chapter16第十六章 物体识别
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16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics ConferenceCrown Plaza,Gold Coast,Australia2-7December2007A computational study of the influence of the injection characteristicson micro-turbine combustionC.A.Gonzalez1,K.C.Wong1and S.Armfield11School of Aerospace,Mechanical&Mechatronic EngineeringThe University of Sydney,AUSTRALIAAbstractMicro-turbines have been lately recognized as promising alter-natives for powering unmanned aerial vehicles(UA Vs),hybrid transport and small scale electricity generation.Due to their traditional use in military and recreational applications,a good deal of empirical and general data is available but little technical and scientific information about their behaviour,and in particu-lar about their combustion characteristics can be obtained. Injection is widely recognized as a major controller of the com-bustion process in thermal machines such as diesel engines and gas turbines.In this paper a computational study is undertaken to identify the influence of the injection characteristics on the thermodynamic variables inside a commercial micro-turbine. Large eddy simulation is used for describing the turbulence. Statistical design of experiments is used to evaluate the influ-ence of each factor and their interactions as well as for reduc-ing the amount of simulations.Results indicate that changes in droplet size and injection velocity can improve the conditions at the outlet of the combustor.IntroductionThe micro-turbine industry has grown dramatically in the last decade.This is because new applications for these engines,such as small scale electricity generation,unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion and hybrid transport,have been developed.Micro-turbines,when compared with the state of the art recip-rocating engines,promise better power to weight ratio,more flexibility,lower emissions and the possibility offlying faster and at higher altitudes.However,their fuel efficiency is still low.This is the main reason why they have not found yet a more widespread use in those areas.A further understanding of the behaviour of the engine can yield improvements in their performance.This is the aim of this work,focusing on the com-bustion chamber.The combustion process is a key factor in the operation of the turbine.A better understanding of this process can not only benefit the efficiency of the engine at given conditions but also make it possible to expand the area of operation of the engine. Several studies have been undertaken analysing pressure loss [1],implementing lean combustion for low NOx emissions[2], comparing different configurations[3]and analysing the com-bustion process through computationalfluid dynamic simula-tions[4,5].The injection process plays an important role in the combustion, yet the extent of the influence of the main injection variables, such as droplet diameter,spray diameter and injection veloc-ity on the combustion process of micro turbine engines,using vaporisers at this scale,is still unclear.This paper focuses on the influence of three variables of the injection process on the combustion inside micro turbines using CFD.The initial droplet diameter,the outlet velocity and the straight forward manner,for example by changing the injection pressure or changing the injector type using air blast,simplex or plain orifice atomizers.This paper can serve as a guide to determine if the implementation of more advanced atomizers is useful for micro-turbine combustion.In micro-turbine engines,the optimal condition for a combustor is to have the highest and most homogenious temperature at the outlet with the minimum pressure drop.Given a constant mass flow rate and outlet area,the pressure can be easily related with the velocity at the outlet.In this study,only the velocity and average temperature at the outlet are considered in a high load condition.In the following section,the methodology of the study is thus described.The details of the turbine and combustor,together with the model and mesh details are presentedfirst.The turbu-lence and combustion models are then described,followed by the boundary and operating conditions and a description of the design of experiments and test plan.Results are presented in terms of the temperature and velocityfields.Finally the conclu-sions are detailed.MethodologyTurbine and combustorMesh detailsAs explained by Gonzalez et al[5]Large Eddy Simulation (LES)outperforms Reynolds Average Navier Stokes(RANS) turbulence models for this problem.In particular their results show that LES with wall adapted local eddy viscosity(WALE) sub grid model yields the best results.This is the model that is employed in the present study.Afinite rate model for the simulation of combustion is used. Due to the high chemical complexity of the kerosene,a sur-rogate fuel consisting of80%n-decane and20%toluene is em-ployed for simulating this fuel.The steadyflamelet model[8,9] is utilised together with a reduced mechanism of63species and 167reactions[10].Fuel injection modelSecond order discretisations are used for all equations.The sec-ond order implicit in time approach is employed for the un-steady formulation.Pressure and velocity coupling is carried out via the PISO algorithm.The time step for unsteady cases was2×10−5s.Residual convergence for continuity,velocities, mixture fraction was considered acceptable below10−3,while that of the energy equation was10−5.A high load condition is evaluated in this study.The total air flow is0.22kg/s,the inlet pressure is2.2bar and global air fuel ratio is65[7].The inlet temperature of the air is400K while that of the fuel is300K.A validation study for this case with all the models previously described was performed by Gonzalez et Design of experimentsInj.vel.(m/s)315515100There are several types of response surfaces,they vary mainly on the position and amount of points to be used.In this study the Box-Behnken design,which considers only the points at the edjes of the enclosed cube,was selected as a good compro-mise between accuracy and test reduction [19].The best pre-dictions with this model are in the sphere/ellipse enclosed by these points.This has made it possible to reduce the number of computations from 27possible combinations (considering a parametric study of 3factors at 3levels)to a total number of 14,including the validation point.ResultsTo analyse the combustion process,the mean values of the tem-perature and velocity at the outlet obtained with the steady state solution are used.Surface responses were thus created for these two variables in terms of the drop size,injection velocity and spray angle and their interactions.As explained earlier,the re-sponse surface methodology makes it possible to obtain a poly-nomial equation.In this case the obtained equation represented the data with a R 2of 88%and 84%for the temperature and ve-locity,respectively.The standard error of estimation for each case was 25K and 4m/s.This values in the order of varia-tion of the steady state solution due to turbulence so it can be considered adequate.In Figure 3the pareto plot of the main effects and the second or-der interaction of the droplet