曼昆微观经济学第五版第五章课文精品PPT课件
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微观经济学曼昆第五版课件(5)市场效率
用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余
Price of House
Painting
$900 800
600 500
Price = $800
总生产者剩余 ($500)
Supply
王五的生产者剩余 ($200) 赵六的生产者剩余 ($300)
0
1
2
3
4
Quantity of
Houses Painted
价格如何影响生产者剩余
买者支付意愿
支付意愿是买者愿意为某一物品支付的 最高价格。 Willingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. 它衡量买者对物品或服务的评价。 It measures how much the buyer values the good or service.
能否通过改变市场均衡产量来增加总剩 余?
产量小于均衡产量时的总剩余
Price
消费者剩余 =A
生产者剩余=B
A
S
价格P1
B
C
无谓损失 = C
0
Q1
均衡数量
D
Q
产量大于均衡产量时的总剩余
Price
消费者剩余 =A+B 生产者剩余 =C-B-D 总剩余=A+C-D
A 价格P2
C
D B
无谓损失 = D S
消费者剩余 Consumer Surplus
消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支 付的量减去其为此实际支付的量。
Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT中文版 第5章
弹性及其应用
17
例 4：短期的汽油与长期的汽油 ：
汽油价格上涨20%，短期还是长期的汽油需求量会 下降更多？为什么？ 短期内，人们除了坐公交或者自己开车之外，并 没有什么其他办法 长期中，人们可以购买省油的小排量汽车或搬到 上班地方附近居住 总结：相对于短期，物品的需求往往在长期更富有 弹性
弹性及其应用
弹性及其应用
1
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：
什么是弹性？弹性能帮助我们理解什么问题？ 什么是需求价格弹性？它与需求曲线有什么联系？ 它与收益与支出又有什么联系？ 什么是供给价格弹性？它与供给曲线有什么联系？ 什么是需求收入弹性与需求的交叉价格弹性？
2
一个故事
你的工作是为本地企业制作网站，制作一个网站收 费200美元。目前你每个月能卖出12个网站 你的成本在不断上升（包括你的时间的机会成本）， 因此你考虑把价格升到250美元 需求定理告诉我们：如果提高价格，你将不能卖出 原来这么多的网站。你将少卖出多少网站？你的收 益将会减少还是增加？减少或增加多少？
13
价格弹性由什么决定? 价格弹性由什么决定
为了找到需求价格弹性的决定因素，我们看下面的 这些例子。每个例子都比较了两种物品。 在每个例子中:
假设两种物品的价格都上升了20% 需求数量下降最大(百分比)的物品有最大的需求价 格弹性。它是哪种物品？为什么？ 这个例子告诉我们什么是决定需求价格弹性的因素
需求价格弹性
需求量变动百分比
=
价格变动的百分比
=
< 10% 10%
<1
需求曲线：
相对陡峭
P1
P
消费者的价格敏感度：
相对小 弹性； <1
微观经济学第五版共45页PPT
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
END
微观经济学第五版
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
END
微观经济学第五版
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
曼昆微观经济学第五版第五章课文
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
90 100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity
Elastic Demand
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
50
100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
90 100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity
Elastic Demand
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
50
100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
曼昆经济学原理第五版宏观经济学优秀课件
的钱
钱的时间
这些钱的现值
$1
1年后
$1/(1.1) = $ 0.91
$1
2年后
$1/(1.1)2 = $ 0.83
$1
3年后
$1/(1.1)3 = $ 0.75
$30
3年后
$30/(1.1)3 = $22.54
这些AT&T公司股票的价值等于表中最后一列的数字相 加： $25.03
曼昆(经济学原理)第五版宏观经济学优秀课件
差别
▪ 例如：买$1000微软的股票，并持有30年
如果回报率 = 0.08, FV = $10,063 如果回报率 = 0.10, FV = $17,450
曼昆(经济学原理)第五版宏观经济学优秀课件
9
70规则
▪ 70规则：
如果一个变量每年按x%增长，那么大约在70/x年 以后，该变量翻一番
▪ 例如: ▪ 如果年利率是5%，那么大约在14年后存款额将
▪ 保险如何起作用：
面临风险的人向保险公司支付一笔保险费，作为 回报，保险公司同意接受所有或部分风险
▪ 保险允许风险分摊，能使风险厌恶的人更好：
比如，对于房子着火的风险，一万个人承担万分 之一的风险比你自己一个人独自承担全部风险容 易得多
曼昆(经济学原理)第五版宏观经济学优秀课件
14
保险市场的两个问题
B. 如果 r = 0.10，你是否应该买？
PV = $100,000/(1.1)5 = $62,090.
