPS 140 的相关技术关联和依赖关系，给出了题为 “FIPS & CC – How do they get along?”和“FIPS and the Common Criteria: finding the least common denominator”等主 题讲演。 支付产业的安全问题得到了越来越多的重视，PCI 标准与 CC 标准关联的主题讲演是本届较新的关注点，同时也是笔者本 人较为关注的技术领域。支付终端的安全评估在会议首日的下午 便在 CC 社区报告部分给出了讨论，来自德国 BSI 的 Sandro Amedola 作了题为“JTEMS – A community for the evaluation of payment terminals” ，无独有偶，随后来自法国的专家也作了 “GESTE: a consortium fully supporting the CC adoption by payment terminals industry”的讲演。讲演中，各位专家提及了 PCI 安全标准家族对于支付产业的重要性，以及标准评估和认证 的整合思路，同时也提出希望在不久的将来，两个不同标准能够 得到在一定意义上的互相接受，比如 CC 领域能够一定程度的接 受 PCI 评估实验室出具的 PCI 报告。对于 atsec 而言，atsec 既 是国际三个国家授权的 CC 评估实验室， 同时也是 PCI 安全标准 委员会授权的 PCI DSS QSA 和 PA DSS QSA， 我们希望看到相 关标准的整合，并一如既往的致力于相关的标准工作。 标准和产业动态 评估实验室在各个国家体系下接受认证机构的监督和管理， 同时各个国家的认证机构也需要接受 CC 管理委员会的严格监管。 CCMB 通过 shadowing 和 VPA （Voluntary Periodic Assessment） 的方式，保证各个国家认证机构的章程和流程和 CCRA 互认协 定的要求相一致，也是保障标准互认的重要基础。 2009 年 9 月， 针对土耳其认证机构执行了 Shadowing， 2010
Salvatore La PieБайду номын сангаасra
CEO
感受第十一届国际 CC 会议
atsec，刘岩(yan@) 第十一届国际通用评估准则会议（11ICCC：11th International Common Criteria Conference）如约而至，本届会 议于 2010 年 9 月 21 日到 23 日在土耳其地中海畔美丽的城市安 塔利亚（Antalya）成功举办。 本文简述了笔者参加会议期间的些许感受。或许诸多的关注 通用评估准则（Common Criteria）的厂商、评估机构、信息安 全专家同仁并没有直接参加本次会议，且会议期间很多的主题技 术讲演是并行进行的，谨此短文作为信息的分享和交流，也欢迎 指正和进一步探讨。 技术社区和保护轮廓的推进 历届的 CC 会议技术和标准发展的讨论和争论都是广泛存在 的，大家的初衷都是为了改进 CC 标准及其应用。然而本届 CC 会议上对于技术社区（Technical Community）和保护轮廓 （Protection Profile） 的发展思路得到了极其广泛的共识和认可。 CC 标准作为世界范围公认的信息安全领域的标准，其适用 范围涵盖到诸多的产品形态，包括但不限于访问控制设备和系统 （Access Control Devices and Systems） 、生物识别系统和设备 （Biometric Systems and Devices） 、边界保护设备和系统 （Boundary Protection Devices and Systems） 、 数据保护 （Data Protection） 、数据库（Databases） 、检测设备和系统（Detection Devices and Systems） 、IC、智能卡和智能卡相关的设备和系统 （ICs, Smart Cards and Smart Card-related Devices and Systems） 、密钥管理系统（Key Management Systems） 、网络 和网络相关的设备和系统（Network and Network-Related Devices and Systems） 、操作系统（Operating systems） 、其他 设备和系统（Other Devices and Systems） 、数字签名产品 （Products for Digital Signatures） 、可信计算（Trusted Computing） 。 随着 CC 标准应用广度和深度的发展， 业界同仁深 刻的意识到在某特定产品类型领域加强技术探讨，以及保护轮廓 （PP：Protection Profile）制定和推广的价值，比如在智能卡领 域就是很好的成功范例。