size are displayed.The pareto plot for the temperature yields very similar output and is therefore omitted.This plot indicates which factors are not statistically significant.This is done by looking at those factors whose bar is below the statistically significance line.Only these four factors are displayed since all the rest of them (second order interac-tions)have been taken out of the model (through the procedure explained in section )due to their lack of significance.01234Standarized effectDrop size x Drop Inj.Drop +_Figure 3:Standarized effect of the different parameters over the temperature.The first point to notice in this plot is that the spray angle is not significant for the model while the effect of the injection veloc-ity and drop size is bigger than the predicted error.Also,the interactions between the factors are not significant.Thirdly,the effect of both the injection velocity and drop size are negative,showing that an increase of both factors decreases the velocity (or temperature)at the combustor outlet.In figures 4and 5,contour plots of the effect of the drop size and the injection velocity on the outlet temperature and the out-let velocity are displayed.As noted,smaller drop sizes make it possible to get higher temperatures and velocities.This fac-tor shows a quadratic effect on both variables illustrating that a further reductionof the drop size can lead to higher tempera-tures/velocities and that a further increase in the drop size is notgoing to create a very dramatic effect on the performance of the Figure 4:Effect of the drop size and injection velocity on the mean temperature at the outlet of the combustor.Figure 5:Effect of the drop size and injection velocity on the mean velocity at the outlet of the combustor.In Figure 6,the mean temperature at the mid section of the com-bustor is displayed for the two different levels of the drop size at 3m/s and 5deg.As noted,the high temperature region is more properly defined in the 10µm case.In this case,as seen in Figure 7,higher evaporation rates inside or very close to the vaporiser make it possible to achieve a rich and homogenious mixture in the pri-mary and secondary zones.As seen in Figure 8,this makes it possible for this mixture to have a well established flame front when it mixes with the secondary and part of the diffusion air.Bigger droplets evaporate in more distributed locations.There-fore,local stoichiometric mixture fractions (and high temper-ature zones)can be found in a broader area.However,some of the bigger droplets are not able to evaporate and mix com-pletely before or inside the combustor which explains most of the decrease of temperatures.Higher injection velocities lead to lower outlet temperatures and velocities as seen in figures 4and 5.In Figure 9,comparative images of the mean temperature at the mid section of the com-bustor for the two extreme levels of the velocity at 151µm and 5deg.are displayed.It can be noted that substantially lower temperatures are ob-tained inside the combustor when the injection velocity is in-creased.As observed in Figure 10,this is because leaner mix-ture fractions are obtained.The fuel mass source contours of Figure 11indicate that this is due to a more distributed evapo-ration.As noted in this same figure,there is still evaporation at the outlet of the combustor.This means that incomplete com-bustion is taking place,which can explain the overall decrease in temperatures.Figure6:Temperature at the mid-section cut of the combustor for the10µm(a)and100µm(b)cases.The injection velocity and spray angle are3m/s and5deg,respectively.Figure7:Evaporated fuel mass at the mid-section cut of the combustor for the10µm(a)and100µm(b)cases.The injection velocity and spray angle are3m/s and5deg,respectively.Figure8:Mixture fraction at the mid-section cut of the com-bustor for the10µm(a)and100µm(b)cases.The injection velocity and spray angle are3m/s and5deg,respectively. DiscussionIt is noted from this study that most of the evaporation takes place at the outlet of the vaporiser when the droplet diameter is increased to more than100µm.As explained in the fuel injec-tion model section,the validation studies for the fuel injection model have shown that this is a typical initial droplet diameter for plain orifice atomisers such as the one usually installed in this engine.The design of the vaporiser is thus,not optimal.A longer design can make it possible for the evaporation to take place inside the primary zone.Also,the use of air blast atomis-ers can be helpful in this sense.Also,slower velocities make it possible to obtain complete combustion.Most of the injectors rely on an increase in in-jection pressure for decreasing the drop size.As observed in this study,the benefits of decreasing drop size are much higher than the drawback of increasing injection velocities.However,a very rich combustion is obtained when the drop size diameter is decreased.This may lead to very high NOx production.Based on this data,the combustor could be improved by an increase of the primary air and a reduction of the drop size.This could lead to lower mixture fractions,leaner combustions and lower NOx. ConclusionsA CFD analysis of a micro turbine combustor under reactive conditions has been performed.The influence of injection con-ditions was assessed.The results indicate that decreasing the drop size and increasing the injection velocity leads to an over-all increase of outlet temperatures.This is because a more com-plete combustion is achieved.Most of the evaporation takes place at the outlet of the vaporiserFigure9:Temperature at the mid-section cut of the combustor for the3m/s(a)and100m/s(b)cases.The drop size and spray angle are151µm and5deg,respectively.even small sauter mean diameter for plain orifice atomisers,the design of the vaporiser of this combustor has been found to be somewhat short if complete evaporation is desired.A higly premixed rich combustion can be obtained when the drop size diameter is decreased.This may lead to very high NOx production.An increase of the primary air,increasing the vaporiser diameter,together with an increase of length and a reduction of the drop size by means of a more efficient atom-iser can lead to lower mixture fractions,leaner combustions and lower NOx.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank the Conselleria de Empresa,Uni-versidad y Ciencia of the Generalitat Valenciana,Spain,for its support through a post doctoral fellowship.References[1]M.D.Agrawal and S.Bharani.Performance Evaluationof a Reverse-flow Gas Turbine Combustor using Modi-fied Hydraulic Analogy.The institute of Engineers IndiaJournal MC,April2004:34–44,2004.[2]HeonSeok Lee and JeongJung Yoon.The Study onDevelopment of Low NOx Combustor with Lean BurnCharacteristics for20kW class Microturbine.Proceed-ings of ASME Turbo Expo,14–17June,Viena,Austria,2004.[3]R.Tuccillo and paring differentsolutions for the micro-gas turbine combustor.Proceed-Figure10:Mixture fraction at the mid-section cut of the com-bustor for the3m/s(a)and100m/s(b)cases.The drop size and spray angle are151µm and5deg,respectively.