土地的PV <土地的价格
不, 不买它
曼昆(经济学原理)第五版宏观经济学优秀课件
8
复利
▪ 复利：货币量的积累，即赚得的利息仍留在账户
上以赚取未来更多的利息
曼昆微观经济学第五版第五章课文
(2.(21010028.)00)1010001200ppeerrcceenn2tt 2.00
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
100
Quantity
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
of Demand
(100 - 50)
Price
ED
(100 50)/2 (4.00 - 5.00)
(4.00 5.00)/2
$5
4
Demand 67 percent -3
-22 percent
Demand is price elastic
0
50 100 Quantity
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Unit Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
80
100
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
100
Quantity
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
of Demand
(100 - 50)
Price
ED
(100 50)/2 (4.00 - 5.00)
(4.00 5.00)/2
$5
4
Demand 67 percent -3
-22 percent
Demand is price elastic
0
50 100 Quantity
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Unit Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
80
100
经济学原理课件微观部分第五章
-
5.3.2等产量曲线 概念：在一定的技术条件下，能够生产出同等 产量的两种生产要素组合的轨迹。 特征 斜率为负 离原点越远，产量越高 对同一消费者来说，两条等产量曲线不能相交 斜率递减
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
K
K 40 20 10 6 4
L 对应组合点 5 a 12 b 20 c 30 d 50 e
fig
30
35
40
L
30
K
25
Assumptions
PK = £20 000 W = £10 000 TC = £300 000
20
15
a
b
10
5
c TC = £300 000 d L
0 5 10 15 20
fig
0 25
30
35
40
5.3 两种可变要素投入的最佳组 合
5.3.4 等成本线 概念：表示在既定的要素价格条件下，厂商用 一定数量的资金所能够购买的两种生产要素最 大组合的轨迹。 图形 方程： PL L+PK K=C 斜率：PL/PK，两种要素的价格之比
（1）技术水平既定不变； （2）生产要素的投入比例可变； （3）增加的要素须有同等的效率。
5.2.5一种生产要素的合理投入
TP
40
d
c TP
30
20
Ⅰ
b
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
10
0
AP MP
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
L
曼昆微观经济学原理第五章PPT.
Other Elasticities Cross-price elasticity of demand: measures the response of demand for one good to changes in the price of another good Cross-price elast. = of demand % change in price of good 2 For substitutes, cross-price elasticity > 0 (e.g., an increase in price of beef causes an increase in demand for chicken For complements, cross-price elasticity < 0 (e.g., an increase in price of computers causes decrease in demand for software ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION 45 % change in Qd for good 1CHAPTER SUMMARY Elasticity measures the responsiveness of Qd or Qs to one of its determinants. Price elasticity of demand equals percentage change in Qd divided by percentage change in P. When it’s less than one, demand is “inelastic.” When greater than one, demand is “elastic.” When demand is inelastic, total revenue rises when price rises. When demand is elastic, total revenue falls when price rises. 46CHAPTER SUMMARY Demand is less elastic in the short run, for necessities, for broadly defined goods, or for goods with few close substitutes. Price elasticity of supplyequals percentage change in Qs divided by percentage change in P. When it’s less than one, supply is “inelastic.” When greater than one, supply is “elastic.” Price elasticity of supply is greater in the long run than in the short run. 47CHAPTER SUMMARY The income elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to changes in buyers’ incomes. The cross-price elasticity of demand measures how much demand for one good responds to changes in the price of another good. 48。
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Necessities versus Luxuries Availability of Close Substitutes Definition of the Market Time Horizon
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Elasticity . . .
… is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions
(
(10 8) 100 10
2.2
2
2.00
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
Percentage Change PriceElasticityof Demand=inQuantityDemanded
Percentage Change in Price
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
… allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Price Elasticity of Demand
The midpoint formula is preferable when calculating the price elasticity of demand because it gives the same answer regardless of the direction of the change.
Price Elasticity of Demand= (Q2 Q1 )/[(Q2 Q1 )/2] (P2 P1 )/[(P2 P1 )/2]
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
Elasticity and Its Application
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close substitutes. the more narrowly defined the market.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand Percentage change in quatity demanded Percentage change in price
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Necessities versus Luxuries Availability of Close Substitutes Definition of the Market Time Horizon
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Elasticity . . .
… is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions
(
(10 8) 100 10
2.2
2
2.00
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
Percentage Change PriceElasticityof Demand=inQuantityDemanded
Percentage Change in Price
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
… allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Price Elasticity of Demand
The midpoint formula is preferable when calculating the price elasticity of demand because it gives the same answer regardless of the direction of the change.
Price Elasticity of Demand= (Q2 Q1 )/[(Q2 Q1 )/2] (P2 P1 )/[(P2 P1 )/2]
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
Elasticity and Its Application
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close substitutes. the more narrowly defined the market.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand Percentage change in quatity demanded Percentage change in price
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as: