项目管理 -英文版

Whether BIM will shake the status of the project manager1 IntroductionIn recent years, BIM (Building Information Modeling) has been widely used in the field of construction and achieved good results, which has an impact in many aspects of project management and also put forward some new requirements for the abilities and training methods of the project manager. The article analyses the application and development of BIM, the occupational characteristics of the project manager firstly, and then analyses the question that whether BIM will shake the position of the project manager or not, and gives the answer finally.2 The application and development of BIMBIM (Building Information Modeling) is the related detailed expression of the project based on the foundation of three dimensional digital technologies and the construction data model of the relevant information of construction engineering project. The application of BIM is used to solve the problem of description in the construction work, is the foundation for designer and engineering technical personnel to responding to a variety of architectural information and working together.BIM is the digital method used in design, construction and management, this method supports the integrated management environment of construction engineering, and can make the construction work improve efficiency significantly in the whole life cycle and reduce risks. Besides, the structure of BIM is a composite structure contained data model and behavior model, which means that it not only contains data model that related to geometry graph and data, but also contains behavior that related to management, the two parts combined together, so as to be used in simulating the behaviors of the real world. For example, simulating the structural stress conditions and the heat transfer condition of retaining structure. Of course, the behavior simulation relates to the quality of information closely.The application of BIM can support the continuous application and the real-time application of all kinds of information existed in the project, these information arehigh-quality, reliable, high level of integration and can be coordinated fully, which improve the quality and efficiency of design and even the whole project, reduce costs significantly. The immediate benefits brought by the application of BIM are that making construction project faster, cheaper and more accurate, and letting the various types of work cooperate with each other better, so as to reduce the error risk of the drawing. The long-term benefits that brought by the application of BIM beyond the stage of design and implementation, which is good for the operation of construction, maintenance and facilities management in the future, and can save costs.According to the needs of national resource planning management, under the form of construction life-cycle management and energy saving, the function of BIM in the information construction becoming more and more important. Huge amount of construction brings in a lot of losses caused by information drain in the stage of communication and implementation, the information integration brought by BIM redefines the design process, which improves this situation greatly.3 The professional characteristics of the project managerThe project manager is the chief of the whole processes of the project implementation, is the organizer of project implementation.The article analyses the professional characteristics of project managers according to the professional classification. According to different standards, the article classifies profession as the following: conventional type and communication type, line type and spiral type, long-term type and short-term type.(1)From the point of personality factors, the project manager belongs to communicative career. They need to coordinate the various internal and external relations, and integrate all of the resources for achieving the expected goal. Besides, to the external environment, they also need to develop rich social resources continuously to provides services to the project stages; to the internal environment, they need to take full use of the advantages of each members who participant in the project, so generally speaking, the project manager should has the personality traits of friendliness, enthusiasm and wisdom.(2)From the point of the direction of career development, the project manager belongs to a spiral development career. Transferring from a specialized area to another expertisecareer, the project managers need to have a wealth of knowledge structure and creativity. With the accumulation of professional experiences, the knowledge areas of the project manager is more and more comprehensive, which means that make different areas of expertise link together effectively and integrate with each other. So when the project managers merge into new areas of knowledge, he can learn from the old areas of knowledge, which can open the creative door for the new area.(3)From the point of the vocation continuing state, the project manager is limited by the life cycle of a single project; it usually is a short-term job. Since any projects have a project life cycle, company can not guarantee that the project is continuous, so it is decided that the choice of project manager's career has strong liquidity and instability.4 The hard kills and soft skills of the project manager and the function of them in the project managementThe ability of the project manager mainly has two parts, namely "soft" skills, which is personality factors, soft skills just like software, is internal and can not be seen; on the other hand "hard" sills, which is management skills and technology skills, the hard skills just like the hardware of the computer, is external and can be seen easily.First, personality factors mainly reflect in understanding and behaviors during the process of the communication with group members. The project manager with outstanding quality can understand the demands and motivations of other members in the project effectively and also have good communication skills. Generally speaking, personality factors means that the project manager should have appeal, communication skills, responsible ability, high sensitivity to the policy and the surrounding, besides, the project manager also should have the following characteristics: moral both, passionate about work, have the sense of responsibility and dare to bear.The first one, namely the ability of appeal. The members of the project comes from the various functional and technical departments within the enterprise, every group members' personal qualities, professional competences, personality and objective environment is different, but the enthusiasm of one member will affect others, and even affect the efficiency of the entire team, so the project manager must have the ability of gather together all the members and mobilize subordinates' enthusiasm to improve the level ofmanagement.The second one, communication skills, namely the ability of listening, advising and understanding others behaviors. The communication ability of the project manager directly affect the problem that whether he can understand other members' behaviors and views effectively. Only listening comprehensively and understanding the spirit of the instructions conveyed by the superior, can the project be operated better. When communicating with subordinates, the project manager should focus on equality, because the sound of subordinates usually is the most basic and most primitive one, which reflects the actual situations encountered in the processes of project operation.The third one, responding capability. Project is a dynamic process, there will be all kinds of emergencies in the whole project management process, which requires the project manager timely respond to those emergencies, and find the solutions to the problems to let the project going well. If the project manager has no responding capability and can not make decision timely or make wrong decision, the project will be blocked.The last one, high sensitivity to the policy and the surrounding information. The market economy in China still has the characteristics of the traditional government guidance, project management still is the management under the market economy that guided by the government, so ever project management is closely linked with the market changes and relevant policies changes. Understanding the market under the market economy conditions, grasping the changes existed in the surrounding environment is the premise condition before leading projects. That is to say, only has high sensitivity to the policy and surrounding environment, can the project manager adapt to the requirements of the development of the modern project management.Second, management skills. This requires the project manager to look the whole project as a integration, allocate project resources reasonably, understand and coordinate the relationship between the overall and individual. Only understanding the objective environment of the project clearly, can the project manager make reasonable goals and planning, lead the team to complete the project effectively. And management skills mainly include planning, organizing, controlling, deciding, and overall awareness, the ability to dealing with the relationship between the project and outside world and the ability ofempowerment.In particular, planning is the method to achieve the established objectives of the project, and the activity to organize the processes of the project implementation in the future. The planning can be divided into four classes: overall planning and local planning, long-term planning and short-term planning. Before the implementation of any project, it is important to make overall planning for achieving the final goals, including time planning, work planning and schedule planning. Planning can ensure the implementation of the project.Third, technical skills. It means that the project manager should have the ability to deal with some specific activities, especially contains the methods, processes, procedures or technical activities. Specifically including the following points: the skills of using project management tools and techniques, relevant expertise, the ability of using computer, healthy body and a wealth of practical experiences.5 Whether BIM will shake the position of the project manager in the project or notAs a kind of working content of using IT technology to integrating the project, BIM can optimizes the whole construction process. As a kind of computer application skills, BIM can be used by the project manager to implement management work effectively. From this vies, BIM will not shake the position of the project manager in the construction project, on th contrary, BIM will promote the management of the project manager.Using BIM to take integration management for the implementation processes of entity object in the construction project can overcome the problems that existed in the traditional management models and technologies, which can achieve fundamental changes in the aspect of transfer channels and cumulative ways. These changes put forward some new requirements for the project manager:First, to require the project manager to establish the project information concept with BIM as the core and understand the convenience and benefits of BIM for project management works. During the process of construction project, BIM is the core, and transfer and communication of communication must base on BIM. In this case, the project manager should establish a project information communication with the concept of BIM asthe core, this concept includes two aspects: the function of BIM and the differences and connections between BIM and traditional 3D models.Besides, the application of BIM also requires project manager to grasp the tools and techniques of BIM. Since BIM becomes the core and basis of the information communication, the project manager must fully master the BIM tools, at the same time, the project manager also should fully understand the related skills that will be during the process of implementing project management works.The last but not the least, the application of BIM requires the project manager fully understand the problems caused by BIM. Since the application of BIM changes the word processes, technological process and the communication ways of the project participants during the period of project management, so the project manager must fully familiar with the problems caused by the application of BIM in the specific work process.6 ConclusionsAs the core concept of IT technology, BIM can optimize the entire processes of construction, the project manager can establishes a project information communication with the concept of BIM as the core, masters tools and technologies related to BIM and understand the problems caused by BIM, so that master the technology of BIM effectively. From this point of view, the project manager can transfer BIM into hard skills, which can help them to manage the project effectively. So BIM will not shake the position of the project manager, but will promote the management of the project manager. From the other side of view, the soft skills of the project manager will not be dominated by the hard skills.Reference:[1] Harold Kerzner.(2009).Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.[2] Chen Yan.(2008).The building information model (BIM) in project management information system framework. Construction technology.[3]Xue Li.(2008).Discussion on project manager competency requirements. China consulting engineering.[4] Cui Huiqin.(2010).The problems and countermeasures of building enterprise's IT application in management research and practice. Construction technology.[5] Feng Haidong.(2011).The the functions of project managers in the construction analysis. Research and Development.[6] Wang Li.(2011).The analysis of the successful project manager. Science and technology information.。