[4]Levy,Y.et al Experimental-theoretical study of spraycombustion in the small jet engines.Annual Israeli JetEngine Symposium(AIJES).16November,2006. [5]Gonzalez,C.A.,Wong,K.C.and Armfield,pu-tational study of a micro-turbine engine combustor usingLarge Eddy Simulation and Reynolds Averaged turbu-lence models.EMACS conference.4-7July,Tasmania,Australia,2007.[6]T.Kamps.Model Jet Engines.Traplet Publications Ltd.3rd Edition.2005.[7]J.Artes and K.Schreckling.Building instructionsand plans for the KJ-66turbojet engine.Available at/.[8]K.N.Bray and minar Flamelets in Tur-bulent Flames.In P.A.Libby and F.A.Williams,ed-itors.Turbulent Reacting Flows.pages63–114.Aca-demic Press,1994[9]minar Diffusion Flamelet Models in NonPremixed Combustion.Prog.Energy Combust.Sci..10:319–339,1984.[10]L.Elliot et al.A novel reduced reaction mechanismfor kerosene combustion generated using genetic algo-rithms.Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo2004:Land,sea and air.Vienna,Austria,GT–2004–53053,2004.[11]FLUENT user manuals.Fluent A.[12]Q.Zhou and M. A.Leschziner.A time-correlatedFigure11:Evaporated fuel mass at the mid-section cut of the combustor for the3m/s(a)and100m/s(b)cases.The drop size and spray angle are151µm and5deg,respectively.turbulence Proceedings of the8th Turbulent Shear FlowsSymposium.Munich,1991.[13] A.B.Liu,D.Mather and R.D.Reitz.Modeling theEffects of Drop Drag and Breakup on Fuel Sprays.SAETechnical Paper.930072,SAE,1993.[14]R.D.Reitz.Mechanisms of Atomization Processesin High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays.Atomization andSpray Technology.3:309–337,1987.[15]G.X.Yang and J.S.Chin.Experimental study on atom-ization of plain jet injector under high pressure co-axialairflow.ASME,32nd International Gas Turbine Con-ference and Exhibition.Anaheim,CA,May31-June4,1987.[16]J.S.Chin.Atomization study in Jet Propulsion Lab.BIAA-A survey report.International Journal of Turboand Jet-Engines.V ol.6,no.3–4,pages205–219,1989.[17] A.H.Lefevbre.Airblast atomization.Progress in EnergyCombustion Science.V ol6,pages233-261.1980. [18]R.H.Myers and D.C.Montgomery.Response SurfaceMethodology:Process and Product Optimization UsingDesigned Experiments(Wiley Series in Probability andStatistics).Wiley-Interscience,2Sub edition,pages824.2002[19]K.Rekab and M.Shaikh.Statistical Design of Experi-ments with Engineering Applications.CRC Press.pages272.2005.。
人工智能及其应用(第四版)
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人工智能及其应用（第四版）
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《人工智能及其应用（第四版）》是由王万良编著，高等教育出版社2020年出版的教材。适用于计算机类、 自动化类、电气类、电子信息类、机械类等专业本科生、研究生，特别是智能科学与技术、人工智能、数据科学 与大数据技术专业本科生学习人工智能基础课程。
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2023年最新教科版小学科学四年级上册观察目录
2023年最新教科版小学科学四年级上册
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数学认知手册十六章英文7
Short Term MemoryReports of short-term memory difficulties in Turner syndrome are mixed. Digit span scores are lower than other verbal IQ subtest scores (e.g.: McCauley et al.. 1987; Rovet, 1993) and comparable to those of children with nonverbal learning disabilities (Williams. Richman. &Yarbrough, 1991). However, sentence memory performance is intact (Williams et al., 1991; Mazzocco, 2001). Both verbal and visual short-term memory tasks appear difficult for girls with Turner syndrome, and both difficulties appear to be mitigated by estrogen treatment(Ross, Roeltgen, Feuillan. Kushner, & Cutler. 1998, 2000).Executive FunctionTemple et al. (1996) administered a variety of executive function tasks to girls with or without Turner syndrome. The tasks included word fluency tests with_ phonological constraints (e.g.,name as many words as possible that begin with s. within a time limit) or semantic constraints (e.g., name as many animals as possible); the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task WCST; Heaton.1981); the Tower of London tasK (Shallice. 1982); the Stroop test (Stroop, 1935); and an adaptation of the self-ordered pointing task with either abstract or concrete drawings. (This last task involved pointing to each of six items, one per page all items appear on each page.yet their spatial locations differ on each page.) No group differences were noted on the WCST, a test traditionally used to measure perseverative response patterns and the inability to shift response sets; this result is consistent with earlier reports (Pennington et al.. 1985). There were also no differences on the Tower of London, a task requiring planning for efficient sequential responses toward a goal state. However, girls with Turner syndrome performed more poorly than girls in the comparison group on the word fluency tests. which require an organized search of the lexicon and monitoring of words already named. Also, girls with Turner syndrome were slower during the nonexecutive naming trials of the Stroop (i.e., naming the color of Xs and reading aloud color words printed in black)and showed a significantlystronger Stroop effect on the executive function trial (i.e., naming the ink color of color words printed in colors inconsistent with their meaning, such as the word red printed in green ink).The latter result reflects difficulty inhibitting a prepotent response set. (This finding may appear to contradict the absence of impairment on the WCST but Stroop interference is probably more difficult to inhibit than the response set established in the WCST.) On the self ordered pointing task, girls with Turner syndrome performed as well as the comparison group on the concrete-pictures subtest but were significantly more impaired on the abstract-pictures subtest. Considered together, thesefindings are consistent with earlier studies of selective executive dysfunction in girls with Turner syndrome and suggest difficulty inhibiting strongly prepotent responses and a lack of organization in rapid retrieval of information but intact skills in planning ahead to execute a strategy and intact ability to shift response set.These findings parallel our recent study of working memory, using the Contingency Naming Test (CNT; Anderson, Anderson, Northarn, & Taylor, 2000; Taylur: Albo, Phebus, Sachs, & Bierl, 1987). Our study included 8- and 9-year-old girls with Turner syndrome (n =20) and girls in an age- and FSIQ-matched comparison group (n = 90). The CNT requires naming stimuli that vary in shape and color. Each stimulus includes a circle, square, or triangle that contains a smaller shape. Each outer shape is one of three colors. Naming of colors only, or outer shapes only, is all that is required during the two warm-up trials. During the two experimental test trials, participants name each stimulus on the basis of a one- or two-attribute contingency rule. The one-attribute rule requires naming the color if the inner and outer shapes match and naming the shape if the inner and outer shapes do not match.。
阿西莫夫
阿西莫夫引言罗比环舞推理捉兔说假话的家伙捉拿机器人逃避证据赤裸的太阳黎明世界的机器人机器人与银河帝国基地系列简介基地系列总目录基地与帝国楔子第二基地楔子百科全书学者心灵历史学家行商商业钜子市长哈里·谢顿基地危机空中石子奇妙的航程低能儿收容所格洛里亚的好朋友奇袭二百岁的寿星眼睛不仅用来看东西讲笑话的人天堂里的陌生人不朽的诗人法律之争终极答案人语石啊，巴顿，巴顿！第一定律讣告钢穴换个角度火星方式孩子最好的朋友镜象确定无疑的事奇妙的S奇特的人工脑如鱼得水死尘世界上的所有烦恼善良的秃鹫谁是凶手他们那时候多有趣响铃星光钥匙一只下金蛋的鹅最後的问题真爱终夜在火星宇宙站灶神星畔受困记丑孩子时代书城作品序号，作品名，初版出版社，初版年份1 Pebble In The Sky 苍穹微石，天空中的小石子，Doubleday 19502 I, Robot 我，机器人Gnome Press 19503 The Stars, Like Dust-- (Tyrann) 繁星若尘，宛若尘埃的星辰Doubleday 19514 Foundation 基地Gnome Press 19515 David Starr, Space Ranger 大卫·斯塔之太空巡逻兵Doubleday 19526 Foundation and Empire 基地与帝国Gnome Press 19527 The Currents of Space 星空暗流Doubleday 19528 Biochemistry and Human Metabolism 生物化学与人类的新陈代谢Williams & Wilkins 19529 Second Foundation 第二基地Gnome Press 195310 Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids 幸运的斯塔与小行星上的海盗Doubleday 195311 The Caves of Steel 钢窟Doubleday 195412 Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus 幸运斯塔与金星海洋Doubleday 195413 The Chemicals of Life: Enzymes, Vitamins, and Hormones 生命化学：酶，维生素与激素Abelard-Schuman 195414 The Martian Way and Other Stories 马丁的路以及其他故事Doubleday 195515 The End of Eternity 永恒的终结Doubleday 195516 Races and People 人类种族Abelard-Schuman 195517 Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury 幸运斯塔与水星的大太阳Doubleday 195618 Chemistry and Human Health 化学与人类健康McGraw-Hill 195619 Inside The Atom 原子内部Abelard-Schuman 195620 The Naked Sun 裸阳Doubleday 195721 Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter 幸运斯塔与木星的月亮Doubleday 195722 Building Blocks of the Universe 构筑宇宙的砖石Abelard-Schuman 195723 Earth Is Room Enough: Science FictionTales of Our Own Planet 地球有足够空间：我们自己星球的科幻故事Doubleday 195724 Only a Trillion 只不过是万亿Abelard-Schuman 195725 The World of Carbon 碳的世界Abelard-Schuman 195826 Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn 幸运斯塔与土星光环Doubleday 195827 The World of Nitrogen 氮的世界Abelard-Schuman 195828 The Death Dealers (A Whiff of Death) 死亡交易者（死亡的喘息）Avon 195829 Nine Tomorrows: Tales of the Near Future 九个明天：近未来故事集Doubleday 195930 The Clock We Live On 我们离不开的钟表Abelard-Schuman 195931 Words of Science, and the History Behind Them 科学名词以及它们背后的历史Houghton Mifflin 195932 Realm of Numbers 数字国度Houghton Mifflin 195933 The Living River 生机勃勃的河流Abelard-Schuman 196034 The Kingdom of the Sun 太阳的王国Abelard-Schuman 196035 Realm of Measure 测量探秘Houghton Mifflin 196036 Breakthroughs in Science 科学大突破Houghton Mifflin 196037 Satellites in Outer Space 外层空间的卫星Random House 196038 The Wellsprings of Life 生命的源泉Abelard-Schuman 196039 The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science 聪明人科学指南Basic Books 196040 The Double Planet 双行星Abelard-Schuman 196041 Words from the Myths 来源于神话的词语Houghton Mifflin 196142 Realm of Algebra 代数的国度Houghton Mifflin 196143 Life and Energy 生命与能量Doubleday 196244 Words in Genesis 《创世纪》中的词汇Houghton Mifflin 196245 Fact and Fancy 事实与想象Doubleday 196246 Words on the Map 地图上的词语Houghton Mifflin 196247 The Hugo Winners 雨果奖获奖者Doubleday 196248 The Search For The Elements 元素的探寻Basic Books 196249 Words from the Exodus 《出埃及记》中的词汇Houghton Mifflin 196350 The Genetic Code 遗传密码Orion Press 196351 The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation 人类的身体：它的结构与运行Houghton Mifflin 196352 Fifty Short Science Fiction Tales 短篇科幻小说五十篇Collier 196353 View from a Height 居高临下Doubleday 196354 The Kite That Won the Revolution 赢得革命的风筝Houghton Mifflin 196355 The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions 人类的大脑：容量与功能Houghton Mifflin 196456 A Short History of Biology 生物学简史Natural History Press 196457 Quick and Easy Math 简明数学Houghton Mifflin 196458 Adding a Dimension 增加一个维度Doubleday 196459 Planets For Man 人类行星Random House 196460 The Rest of the Robots 机器人的其他故事Doubleday 196461 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 1st Ed. 阿西莫夫科学技术百科全书，第一版Doubleday 196462 A Short History of Chemistry 化学简史Doubleday 196563 The Greeks: A Great Adventure 希腊：伟大的冒险Houghton Mifflin 196564 Of Time and Space and Other Things 时间，空间，以及其他Doubleday 196565 The New Intelligent Man's Guide to Science 新聪明人科学指南Basic Books 196566 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule 计算尺速成介绍Houghton Mifflin 196567 Fantastic Voyage 奇妙的旅行Houghton Mifflin 196668 The Noble Gases 稀有气体Basic Books 196669 Inside The Atom (3rd revised edition) 原子内部（第三修订版）Abelard-Schuman 196670 The Neutrino: Ghost Particle of the Atom 中微子：原子中的幽灵Doubleday 196671 The Roman Republic 罗马共和国Houghton Mifflin 196672 Understanding Physics, Volume I 理解物理，第一卷Walker 196673 Understanding Physics, Volume II 理解物理，第二卷Walker 196674 Understanding Physics, Volume III 理解物理，第三卷Walker 196675 The Genetic Effects of Radiation 辐射对遗传的影响U.S. AEC 196676 Tomorrow's Children: Eighteen T ales of Fantasy and Science Fiction 明天的孩子：幻想故事与科幻故事十八篇Doubleday 196677 The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar 宇宙：从大地到类星体Walker 196678 From Earth to Heaven 从地球到天堂Doubleday 196679 The Moon 月球Follet 196780 Environments Out There 环境Scholastic/Abelard-Schuman 196781 The Roman Empire 罗马帝国Houghton Mifflin 196782 Through a Glass, Clearly 清晰地穿过玻璃New English Library 196783 Is Anyone There? 有人吗？Doubleday 196784 To the Ends of the Universe 到宇宙的尽头Walker 196785 Mars 火星Follet 196786 The Egyptians 埃及Houghton Mifflin 196787 Asimov's Mysteries 阿西莫夫神秘故事Doubleday 196888 Science, Numbers, and I 科学，数字，和我Doubleday 196889 Stars 星辰Follet 196890 Galaxies 银河Follet 196891 The Near East: 10,000 Years of History 东亚：10000年的历史Houghton Mifflin 196892 The Dark Ages 黑暗世代Houghton Mifflin 196893 Asimov's Guide To The Bible, Volume I 阿西莫夫圣经指南，第一卷Doubleday 196894 Words from History 历史中的词语Houghton Mifflin 196895 Photosynthesis 光合作用Basic Books 196996 The Shaping of England 英格兰的形成Houghton Mifflin 196997 Twentieth Century Discovery 二十世纪的发现Doubleday 196998 Nightfall and Other Stories 夜幕及其他故事Doubleday 196999 Asimov's Guide To The Bible, Volume II 阿西莫夫圣经指南，第二卷Doubleday 1969 100 Opus 100 作品100号Houghton Mifflin 1969101 ABC's of Space 空间小知识Walker 1969102 Great Ideas of Science 科学中的伟大思想Houghton Mifflin 1969103 The Solar System and Back 往返太阳系Doubleday 1970104 Asimov's Guide To Shakespeare, Volume I 阿西莫夫的莎士比亚指南，第一卷Doubleday 1970105 Asimov's Guide To Shakespeare, Volume II 阿西莫夫的莎士比亚指南，第二卷Doubleday 1970106 Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire 君士坦丁堡：被遗忘的帝国Houghton Mifflin 1970107 ABC's of the Ocean 海洋小知识Walker 1970108 Light 光Follet 1970109 The Stars in Their Courses 星星的一生Doubleday 1971110 Where Do We Go from Here? 我们何去何从？Doubleday 1971111 What Makes the Sun Shine? 什么让太阳发光？Little, Brown & Co. 1971112 The Sensuous Dirty Old Man 敏感的邋遢老人Walker 1971113 The Best New Thing 最好的新事物World Pub. Co. 1971114 Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的幽默珍藏Houghton Mifflin 1971115 The Hugo Winners, Volume II 雨果奖获奖者，第二卷Doubleday 1971116 The Land of Canaan 迦南地Houghton Mifflin 1971117 ABC's of the Earth 地球小知识Walker 1971118 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New Rev. Ed. 阿西莫夫的科学技术百科全书，新修版Doubleday 1972119 The Left Hand of the Electron 电子的左手Doubleday 1972120 Asimov's Guide to Science 阿西莫夫科学指南Basic Books 1972121 The Gods Themselves 神们自己Doubleday 1972122 More Words of Science 科学新词汇Houghton Mifflin 1972123 Electricity and Man 电与人U.S. AEC 1972124 ABC's of Ecology 生态学小知识Walker 1972125 The Early Asimov or, Eleven Years of Trying 阿西莫夫的早年生涯：努力拼搏的十一年Doubleday 1972126 The Shaping of France 法国的形成Houghton Mifflin 1972127 The Story of Ruth 路得记Doubleday 1972128 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level A 吉恩科学教程，初级，A级Ginn 1972129 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level C 吉恩科学教程，初级，C级Ginn 1972130 Asimov's Annotated "Don Juan" 阿西莫夫注释《唐璜》Doubleday 1972131 Worlds Within Worlds 世界中的世界U.S. AEC 1972132 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level B 吉恩科学教程，初级，B级Ginn 1972133 How Did We Find Out the Earth Is Round? 我们是如何发现地球是圆的？