技术社区的思路就是整合特定产品技术 领域的厂商开发人员、最终用户、评估人员，以及认证人员一起 共同讨论，从而达成一定程度评估内容和方法的共识，特别是保 护轮廓的制定。 这一思路在本届 CC 会议的关键主题讲演（Keynote） 、专家 座谈（Panel Session）以及诸多主题讲演上被提及并得到了高 度统一。来自微软的 Steven B.Lipner 和 Cisco 的 Gene Keeling 作为厂商代表进行了会议的 Keynotes 发言。发言中表示产品的 最终用户将是致力于 CC 合规和评估认证的受益者，最终用户希 望评估在真实的场景下进行；智能卡领域是 CC 评估较为成功的 应用领域， 最新的提出的 OSPP 是业界的一大贡献。 厂商代表呼 吁更多的厂商能够参与到共同的厂商社区进行 CC 及其相关技术 的研讨和推动，并加强与最终用户、评估实验室和认证机构的沟 通， 从而使得最终用户得到更大的收益， Cisco 已经组织诸多的 机构成立了技术社区。比如在脆弱性评估，特别是 Attack Resistance（攻击抵御）等方面，需要各个厂商之间合作，以及 整个产业的投入和平衡；同时对于特定的产品领域也需要吸取诸 多的输入， 比如 CVE （Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures） 、 CWE（Common Weakness Enumeration） 、CAPEC（Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification）等脆弱性的业 界积累。 大会第一天上午，组委会安排了一项名为“满足用户的需求 —PP 和技术社区的力量”的专题讨论，来自不同机构的专家共同 探讨 PP 和支持文档的推进，从而更好地表达最终用户的需求， 并且表示应该加强最终用户的参与和投入。在专家座谈中，多位 专家表示 PP 本身的编写应借助优秀的评估实验室的技术力量， 他们可以借助自身对于 CC 标准的深刻理解，通过和诸多厂商的 共同努力完成 PP 的制定以及后续的评估和认证工作。 atsec 无疑是该领域的领导者， 也是由于近年来在 CC 发展， 特别是 PP 编写和评估的贡献，是唯一的在 Keynotes 被提及的 评估实验室。atsec 早从 2009 年开始组织了业界诸多的厂商， 政府认证机构发起了 Protection Profile（保护轮廓，也可以理解 为某类型的产品标准） 。首先值得一提的是操作系统保护轮廓 （OSPP： Operating System Protection Profile） ， 该 PP 由 atsec 负责编写， 并组织了 Argus Systems、 惠普、 IBM(AIX 小组、 z/OS 小组以及 Linux 小组)、 Juniper Networks、 微软、 Novell (SUSE)、 Oracle、Red Hat、SUN、Univention、BSI、NIAP 一同参与， 组成了专家社区进行讨论，最后通过了 atsec 的评估和 BSI 的认 证。 在本届 CC 会议上， atsec 德国实验室主任 Gerald Krummeck 和 IBM 的 William Penny 继 09 年挪威 CC 会议的主题讲演之后， 进行了联合主题讲演 – 针对操作系统的保护轮廓（Protection Profile for Operating System） ； 来自德国认证机构 BSI 的 Gereon Killian 也发表了主题讲演 - 使用通用评估准则 OSPP 的模块性 和灵活性（Operating System Protection Profile Modularity and Flexibility using the Common Criteria） 。此外，atsec 代表 IEEE 对两个规定了不同环境下多功能打印机的安全功能和安全保障 需求的保护轮廓进行了评估。IEEE 的两个保护轮廓 PP.2600.1 和 PP.2600.2 分别在美国认证机构 NIAP 和德国认证机构 BSI 进行了评估和认证， 并且在会议第二天的庆典晚宴 （Gala Dinner） 上进行了证书颁发的仪式。 来自中国公安部第三研究所的技术专家陆臻进行了主题讲 演 - The application of ISO/IEC TR 15446:2004 in the process of compilation of Chinese national standard “GB/T 20279-2006， 这也是整个会议 Protection Profile 部分的重要讲演主题之一。