E-C translation 第一章 翻译概述
第一章 翻译理论
Eugene A. Nida(奈达): Functional Equivalence(功能对等) A minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it. A maximal, ideal definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.
Hale Waihona Puke 3. 科技英语翻译标准科技英语（English for Science and Technology, 简称 EST）作为一种英语文体，其翻译的标准为“信”和“达”， 即“忠实”和“通顺”。科技文章的特点是专业性强，逻辑严 密，表达严谨，译文应反映这些特点。所谓“忠实”，就是要 求译者必须弄懂英语原文的语言，准确而完整地理解全部内容 （包括思想、精神与风格）。不能任意增删、曲解、篡改或遗 漏。“忠实”对科技翻译尤为重要。译文必须准确，不能模糊 不清、模棱两可，以免产生歧义。同时，要防止对“忠实”的 片面理解，一味追求形式上的相似，造成逐字死译，产生翻译 上的形式主义。试比较下列各句的不同译文：
大学英语翻译
15
词语的翻译——词义的引申 第三章 词语的翻译 词义的引申
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Case 3
• There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. • 译：帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。 • 析：这里把tiger和ape这两个具体形象引申 为这两个形象所代表的的属性：“残暴” 和“狡猾”。
10Biblioteka 词语的翻译——词义的引申 第三章 词语的翻译 词义的引申
[<]
Case 1
• There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. • 译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会 的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐 问题。 • 析：everydayness 由“日常性”具体引申 为日常生活所必需的“柴米油盐”。
17
谢谢观赏
• 09物理
18
14
词语的翻译——词义的引申 第三章 词语的翻译 词义的引申
[<]
Case 2
• Brain drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. • 译：人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实 人才外流一直是康定的头号问题， 一直是康定的头号问题 际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严 际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严 峻问题。 峻问题。 • 析：brain 由“头脑”抽象化为“人才”， 头脑”抽象化为“人才” concern 由“关心的事情”抽象化为“问 关心的事情”抽象化为“ 流行病” 题”，epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化为 带普遍性的严峻问题” “带普遍性的严峻问题”。
lecture_1__翻译概论
3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: oral, written and machine 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)； 5）In terms of the manner: 从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、 摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
E-C and C-E Translation Basics
英汉-汉英翻译基础
Lecture 1
Introduction to Translation
I. What is Translation?
1. A story of translation in Bible Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t communicate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence comes the translation.
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
英汉笔译基础教程 第1章 翻译概述
▪ 语内翻译（intralingual translation） ▪ 语际翻译（interlingual translation） ▪ 符际翻译（intersemiotic translation）
❖ 诺德从译文功能来分：
▪ 工具型翻译（instrumental translation） ▪ 文献型翻译（documentary translation）
英汉笔译基础教程
Basics of English to Chinese Translation
第一章 翻译概述
❖ 1.1 翻译的定义与分类 ❖ 1.2 翻译的标准 ❖ 1.3 翻译过程 ❖ 1.4 译者技能
1.1翻译的定义与分类
❖1.1.1 翻译的定义 ❖工具书中的定义
▪ 《说文解字》：“翻”解释为“飞也”，本义是“鸟飞 ”，“译”解释为“传译四夷之言者”。
❖ 把翻译看作一个产业，可分为：
▪ 三个层次：核心层、边缘层及相关层
1.2 翻译的标准
❖ 1.2.1翻译标准的演变 ❖支谦：
▪ “因循本旨，不加文饰”、“案本而传”、“实宜径达 ”
❖玄奘：
▪ “求真”和“喻俗”的翻译标准
❖严复：
பைடு நூலகம்▪ “信、达、雅”
❖鲁迅：
▪ “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一面力求其易解，二则是 保存着原作的丰姿”
1.2.2不同视角下的翻译标准
❖以原文为中心
▪ 对等、忠实的翻译标准。
❖以读者为中心
▪ 流畅与透明
❖以译文功能为中心
▪ 译文在多大程度上满足了翻译的目的
❖以客户为中心的翻译服务标准
▪ 客户的利益在多大程度上得到实现 ▪ 客户的满意度成为判断翻译服务好坏的标准
E-C Translation(W-1)
__ 傅 雷 spiritual conformity /
formal conformity 谈论语言思维差异, 文言与白话和及方言 翻译与译者 __ 钱钟书 Sublimed Adaptation 欧化/汉化 [异化/归化, foreignization/domestication]
Chapter Two Basic Requirements of E-C Translation
__ 郑振铎 介绍泰特勒 __ 矛 盾 对译者提出条件 __ 鲁 迅 力求其易解, 保存原风姿 在翻译方面论述多 __ 陈西莹 对”信达雅”发表见解 __ 林语堂 三条翻译标准
Period IV: Contemporary Translation Theory Studies: from 1949 to the Present Time
Comparison of meaning of words
• Equivalents • partial equivalents • No equivalents
Collocation of words
• Similar collocation
• PHR V & IDM • Metaphoric structure As+adj+as+n
• EX. • Only by reading extensively can you widen your horizons. • Never in my life have I heard of such a strange thing! • Starved and tired enough he was.
__ Western Han Dynasty __ Eastern Han Dynasty . 支谦 «法句经序» __ Eastern Jin Dynasty . 道安 “五失本” “三 不易” . 鸠摩罗什: 意译 ___Tang Dynasty . 文/质 . 玄奘: 五种不翻/音译
换言之翻译第一章讲义西外
换言之翻译第一章讲义西外In Other Words:A Coursebook on TranslationMona BakerAn Egyptian professor of translation studiesat the University of Manchester in England,and an editor of "The Translator" andeditorial director of St. Jerome Publishing.She first arrived at UMIST (The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) in 1995 and became a professor there in 1997. She provides commentary on the Middle East conflict, and research in translation and intercultural studies. The site also has sections on the boycott of Israeli academic institutions, Israel and Palestinian universities, general opinions on the Middle East and calls for boycott of Israeli products and services.ScheduleWeek 1 Chapter1+2Week 2 3+4Week 3 5Week 4 6Week 5 7Each Week: Theory 2 hours + Practice 1 hourTERMINOLOGYBack translationWordMorphemeLexical meaningPropositional meaningExpressive meaningPresupposed meaningSelectional restrictionCollocational restrictionEvoked meaningDialectRegisterFieldTenorModeSemantic fieldLexical setsSuperordinateHyponymLoan wordFalse friendBack translation: a process in which a text that has been translated into a given language is retranslated into the source language. P8Word: the smallest unit of language that can be used by itself. P11Morpheme: the minimal formal element of meaning in language; a unit which cannot contain morethan one element of meaning and cannot be further analyzed. P11Lexical meaning: the specific value a word has in a particular linguistic system and the “personality”it acquires through usage within that system. P12Propositional meaning: the meaning of a word or an utterance which arises from the relation between it and what itrefers to or describes in a real or imaginary world, as conceived by the speakers of the particular language to which the word or utterance belongs. P13Expressive meaning: the meaning of a word or an utterance which relates to the speaker?s feelings or attitude rather than to what words and utterances refer to. P13Presupposed meaning: the meaning of a word or an utterance which arises from co-occurrence restrictions, i.e. restrictions on what other words or expressions we expect to see before or after a particular lexical unit. P14Selectional restriction: 1. a restriction on the choice of individual lexical units in construction with other lexical units. E.g. breath will typically “select” an animate subject, not an abstract or an inanimate. 2. A restriction imposed on the potential referents of a phrase, etc. related to it: e.g. pregnant will typically “select” a subject referring to someone or some animal that is female. P14 Collocational restriction: any restriction on the collocability of one individual word with another. P14 Evoked meaning: the meaning which arises from dialect and register variation. P15Dialect: A dialect is a variety of language which has currency within a specific community or group of speakers. P15 Register: a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific situation. P15 Field of discourse: An abstract term for “what is going on” that is relevant to the speaker?s choice of linguistic items. P16 T enor of discourse: An abstract term for the relationships between the people taking part in the discourse. P16 Mode of discourse: An abstract term for the role that the language is playing (speech, essay, lecture, instructions) and forits medium of transmission (spoken, written).Halliday (1964) identifies three variables that determine register:Field (the subject matter of the discourse),T enor (the participants and their relationships) andMode (the channel of communication, e.g. spoken or written).Semantic field: a distinct part of the lexicon defined by some general term or concept. E.g. in English the semantic field of colour includes words such as black and red. P18Lexical sets: the actual words and expressions under each semantic field. P18Superordinate: a word the meaning of which includes the meaning of another word or words. P20 Hyponym: a word whose meaning is included in that of another word. P20Loan word: a word imported by borrowing from another language. P25False friend: words or expressions which have the same form in two or more languages but convey different meanings. P25 Correspondence: a term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other.Equivalence: (see correspondence)Domestication (domesticating translation): a term used by V enuti to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers.Foreignization (foreignizing translation): a term used by V enuti to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.SL (source language): the language in which the text being translated is written.TL (target language): the language which is being translated into.ST (source text): the text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a translation. TT (target text): a text which has been produced by an act of translation.SL-oriented translation: a translation which puts its emphasis on the close transfer of the source text. TL-oriented translation: a translation which puts emphasis on the response of the receptor of the TT.Chapter 2Equivalence at word levelOutline2.1 The Word in Different Languages2.1.1 What is a word?2.1.2 Is there a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning?2.1.3 Introducing morphemes2.2 Lexical MeaningPropositional meaning, expressive meaning, presupposed meaning, evoked meaning2.2.1 Propositional vs expressive meaning2.2.2 Presupposed meaningSelectional restriction & collocational restriction2.2.3 Evoked meaningRegister—field, tenor and mode2.3 The Problem of Non-Equivalence2.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical sets—the segmentation of experienceSemantic fieldLexical setsSuperordinate vs hyponym2.3.2 Non-equivalence at word level and some common strategies for dealing with it2.3.2.1 Common problems of non-equivalence1. Culture-specific concepts2. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language3. The source-language word is semantically complex4. The source and target language make different distinctions in meaning5. The target language lacks a superordinate6. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective8. Differences in expressive meaning9. Differences in form10. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms11. The use of loan words in the source text2.3.2.2 Strategies used by professional translators1. Translation by a more general word (superordinate)—generalization2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word—undertranslation3. Translation by cultural substitution—domestication4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words7. Translation by omission8. Translation by illustration提示：本题答案与例子可参考冯庆华《实用翻译教程》第三章“词法翻译”1. T ranslation by a more general word (superordinate)E.g.《关雎》参差荇菜：waterplants关关雎鸠：waterbirds2. T ranslation by a more neutral/less expressive wordNotorious—有名的Propaganda—宣传顽固不化—stubborn没完没了—persistent3. T ranslation by cultural substitution（adaptation）Jesus—老天爷Devil—阎罗王肉夹馍—Chinese hamburger作揖—shake hands4. T ranslation using a loan word or loan word plus explanationIpad：Ipad5. T ranslation by paraphrase using a related word农历：Chinese lunar calendar6. T ranslation by paraphrase using unrelated wordsRedshirt: 美国大学生中在体育方面有发展前途的学生7. T ranslation by omission (and addition)(例子见冯庆华第三章“词法翻译”：四增词译法、五省词译法) Examples for 2.2 Lexical MeaningPropositional meaningA. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.在地里放养的叫牲口，坐下来吃的叫牛肉。
英汉互译第一章
32
7）对联 静坐常思己过, 闲谈莫说人非。 Think of your own faults when speechless sitting. Never refer to others’ demerits while chattering.
Morning after morning I don't see the sun,
Year after year, not a sign of spring.
▪
21
▪ Long, long the pathway to Cold Hill; Drear, drear the waterside so chill. Chirp, chirp, I often hear the bird; Mute, mute, nobody says a word. Gust by gust winds caress my face; Flake on flake snow covers all trace. From day to day the sun won't shine; From year to year no spring is mine.
----Peter Newmark, A Textbook Of Translation
4
“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
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Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
What are the common translation criteria ?
Faithfulness ,smoothness and expressiveness What do we mean by faithfulness ? By faithfulness , we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents ,to the original meaning and views ,but also to the original form and style What is the relationship between understanding and faithfulness ?
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
3. Criteria in translating (P6)
3.1 Yan Fu Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance 3.2 Lu Xun Faithfulness and smoothness 3.3 Fu Lei傅雷 Spiritual conformity (神似) 3.4 Qian Zhongshu Sublimed adaptation (化境)
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
4. The Makings of a Translator 4.3 having a wide range of and rich professional knowledge knowledge of social science and physical science(自然科学) 4.4 Having a good command of translation skills
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
5. Why we study the skills of translating? 5.1 Translating skills can improve our translation quality ,help to produce faithful and smooth version. e.g. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 5.2 Skills can help our wisdom and intelligence function in translation
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
Translation classification How many types of translation are there in terms of the form of expression and what are they? As far as the form of expression is concerned, translation is classified as oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation.
2.2 Expressing What should you do when expressing sth? Properly handle three relations 1) correctly handle the relation between faithfulness and smoothness 2) correctly handle the relation between content and form 3) Correctly handle the relation between faithfulness and creation
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
2. What are the procedures in translating? Understanding , expressing and proofreading 2.1 Understanding What should we understand? 1) Understanding the language focus points 2) understanding the logical relationship 3) Understanding the culture relating to the original
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation What does smoothness and expressiveness mean?
By smoothness and expressiveness , we mean not only easy and readable rendering , but also idiomatic expression in the target language , free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries. e.g. Size doesn’t matter, chopping wood… 个头没什么关系, 劈柴吗……
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
3.5 Eugene A. Nida 尤金.奈达 1. True to the original (忠实原文) 2. Vivid (语言顺畅自然) 3. Equivalence of response同等效应 3.6 common translation criteria
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
2.3 Proofreading What should you do by proofreading ? 1) Checking up what you have translated to see whether there are any mistakes or omissions. 2) Polishing.
E-C Translation Translation
Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to
2010.9.9
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
1. What is translation 2. Procedures in Translating 3. Criteria in Translation 4. The Makings of a Translator 5. Why We Study the Skill oin Translation
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation
4. The Makings of a Translator What are the qualifications for a translator? 4.1 Well acquainted with the source language and culture Why 4 2 Having a good mastery of the target language and culture Why
Chapter 1: A Introduction to Translation 1. What is translation? Translation , generally speaking, implies rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. It is essentially the faithful representation in one language of what is written or spoken in another. It is the replacement of the information of the source language by its counterpart of the target language. Translation , in a narrow sense, is the practice of finding the equivalent both in form and essence between two cultures.
6. What are the ways to success in translation? 6.1 Practice more Why ? 6.2 Compare more Why and what should we compare? 6.3 Read more Why
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Translation