Walker 1973134 Comets and Meteors 彗星与流星Follet 1973135 The Sun 太阳Follet 1973136 How Did We Find Out About Electricity? 我们是如何发现电子的？Walker 1973137 The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 北美洲的形成：从最初到1763年Houghton Mifflin 1973138 Today and Tomorrow and... 今天，明天，和…… Doubleday 1973139 Jupiter, the Largest Planet 木星，最大的行星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1973140 Ginn Science Program, Adv. Level A 吉恩科学教程，高级，A级Ginn 1973141 Ginn Science Program, Adv. Level B 吉恩科学教程，高级，B级Ginn 1973142 How Did We Find Out About Numbers? 我们是如何发现数字的？Walker 1973143 Please Explain 请解释Houghton Mifflin 1973144 The Tragedy of the Moon 月球的悲剧Abelard-Schuman 1973145 How Did We Find Out About Dinosaurs? 我们是如何发现恐龙的？Walker 1973 146 The Best of Isaac Asimov 阿西莫夫最佳作品集Sphere 1973147 Nebula Award Stories Eight 星云奖作品，八Harper & Row 1973148 Asimov on Astronomy 阿西莫夫讲天文Doubleday 1974149 The Birth of the United States 美国的诞生Houghton Mifflin 1974150 Have You Seen These? 你是如何看到这些的？NESRAA 1974151 Before The Golden Age: A Science Fiction Anthology of the 1930s 黄金时代之前：1930年代科幻小说选集Doubleday 1974152 Our World in Space 宇宙空间中我们的世界New York Graphic Society 1974153 How Did We Find Out About Germs? 我们是如何发现细胞的？Walker 1974154 Asimov's Annotated "Paradise Lost" 阿西莫夫注释《失乐园》Doubleday 1974155 Tales of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫故事集Doubleday 1974156 Earth: Our Crowded Spaceship 地球：拥挤的宇宙飞船John Day 1974157 Asimov on Chemistry 阿西莫夫讲化学Doubleday 1974158 How Did We Find Out About Vitamins? 我们是如何发现维生素的？Walker 1974 159 Of Matters Great and Small 巨大和微小的事物Doubleday 1975160 The Solar System 太阳系Follet 1975161 Our Federal Union 我们的联邦Houghton Mifflin 1975162 How Did We Find Out About Comets? 我们是如何发现彗星的？Walker 1975163 Science Past, Science Future 科学的过去，科学的未来Doubleday 1975164 Buy Jupiter and Other Stories 购买木星，以及其他故事Doubleday 1975165 Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope 观察宇宙的眼睛：望远镜的历史Houghton Mifflin 1975166 Lecherous Limericks 放荡的打油诗Walker 1975167 The Heavenly Host 幽灵天体Walker 1975168 The Ends of the Earth: The Polar Regions of the World 地球的尽头：极地Weybright & Talley 1975169 How Did We Find Out About Energy? 我们是如何发现能量的？Walker 1975170 "The Dream", "Benjamin's Dream", and "Benjamin's Bicentennial Blast" 梦，本杰明的梦，以及本杰明的200年大爆炸Benjamin Franklin Keeps. 1976171 Asimov on Physics 阿西莫夫讲物理Doubleday 1976172 Murder at The ABA (Authorised Murder [U.K.]) ABA谋杀案（授权的谋杀案[英]）Doubleday 1976173 How Did We Find Out About Atoms? 我们是如何发现原子的？Walker 1976174 Good Taste 好味道Apocalypse Press 1976175 The Planet That Wasn't 不是行星的行星Doubleday 1976176 The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories 活了200年的人，以及其他故事Doubleday 1976177 More Lecherous Limericks 更放荡的打油诗Walker 1976178 More Tales of the Black Widowers 更多的黑鳏夫故事Doubleday/Crime Club 1976 179 Alpha Centauri, the Nearest Star 半人马座阿尔法星，最近的恒星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1976180 How Did We Find Out About Nuclear Power? 我们是如何发现核能的？Walker 1976 181 Familiar Poems Annotated 诗歌注释Doubleday 1977182 The Collapsing Universe: The Story of Black Holes 宇宙坍塌：黑洞的故事Walker 1977183 Asimov on Numbers 阿西莫夫讲数字Doubleday 1977184 How Did We Find Out About Outer Space? 我们是如何发现外层空间的？Walker 1977185 Still More Lecherous Limericks 愈加放荡的打油诗Walker 1977186 The Hugo Winners, Volume III 雨果奖获奖者，第三卷Doubleday 1977187 The Beginning and the End 开始与终结Doubleday 1977188 Mars, the Red Planet 火星，红色行星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1977189 The Golden Door 金门Houghton Mifflin 1977190 The Key Word and Other Mysteries 关键词以及其他神秘故事Walker 1977191 Asimov's Sherlockian Limericks 阿西莫夫的福尔摩斯打油诗Mysterious 1977192 One Hundred Great Science Fiction Short-Short Stories 百篇优秀微型科幻小说Doubleday 1978193 Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright 类星体，类星体，闪闪发亮Doubleday 1978194 How Did We Find Out About Earthquakes? 我们是如何发现地震的？Walker 1978 195 Animals of the Bible 圣经里的动物Doubleday 1978196 Limericks: Too Gross; or Two Dozen Dirty Stanzas 打油诗：太低俗；又称两篓俗诗W. W. Norton 1978197 How Did We Find Out About Black Holes? 我们是如何发现黑洞的？Walker 1978 198 Life and Time 生命与时间Doubleday 1978199 Saturn and Beyond 土星及其他Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1979200 Opus 200 作品200号Houghton Mifflin 1979201 In Memory Yet Green 记忆犹新Doubleday 1979202 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 1: 1939 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第一卷：1939 DAW Books 1979203 Extraterrestrial Civilizations 外星文明Crown 1979204 How Did We Find Out About Our Human Roots? 我们是如何发现我们的祖先？Walker 1979205 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SFStories, 2: 1940 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第二卷：1940 DAW Books 1979206 The Road to Infinity 通向无限之路Doubleday 1979207 A Choice of Catastrophes 终极抉择Simon & Schuster 1979208 The Science Fictional Solar System 科幻小说中的太阳系Harper & Row 1979209 The Thirteen Crimes of Science Fiction 科幻小说的十三宗案件Doubleday 1979 210 Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的现实著作Grosset & Dunlap 1979 211 How Did We Find Out About Antarctica? 我们是如何发现南极的？Walker 1979212 Casebook of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫探案集Doubleday 1980213 The Future in Question 充满疑问的未来Fawcett Crest 1980214 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 3: 1941 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第三卷：1941 DAW Books 1980215 How Did We Find Out About Oil? 我们是如何发现石油的？Walker 1980216 In Joy Still Felt 欢乐依旧Doubleday 1980217 Who Done It? 谁干的？Houghton Mifflin 1980218 Space Mail 太空邮件Fawcett Crest 1980219 Microcosmic T ales: 100 Wondrous Science Fiction Short-Short Stories 微型宇宙故事：100篇绝妙微型科幻小说Taplinger 1980220 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 4: 1942 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第四卷：1942 DAW Books 1980221 The Seven Deadly Sins of Science Fiction 科幻小说七宗罪Fawcett Crest 1980 222 The Annotated "Gulliver's Travels" 注释《格列佛游记》Clarkson N. Potter 1980 223 How Did We Find Out About Coal? 我们是如何发现煤的？Walker 1980224 The Future I 未来，第一卷Fawcett Crest 1981225 In the Beginning 最初Crown/Stonesong Press 1981226 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 5: 1943 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第五卷：1943 DAW Books 1981227 Asimov on Science Fiction 阿西莫夫讲科幻Doubleday 1981228 Venus, Near Neighbor of the Sun 金星，太阳的近邻Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1981 229 Three by Asimov 阿西莫夫作品三篇Targ 1981230 How Did We Find Out About Solar Power? 我们是如何发现太阳能的？Walker 1981 231 How Did We Find Out About Volcanoes? 我们是如何发现真空的？Walker 1981 232 Visions of the Universe 宇宙景观The Cosmos Store 1981233 Catastrophes! 大灾难Fawcett Crest 1981234 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Science Fiction of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳科幻小说Beaufort Books 1981235 The Seven Cardinal Virtues of Science Fiction 科幻小说的七大妙处Fawcett Crest 1981236 Fantastic Creatures: An Anthology of Fantasy and Science Fiction 梦幻创造者：幻想与科幻百科全书Franklin Watts 1981237 The Sun Shines Bright 光芒万丈的太阳Doubleday 1981238 Change!: Seventy-one Glimpses of theFuture 剧变：未来的七十一个预测Houghton Mifflin 1981239 Raintree Reading Series I 雨林系列读物，第一辑Raintree 1981Travels Through Time 时间旅行Thinking Machines 会思考的机器Wild Inventions 疯狂的发明After The End 末日之后240 A Grossery of Limericks 打油诗的俗气W. W. Norton 1981241 Miniature Mysteries: One Hundred Malicious Little Mystery Stories 微型神秘故事：邪恶神秘故事一百篇Taplinger 1981242 The Twelve Crimes of Christmas 化学的十二宗罪Avon 1981243 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 6: 1944 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第六卷：1944 DAW Books 1981244 Space Mail II 太空邮件，2 Fawcett Crest 1982245 Tantalizing Locked Room Mysteries 引人入胜的密室神秘故事Walker 1982246 TV: 2000 电视：2000 Fawcett Crest 1982247 Laughing Space 开心的太空Houghton Mifflin 1982248 How Did We Find Out About Life In the Deep Sea 我们是如何发现深海生物的？Walker 1982249 The Complete Robot 最终的机器人Doubleday 1982250 Speculations 推测Houghton Mifflin 1982251 Flying Saucers 飞碟Fawcett Crest 1982252 Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos 探索地球和宇宙Crown 1982253 Raintree Reading Series II 雨林系列读物，第二辑Raintree 1982 Earth Invaded 被侵蚀的地球Mad Scientists 疯狂的科学家Mutants 突变Tomorrow's TV 明日的电视254 How Did We Find Out About the Beginning of Life? 我们是如何发现生命的开端？Walker 1982255 Dragon Tales 龙的故事Fawcett Crest 1982256 The Big Apple Mysteries 大苹果神秘故事集Avon 1982257 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and T echnology, 2nd Rev. Ed. 阿西莫夫科学技术百科全书，第二版Doubleday 1982258 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 7: 1945 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第七卷：1945 DAW Books 1982259 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏Dembner Books 1982260 The Last Man on Earth 地球上的最后一个人Fawcett Crest 1982261 Science Fiction A to Z: A Dictionary of Great Science Fiction Themes 科幻小说A到Z：科幻小说主题的辞典Houghton Mifflin 1982262 Foundation's Edge 基地边缘Doubleday 1982263 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Fantasy of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳幻想故事Beaufort Books 1982264 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 8: 1946 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第八卷：1946 DAW Books 1982265 How Did We Find Out About the Universe? 我们是如何发现宇宙的？Walker 1982 266 Counting the Eons 对年代的计数Doubleday 1983267 The Winds of Change and Other Stories 剧变之风以及其他故事Doubleday 1983 268 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 9: 1947 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第九卷：1947 DAW Books 1983269 Show Business Is Murder 演艺业是谋杀Avon 1983270 Hallucination Orbit: Psychology In Science Fiction 幻想的轨道：科幻小说中的心理学Farrar, Straus, & Giroux 1983271 Caught In the Organ Draft: Biology In Science Fiction 迷人的图像：科幻小说中的生物学Farrar, Straus, & Giroux 1983272 The Roving Mind 意识的图景Prometheus Books 1983273 The Science Fiction Weight-Loss Book 轻装本科幻小说Crown 1983274 The Measure of the Universe 测量宇宙Harper & Row 1983275 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Horror and Supernatural Stories of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳恐怖和超自然故事Beaufort Books 1983276 Starships: Stories Beyond the Boundaries of the Universe 星船：飞越宇宙边际故事集Fawcett Crest 1983277 The Union Club Mysteries 联合俱乐部神秘故事Doubleday 1983278 Norby, the Mixed-up Robot 诺比，糊涂的机器人Walker 1983279 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 10: 1948 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第十卷：1948 DAW Books 1983280 How Did We Find Out About Genes? 我们是如何发现基因的？Walker 1983281 The Robots of Dawn 曙光中的机器人Doubleday 1983282 Thirteen Horrors of Halloween 万圣节的十三个恐怖故事Avon 1983283 Creations: The Quest For Origins in Story and Science 创造：探寻故事与科学中的原型Crown 1983284 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz II 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第二卷Dembner Books 1983285 Wizards 巫师NAL 1983286 Those Amazing Electronic Thinking Machines!: An Anthology of Robot and Computer Stories 奇妙的思考机器：机器人与计算机故事百科全书Franklin Watts 1983287 Computer Crimes and Capers 计算机犯罪与把戏Academy Chicago Pub. 1983 288 Intergalactic Empires 星际帝国NAL 1983289 Machines That Think: The Best Science Stories About Robots and Computers 会思考的机器：机器人与计算机最佳科幻小说集Holt, Rinehart, & Winston 1983290 X Stands for Unknown X代表未知Doubleday 1984291 One Hundred Great Fantasy Short-Short Stories 百篇优秀微型幻想小说Doubleday 1984292 Raintree Reading Series 3 雨林系列读物，第三辑Raintree 1984 Bug Awful 害虫Children Of The Future 未来的孩子The Immortals 不朽Time Warps 时间弯曲293 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 11: 1949 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第11卷：1949 DAW Books 1984294 Witches 巫婆NAL 1984295 Murder on the Menu 菜单谋杀案Avon 1984296 Young Mutants 新突变体Harper & Row 1984297 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Science Fiction Firsts 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐最优秀科幻小说Beaufort Books 1984298 Norby's Other Secret 诺比的另一个秘密Walker 1984299 How Did We Find Out About Computers? 我们是如何发现计算机的？Walker 1984 300 Opus 300 作品300号Houghton Mifflin 1984301 The Science Fictional Olympics 科幻小说奥林匹克NAL 1984302 Fantastic Reading: Stories & Activities for Grade 5-8 美妙的阅读：适合5-8年级的故事和活动Scott Foresman & Co. 1984303 Banquets of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫们的宴会Doubleday 1984304 Election Day 2084: Science Fiction Stories on the Politics of the Future 2084年选举日：未来政治科幻小说Prometheus Books 1984305 Isaac Asimov's Limericks for Children 艾萨克·阿西莫夫献给孩子们的打油诗故事Caedmon 1984306 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 12: 1950 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第12卷：1950 DAW Books 1984307 Young Extraterrestrials 新出现的外星人Harper & Row 1984308 Sherlock Holmes Through Time and Space 穿越时空的福尔摩斯Bluejay Books 1984309 Asimov's New Guide to Science 阿西莫夫的新科学指南Basic Books 1984310 Supermen 超人NAL 1984311 Baker's Dozen: 13 Short Fantasy Novels 面包师的一打：短篇幻想故事13篇Crown 1984312 How Did We Find Out About Robots? 我们是如何发现机器人的？Walker 1984313 Asimov's Guide to Halley's Comet 阿西莫夫的哈雷彗星指南Walker 1985314 Cosmic Knights 宇宙骑士NAL 1985315 The Hugo Winners, Volume IV 雨果奖获奖者，第四卷Doubleday 1985316 Young Monsters 新出现的怪物Harper & Row 1985317 The Exploding Suns: The Secrets of theSupernovas 爆发的太阳：超新星的秘密E. P. Dutton 1985318 Norby and the Lost Princess 诺比和失踪的公主Walker 1985319 Spells 拼写NAL 1985320 How Did We Find Out About the Atmosphere? 我们是如何发现大气的？Walker 1985321 Living in the Future 未来的生活Harmony House 1985322 Robots, Machines In Man's Image 机器人，人类设计的机器Harmony House 1985 323 The Edge of Tomorrow 明天的边际Tor/Tom Doherty Associates 1985324 Great Science Fiction Stories by the World's Great Scientists 世界著名科学家创作的科幻小说集Donald I. Fine 1985325 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 13: 1951 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第13卷：1951 DAW Books 1985326 The Subatomic Monster 原子内的怪物Doubleday 1985327 The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries 消失的男人以及其他神秘故事Walker 1985328 Robots and Empire 机器人与帝国Doubleday 1985329 Amazing Stories: Sixty Years of the Best Science Fiction 惊奇故事：出现最佳科幻小说的六十年TSR Inc. 1985330 Young Ghosts 新出现的幽灵Harper & Row 1985331 Baker's Dozen: Thirteen Short Science Fiction Novels 面包师的一打：短篇科幻小说13篇Crown 1985332 It's Such a Beautiful Day 多么美丽的一天Creative Education 1985333 Norby and the Invaders 诺比和入侵者Walker 1985334 Giants 巨人NAL 1985335 How Did We Find Out About DNA? 我们是如何发现DNA的？Walker 1985336 The Alternate Asimovs 多面手阿西莫夫Doubleday 1986337 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 14: 1952 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第14卷：1952 DAW Books 1986338 Comets 彗星NAL 1986339 Young Star Travelers 新出现的星际旅行者Harper & Row 1986340 The Hugo Winners, Volume V 雨果奖获奖者，第五卷Doubleday 1986341 The Dangers of Intelligence and Other Science Essays 智能的危险以及其他科学随笔Houghton Mifflin 1986342 Mythical Beasties 想象出来的怪兽NAL 1986343 How Did We Find Out About the Speed of Light? 我们是如何发现光速的？Walker 1986344 Futuredays: A Nineteenth-Century Vision of the Year 2000 未来的日子：19世纪想象的2000年Henry Holt 1986345 Science Fiction by Asimov 阿西莫夫科幻小说Davis Publications 1986346 Tin Stars 罐装星星NAL 1986347 The Best Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫最佳科幻小说Doubleday 1986348 The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫最佳神秘小说Doubleday 1986 349 Foundation and Earth 基地与地球Doubleday 1986350 Robot Dreams 机器人的梦Byron Preiss 1986351 Norby and the Queen's Necklace 诺比和女王的项链Walker 1986352 Magical Wishes 充满魔力的希望NAL 1986353 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 15: 1953 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第15卷：1953 DAW Books 1986354 Far as Human Eye Could See 目光的尽头Doubleday 1987355 The Twelve Frights of Christmas 化学的十二个恐怖事件Avon 1986356 How Did We Find Out About Blood? 我们是如何发现血液的？Walker 1987357 Past, Present, and Future 过去，现在和未来Prometheus Books 1987358 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz III 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第三卷Dembner Books 1987359 How Did We Find Out About Sunshine? 我们是如何发现阳光的？Walker 1987360 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 16: 1954 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第16卷：1954 DAW Books 1987361 Young Witches and Warlocks 新出现的女巫和术士Harper & Row 1987362 How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort 如何享受于写作Walker 1987363 Devils 魔鬼NAL 1987364 Norby Finds a Villain 诺比找到一个恶棍Walker 1987365 Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain 奇妙的旅程二：目的地，大脑Doubleday 1987 366 Hound Dunnit 猎犬杜内特Carroll & Graf 1987367 Space Shuttles 航天飞机NAL 1987368 How Did We Find Out About the Brain? 我们是如何发现大脑的？Walker 1987369 Did Comets Kill the Dinosaurs? 彗星灭绝了恐龙吗？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1987370 Beginnings: The Story of Origins -of Mankind, Life, the Earth, the Universe 开端：人类，生命，地球，宇宙起源的故事Walker 1987371 Atlantis 亚特兰蒂斯NAL 1988372 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 17: 1955 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第17卷：1955 DAW Books 1988373 Asimov's Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan 阿西莫夫注释《吉尔伯特和沙利文》Doubleday 1988374 Isaac Asimov Presents From Harding to Hiroshima 艾萨克·阿西莫夫敬献从哈丁到广岛Dembner Books 1988375 How Did We Find Out About Superconductivity? 我们是如何发现超导体的？Walker 1988376 Other Worlds of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的其他世界Avenel 1987377 Isaac Asimov's Book of Science and Nature Quotations 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的科学与自然著作语录Blue Cliff 1988378 The Relativity of Wrong 错误的相对性Doubleday 1988379 Prelude to Foundation 基地前奏Doubleday 1988380 Encounters 接触Headline 1988381 The Asteroids 小行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988382 The Earth's Moon 地球的月亮Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988383 Mars: Our Mysterious Neighbor 火星：我们的神秘邻居Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 384 Our Milky Way and Other Galaxies 我们那乳液般的银河以及其他银河系Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988385 Quasars, Pulsars, and Black Holes 类星体，脉冲星，以及黑洞Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988386 Rockets, Probes, and Satellites 火箭，探测器，以及卫星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 387 Our Solar System 我们的太阳系Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988388 The Sun 太阳Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988389 Uranus: The Sideways Planet 天王星：偏远的行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988390 History of Biology (a chart)* 生物学的历史（图表）Carolina Biological Suppls. 1988 391 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Crime Stories of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳犯罪小说Dembner Books 1988392 The Mammoth Book of Classic Science Fiction: Short Novels of the 1930's 经典科幻小说大全：1930年代的短篇小说Carroll & Graf 1988393 Monsters 怪物NAL 1988394 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 18: 1956 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第18卷：1956 DAW Books 1988395 Azazel 阿撒泻勒Doubleday 1988396 Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction and Fantasy Story-a-Month 1989 Calendar* 艾萨克·阿西莫夫科幻小说与幻想小说挂历，1989年Pomegranate Calendars & Bks 1988 397 Ghosts 幽灵NAL 1988398 Saturn: The Ringed Beauty 土星：围绕着光环的美人Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 399 How Was the Universe Born? 宇宙是如何诞生的？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988400 Earth: Our Home Base 地球：我们的大本营Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988401 Ancient Astronomy 古代的天文学Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988402 Unidentified Flying Objects 不明飞行物Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988403 Space Spotter's Guide 宇宙探测器指南Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988404 Norby Down to Earth 诺比光临地球Walker 1988405 The Sport of Crime 犯罪行为Lynx 1988406 How Did We Find Out About Microwaves? 我们是如何发现微波的？Walker 1989 407 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 19: 1957 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第19卷：1957 DAW Books 1989408 Asimov's Galaxy: Reflections on Science Fiction 阿西莫夫的银河系：科幻小说的映像Doubleday 1989409 All the Troubles of the World 世界的所有麻烦事Creative Education 1989410 Franchise 特权Creative Education 1989411 Robbie 罗比Creative Education 1989412 Sally 萨莉Creative Education 1989413 Isaac Asimov Presents Tales of the Occult* 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐玄秘故事集Prometheus Books 1989414 Purr-fect Crime 稍完美犯罪Lynx 1989415 Is There Life On Other Planets? 其他行星上有生命吗？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989416 Science Fiction, Science Fact 科学幻想，科学事实Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989417 Mercury: The Quick Planet 水星：飞毛腿行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989418 Space Garbage 太空垃圾Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989419 Jupiter: The Spotted Giant 木星：长斑点的巨人Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989420 The Birth and Death of Stars 星星的诞生与死亡Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989421 The Asimov Chronicles: Fifty Years of Isaac Asimov 阿西莫夫编年史：艾萨克·阿西莫夫的五十年Dark Harvest 1989422 Robots 机器人NAL 1989423 History of Mathematics (a chart) 数学的历史（图表）Carolina Biological Suppls. 1989424 Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? 对太空的思考：我们身处何方？我们去向何处？Walker 1989425 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz IV 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第四卷Dembner Books 1989426 The Tyrannosaurus Prescription: and One Hundred Other Science Essays 霸王龙处方：另一百篇科学随笔Prometheus Books 1989427 Asimov On Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959-1989 阿西莫夫讲科学：三十年回顾1959-1989 Doubleday 1989428 Visions of Fantasy: Tales From the Masters 幻想的影像：大师作品集Doubleday 1989429 Nemesis 报应Doubleday 1989430 Curses 诅咒NAL 1989431 Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery 阿西莫夫的科学与发现编年史Harper & Row 1989432 How Did We Find Out About Photosynthesis? 我们是如何发现光合作用的？Walker 1989433 The Complete Science Fair Handbook 科学博览会完全手册Scott Foresman & Co 1989434 Little Treasury of Dinosaurs (5 book set) 恐龙小百科（五本套装）Outlet 1989 Giant Dinosaurs (vol. 1) 巨大的恐龙Armored Dinosaurs (vol. 2) 顶盔贯甲的恐龙Small Dinosaurs (vol. 3) 小个子恐龙Sea Reptiles and Flying Reptiles(vol. 4) 大洋中的爬虫和飞行的爬虫Meat-Eating Dinosaurs and Horned 食肉恐龙和长犄角的恐龙Dinosaurs (vol. 5) 恐龙435 The New Hugo Winners 新雨果奖获奖者Wynwood Press 1989436 Senior Sleuths: A Large Print Anthology of Mysteries and Puzzlers 高等侦探：神秘故事与悬疑故事大选集G. K. Hall & Co. 1989437 Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure 诺比和约布的伟大冒险Walker 1989438 Mythology and the Universe 神话学与宇宙Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989439 Colonizing the Planets and the Stars 星际殖民Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989440 Astronomy Today 今日的天文学Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989441 Pluto: A Double Planet? 冥王星：双行星？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989442 Piloted Space Flights 宇宙飞行的导航Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989。
人工智能基础
读书笔记
这是《人工智能基础》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《人工智能基础》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
谢谢观看
人工智能基础
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 04 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
基础
任务
人工智能
章 第章
程序
运行
基础
部分
语言 应用
图像
人工智能
习题
神经网络
实验
人工智能
特征
树莓
内容摘要
人工智能的普及将是未来的发展趋势，《人工智能基础》作为人工智能的科普读物，用通俗易懂的语言全面 介绍了人工智能的基础知识。《人工智能基础》共三大部分：理论基础、编程语言基础和应用实战。第壹部分 （基础篇）分为5章，主要从人工智能的概念和主要应用场景等方面介绍人工智能的基础现论知识。第二部分（语 言篇）分为5章，主要介绍了Python语言的编译环境以及Python语言的基础知识。第三部分（实践篇）分为4章， 结合前两部分知识，进行人工智能具体实践，内容涉及树莓派的使用、神经网络的介绍以及神经网络常用的框架 Tensorflow的使用等。理论部分的每章都附有相应的习题以供练习，书末附有配套的实验工具箱，以便大家进一 步钻研和实践。
目录分析
第2章牛刀小试： 查异辨花
第1章初见人工智 能
第3章别具慧眼： 识图人物
第4章耳听八方： 析音赏乐
第5章识文断字： 理解文本
1.1什么是人工智能 1.2人工智能在各行各业的应用 1.3.1分类任务介绍 2.2提取分类任务中的特征 2.3分类器介绍 2.4分类器的测试和应用 2.5习题
六顶思考帽子教案
概要六顶思维帽方法六顶思维帽的目的是幸免思维混杂，按这种方式，考虑者在某一个时刻里就能够只按照一种模式考虑——而不是在某一时刻做全部的事。
对此最好的类比是彩色印图。
每一种颜色被印刷上去，最后它们就拼到了一起。
设计六种思维帽方法，是为了使我们从通常的争辩型思维向制图型思维转化。
这使得思维过程成了两个时期，第一个时期是绘制地图；第二时期是在地图上选择路线。
假如地图足够地好，那么最好的路线经常会变得特不明显。
和彩色印图相似，每一顶帽子在地图上表现为一种类型的考虑。
我并不认为六顶帽子差不多穷尽了思维的所有可能方面，然而它们的确涵盖了思维的要紧模型。
我也不认为在每一个思维瞬间我们都必须戴上某一顶帽子。
这些帽子极其强烈的人工特色是它们的最大价值所在。
它们为在需要一种确定类型的思维时提供了正式形式和方便性，不管是对某个自己依旧不的人而言，差不多上如此。
它们建立了思维这游戏的游戏规则。
任何参加这种游戏的人都要清晰地意识到这些规则。
这种帽子思维方式运用得越多，则它们就将越多地成为思维文化中的一部分。
在某一个组织中的每一个人都应该当学习这种差不多习语，以便使它成为其文化的一部分。
如此，就能够集中思维，使之更为强大有力，同时，它也通过一种活跃的和有约束性的方法代替了那种白费时刻的争论和漫无目标的讨论。
起初，我们或许会感到在使用不同帽子时，显得有点笨拙。
但这种笨拙感会专门快随着该系统的方便性日益显著而专门快消逝。
这些帽子的首次使用可能是在一次偶然的场合需要某顶帽子或者是在黑帽思路向其他思路转化的时候。
就象我在本书开始所写到的那样，这些帽子的一个巨大的价值就在于它们提供了思维角色。
一个考虑者能够为他能够扮演这种角色而感到骄傲。
假如没有这些思维的正式形式，一些考虑者就将永久地处于一种固定的模式中(通常是黑帽模式)。
我再强调一次，这是一个用起来特不容易的系统。
关于读者来讲，没有必要对我在书中所陈述的不同点进行死记硬背，这些东西差不多上详细的论述。
Chapter16Signs标识
作为标识家族中重要的一部分，商务标识在现代的经济生活中扮演着重要的角色 。不论是作为商务活动主体的企业，商业活动重要发生地的商场，还是商务出行离 不开的酒店、机场，都无时无刻不在使用着大量的、各式各样的标识，有纯图形符 号的、有纯语言文字的、也有图形文字共同使用的。商用标识不同于交通、公共场 所常用标识，其商用性质决定了其必须能够吸引顾客或潜在顾客的注意，有利于企 业经济效益的提高，因此在设计或翻译时就要追求独特、新颖、醒目的特点。
Chapter16Signs标识
SECTION 3
• 商务出行标识（Business Travel Signs）（1）
• 商务出行涉及到商务交通、商务住宿等各个方面。因此，要求商务人士必须熟悉相 关的标识及翻译。
• 交通标识包括道路指示牌(Sign Post, 有时称Finger Post)、交通安全提示牌(Safety Tips)、限时限速的指示牌等。
Chapter16Signs标识
2020/10/30
Chapter16Signs标识
知识目标： 1. 了解商务环境中各种不同的中英文标识 2. 掌握中英文商务标识的语言特点。
能力目标： 1. 能够运用相关知识准确地翻译各种商务标识语。 2. 能够运用相关知识独立地设计中英文标识。
Chapter16Signs标识
Chapter16Signs标识
SECTION 3
• I. 标识的语言特点 （1） 标识用语往往简单易懂，有时会结合一些图形、符号以及使用不 同底色、形状的牌子来表示出某些指示、说明或规定等等。这类 语言的目的在于使人们在极短的时间内获取最必需的信息，而这 些信息又必须用几个词简短地表达出来，因为它们往往是写在一 块面积有限的牌子上的。受到这种表现目的及手段的限制，标识 英语自然也就形成了它独特的语言特点。我们应该准确地抓住这 些特点，有针对性地进行翻译。了解下列语言特点和翻译技巧将 会有助于我们更好地完成标识语的英汉互译。
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图像模型空间
三维模型致问题复杂, 三维模型致问题复杂, 难度增加
模型库中物体的数目
增加计算量
图像中物体的数目和遮挡问题
影响特征, 影响特征,增加分割难度
16.3 图像矩不变量特征表示
二维形状的提取与矩不变量：物体图象经过平移、旋转 二维形状的提取 以及比例变换仍然不变的矩特征量。 图象f(x,y) 则 p+q 阶矩定义如下(质量/重心)
(2)结构立体几何 (2)结构立体几何
结构立体几何方法(CSG)用简单的立体基元和 一组布尔运算(并、交、差)表示物体，立体基元包 括长方体、圆锥、圆柱和球等简单的三维形状 CSG表示式 CSG表示式： <CSG 表示>：：<立体基元> | 依据 <运动参数> 移动 <CSG表示> | <CSG 表示> <布尔运算> <CSG 表示>
第十六章 物体识别
二维识别 •正交投影 正交投影 •二维模型 二维模型 •物体无遮挡或部分遮挡 物体无遮挡或部分遮挡
三维识别 • 透视投影 • 三维模型 • 2.5维图象
(深度/距离图象) 深度/距离图象)
16.1 识别系统的基本组成
输 图 特 入 象 征 检 器 测 特 征 假 设 生 成 候 物 选 体 假 设 验 证 物 类 体 别
作 业
P295 : 16.6 P296 : 16.1 16.2
(3) 体积 表示
物体的体 元表示
单元分解示意 特定体积) 图(特定体积)
(4)扫掠表示 (4)扫掠表示
物体形状的广义柱面表示.轴线-3D曲线 物体形状的广义柱面表示.轴线-3D曲线/2D 曲线/2D 截面/扫掠规则/ 截面/扫掠规则/沿脊线光滑地变化
物体形状的扫掠表示示意图
(5) 三角形网面表示
φ 7 = ( 3η 12 − η 30 )( η 30 + η 12 )[( η 30 + η 12 ) 2 − 3 (η 21 + η 03 ) 2 ]
+ ( 3η 21 − η 03 )( η 21 + η 03 )[ 3 (η 03 + η 12 ) 2 − (η 12 + η 03 ) 2 ]
1) 最近邻分类器
d i (x) = x − ω = i
欧几里德距离 决策函数
(xij − ω ij )2 ∑
j =1
Mi
d k ( x) =
min (d (x))
i i
则x∈k
物体在特征空间中表示为点的示意图
2）贝叶斯分类器
条件概率密度函数，表示每一类物体特征值的概率
16.6 验证
给定一幅物体的图像， 给定一幅物体的图像，在图像中找出某类物体 出现的数量及出现的位置，这是基本的验证问题， 出现的数量及出现的位置，这是基本的验证问题，而不 是物体识别问题。 是物体识别问题。
利用二阶和三阶规范化中心矩导出七个不变矩组(旋移比例 利用二阶和三阶规范化中心矩导出七个不变矩组 旋移比例) 旋移比例
φ1 = η 20 + η02
φ 3 = (η30 − 3η12 ) 2 + (3η 21 + η03 ) 2
2 φ 2 = (η 20 − η 02 ) 2 + 4η11 φ 4 = (η 30 + η 12 ) 2 + (η 21 + η 03 ) 2
16.4 三维物体模型表示
i 基于表面的物体模型表示方法 如表面片、网面表示等。 如表面片、网面表示等。 i 基于体积的物体表示方法 如结构立体几何、体元或体系表示。 如结构立体几何、体元或体系表示。 i 基于函数的表示方法 如样条函数、 如样条函数、超二次曲面等。
(1) 多视图表示
用图像表示物体的一种方法. 朝向图(aspect graph)， 朝向图包含了一个物体的所有稳定的视图。及所有稳定 视图之间的关系
i∈ ( p )
∑ ρ ( z ( p)) υ
i
2
υ ( p)
是一组模型点（相对观察者方向是可见的） z i ( p ) 是第i个对应点之间的3D距离，定义为：
zi ( p ) = R (q ) xi + t − yi z ( xi ) + t − yi ∂z = − 4 xi (t − y i ) ∂p
ρ ( z) = e− E ( z)
ω ( z ) = 1 ∂ρ z ∂z
∂zi i ∂p ∂E ∂p
相对于p 相对于p求E的偏导数等于零,令 的偏导数等于零,
ω ( zi )
i
= ∑ ω ( zi ) z
有:
为权重系数,当用最小二乘方估计时为1, 1,即各误差值具 为权重系数,当用最小二乘方估计时为1,即各误差值具 相等的置信度,而与误差大小无关. 相等的置信度,而与误差大小无关. 有
φ 5 = (η30 − 3η12 )(η30 − η12 )[(η30 + η12 ) 2 − 3(η 21 + η03 ) 2 ]
+ (3η 21 − η03 )(η 21 + η 03 )[3(η30 + η12 ) 2 − (η 21 + η03 ) 2 ]
φ 6 = (η 20 − η 02 )[( η 30 + η 12 ) 2 − (η 21 + η 03 ) 2 ] + 4η 11 (η 30 + η 12 )(η 21 + η 03 )
k =1 l =1
m
n
该算子称为f 该算子称为f和g之间的互相关
求局部最大值
模板匹配
2 形态方法
检测模板的存在及位置 /二值图/同构开运算 二值图/ /模板/原图/运算结果 模板/原图/
3 类比法
在同一个参考坐标系下, 在同一个参考坐标系下,通过比较两条曲线的差值 测量其相似性。 测量其相似性。 计算各点的差值 /总的差值 (绝对误差总和) 绝对误差总和) /误差平方和 通过直接测量 误差实现两个 实体的匹配
1 模板匹配
假定有一个模板g(i, j)，检测图像f(i, j)中的 假定有一个模板g(i, j)，检测图像f(i, j)中的 模板 模板存在情况。 模板存在情况。测量模板灰度值同对应图像之间的不相 似度： 似度：
[i , j ]∈R
max | f − g |
[i , j ]∈R
∑
| f −g|
[i , j ]∈R
模 库 型
四个主要模块： 四个主要模块： 模型库、特征检测器、 模型库、特征检测器、假设生成 (hypothesis formation) 和假设验证 (hypothesis verification)
16.2 物体识别的复杂度
场景不变性
特征检测器的有效性,可靠性(照明,背景,内外参) 特征检测器的有效性,可靠性(照明,背景,内外参)
16.7 物体定位
确定物体在图象中的位置和方向
1 3D-2D物体定位 3D-2D物体定位
在两组3D点集中寻找对应关系(模型/图象) 在两组3D点集中寻找对应关系(模型/图象) 3D点集中寻找对应关系 粗定位 精细定位 3D模型点x 3D图象点y的最近距离: 3D模型点x与3D图象点y的最近距离: 模型点 图象点 min||xy=arg min||x-y||; y属于3D图象点集 y属于3D图象点集 属于3D
m pq =
∑∑
x y
x p y q f ( x, y )
m10 x= m00
m01 y= m00
p+q 阶中心矩定义如下
µ பைடு நூலகம்q =
∑∑
x y
( x − x ) p ( y − y ) q f ( x, y )
(p+q）规范化中心矩 ）
r η pq = µ pq µ 00 r = ( p + q + 2) / 2
利用CSG表示可以描述将一个物体 利用CSG表示可以描述将一个物体 的结构. 的结构.物体结构立体几何表示树
叶结点表示立体基元或运动参数， 叶结点表示立体基元或运动参数，其它结点表示 布尔运算。通过立体基元可以构造许多“人工” 布尔运算。通过立体基元可以构造许多“人工”物 体
动物的参数化表示 CSG应用有限(曲面)
旋转平移与误差梯度间的关系。这样先在初始位置上计算误差函数E的梯度 方向 − ∇E ( p) = dp ，然后求E的极小值对应的位置 p + λ dp ，再求新位置的误 差函数值，一直迭代到相邻两个位置对应误差小于一阈值为止。
玩具狗3D定位实验 a)原始图象b)深度图c)模型初始 位置图(平移20mm,旋转30度)d)位置估计结果
全局特征
关系特征
基于区域、 基于区域、封闭轮廓或局部特征等实体的相对位置关系建立 特征完全相同但关系特征稍微不同可能表示完全不同的物体。 特征完全相同但关系特征稍微不同可能表示完全不同的物体。
使用局部和全局特征实现物体空间表示
2 特征分类
假设N个特征已经从图像中检测出来，并被规范化， 以便可以表示在同一度量空间。 假设一个物体的特征可以表示为N维特征空间中的一个 点，其中N维特征空间是为特定物体识别任务而定义的。
对正:所有y 与模型x 对正:所有yi与模型xi点的距离都达到最近
1. M估计
当误差不服从正态分布时,用最大似然估计.其形式: 当误差不服从正态分布时,用最大似然估计.其形式:
E ( z ) = ∑ ρ ( zi )
i
其中 ρ (z) 数是: 数是:
E, 是误差任意函数, ) 是误差任意函数(z
的等价概率分布函
1. M估计
为避免局外点对估计的影响, 为避免局外点对估计的影响, 件: