电气毕业设计外文文献

外文文献：

The Intelligent Building

One of the benefits of the rapid evolution of information technology has been the development of systems that can measure, evaluate, and respond to change。An enhanced ability to control change has sparked developments in the way we design our physical environment, in particular, the buildings in which we work。As a result, we are witnessing significant growth in the area of "Intelligent Buildings"--buildings that incorporate information technology and communication systems, making them more comfortable, secure, productive, and cost-effective

What is an Intelligent Building?

An Intelligent Building is one equipped with the telecommunications infrastructure that enables it to continuously respond and adapt to changing conditions, allowing for a more efficient use of resources and increasing the comfort and security of its occupants。An Intelligent Building provides these benefits through automated control systems such as: heating, ventilation, and

air-conditioning (HVAC)；fire safety；security；and energy/lighting management。For example, in the case of a fire, the fire alarm communicates with the security system to unlock the doors。The security system communicates with the HVAC system to regulate the flow of air to prevent the fire from spreading。

What benefits do Intelligent Buildings offer their owners and occupants?

The introduction in the workplace of computers printers photocopiers, and fax machines has increased indoor pollution。Electrical and telecommunications facilities in office buildings are under pressure to satisfy the demands created by the rapid growth of computer and networking technologies。These factors have a definite impact on productivity. New technology can be used to create Intelligent Buildings that address these problems by providing a healthier, more productive, and less energy-intensive work environment。As these are critical factors for business

success, owners of Intelligent Buildings have a clear advantage in attracting and retaining

21st-century tenants。

How do Intelligent Buildings lead to cost savings?

The Intelligent Building concept recognizes that the true cost of a building is not simply its cost of construction; it must contain the costs of operate and maintenance over the structure's life span。By optimizating automated control, communication, and management systems, Intelligent Buildings cost has reduced in all of these areas。They also guard against the increasing of repairing costs, productivity loss, revenue loss, and the loss of customers。

Can an Intelligent Building infrastructure be installed in existing buildings? Yes。The key competency of transformating conventional buildings into intelligent ones is installing single structured cabling network。Standard buildings featured in using different kinds of designs and administration methods from system to system。The additional facility of construction structured turns a conventional building into an intelligent one which can provide with increased efficiency and guarding it against system breakdowns。

Why do Intelligent Buildings increasingly become a part of business imperative?

Because they contribute to the business requirements as follows:

· To communicate data quickly and reliably

· To exercise greater control over the work environment

· To improve productivity and cost-effectiveness

In response to these needs, it offers its Business Solution of intelligent wiring。

Intelligent buildings design and construction management systems

The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems (BMS) encompass an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institutional and

domestic buildings which including energy management systems and building controls。The function of Building Management Systems is central to 'Intelligent Buildings' concepts；its purpose is to monitor the function of building such as lighting，heating，security, CCTV and alarm systems；access control；audio-visual and entertainment systems ventilation filtration and climate control etc even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability)。The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast and our live are changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments。

The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970's, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances。The concepts and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980's。

Intelligent buildings - control system

The essence of Building Management Systems lies in the Intelligent Buildings and control technologies, which allows integration, automation, optimising services and equipment provide services and managing environment。The essence of Intelligent Management Systems lies in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) which formed the original basis of the control technologies。Later the developments of commercial and residential applications were based on “distributed-intelligence microprocessors”. Taking advantage of these technologies allows to use various Internet construction and services, which often significantly reduces cost and saves energy。

Heating - time-based control

· Temperature control: when external temperature reaches a set level (0°C)，run heating system pumps to protect the system from freezing or frost.

· Compensated systems: It will heat temperature to control the electricity when the temperature drops and this will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature.

· Thermostatic radiator valves: the thermodetector of which installing in the same room can change the radiator radiates accordingly to the relevant flow.

· Proportional control: including auto-switching equipment and auto-output adjusting. Lighting control methods

· Zones: In order to avoid only a small parts of lights can be used in a large area, lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas.

· Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone at times to a preset schedule for light use。

· Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and control the switch of lights accordingly。

Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savings

Until recent years, energy efficiency has been used at a relatively low priority and building owners and investors pay little attention to it。However, with the dramatic increase of energy use and decrease of energy capacity, the concept of energy cost-efficiency has already soon became the important strategy of estate management, facilities management and also has being involving into the construction.

For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors。

Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings。Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one

Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefits

Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use。Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors。In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment。

Legislation and environmental standards；health and safety regulations；and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies。

Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies。For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs。

Building management systems and intelligent buildings - market trends

In Britain, through the establishment and control of the main high-tech fully into the new decoration industry, in recent years, the British buildings market to set up the new management system, make significant changes innovation.

· Heating system 70%。

· Hot water control system 90%。

· Air conditioning control system 80%。

But according to the European commission statistics, as many as 90% of existing buildings have

not adapt or invalid control system, many need a thorough overhaul.

The "intelligence" construction has become a real estate developers and owners hot spot, 24 hour visible entrance guard, long-distance meter reading billing, all kinds of community service projects and convenient video on demand, on the web for village residents offered many life convenient. But the "intelligence" construction is a complex technology application project, as a community "intelligent" of the implementation of the relevant departments, need to pay attention, be ware of new construction erroneous zone.

1、Beware of haste to build, lack of careful planning.。"Intelligent" general by broadband network and several related the sub-project to realist, long-distance meter reading billing, security monitoring, all kinds of alarm systems, Internet browsing, etc are to be included in the operation of the residential broadband network category. In software, needs to have the special application scheme for the development of community network information management system. The author thinks that although all sorts of relevant products have been listed, individual products have already become more and more mature, but quite part of products in the technical specifications of the lack of uniform standard, integrated broadband and intelligence of conditions remain to be mature. Many residents of the village persuaded by manufacturers install visible interphone today, assemble with long-distance meter reading tomorrow , this phenomenon do not only cause with various circuitry within the cross, repeat construction, and independent running each manufacturer equipment to realize "intelligent" original intention in the building area of . Certainly, this is not to say that the current implementation can't intelligent, but the broadband network lying, LAN and the equipment can be brought into operation should be of broadband in under the guidance of experts.

2、Beware of "broadband" business trap. As "broadband" gradually popular, a group of specialized business "broadband" business company arises at the historic moment. They

frequently to property district promised to put into tens of thousands of funds; the plot offers one or two houses and other intelligent construction undertaken by "broadband" business company. The author thinks that "broadband" commercial service as a market behavior, both parties shall in contract introduced in detail in the profits to investors, Property Company also should clearly understand both sides in the future cooperation in their respective rights and obligations. In the process of real estate, a community in the future the owners of the consumption of whether they should have the "right to know" and "options", how the legitimacy of the contract is worth discussing.

3、Beware of pay heavily close attention to hardware, software, lightly weight, the tendency of investment use. In the implementation of intelligent management solutions in the process, some units invest a lot of money to buy equipment, professional maintenance personnel allocation, and software is to disdain to investment, the use of the software is also the secretary or other personnel part-time settles., however, in the implementation of the process of intelligent software is the foundation and the core, a set of complete information management plan, no matter how perfect hardware facilities, lack of software support (exactly say support) the system is not a successful design.

The author thinks that in the process of implementation of "intelligence" , prior to listen to all levels of management department opinions, the "intelligence" to realize what management function, this is the core of make plan; And then listen to the opinions of the professional staff, give full play to the function of equipment in hardware, on the basis of pay attention to in the management means, existing equipment, the scheme can provide for management which data, what are the specific management work to supplement and improve. The goal is to clear, avoid by all means is to "leadership will" and "take it for granted" to do.

中文译文：

智能建筑

信息技术的快速演变带来得好处已经发展到可以来测量、评估和应对变化。一种更强的控制改变的能力,已经影响了我们设计物理环境的方式,尤其是对我们建筑物设计。因此，我们正目睹着"智能建筑"领域的日益增长--建筑融合了信息技术和通信系统，使其更加舒适、安全、高效和高成本效益。

什么是智能建筑

智能建筑是配备通讯设施,在适应不断变化的影响条件下,允许其更有效地利用资源和增加居民的舒适感和安全感。智能建筑通过自动化控制系统提供这些好处,例如:加热、通风、空调(暖通)；消防安全；安保；能源/照明管理。比如说,在发生火灾时,消防安全报警系统控制打开大门。安防系统控制中央空调系统调节空气流量,以防止火势蔓延。

智能建筑对业主及住户提供什么好处?

办公区域的计算机、打印机、复印机、传真机增加了室内污染。为满足计算机及网络技术的快速革新,因而在办公楼内创建了电器和通讯设施。这些因素对工作效率有显著影响。新技术通过提供一个更健康、更有效, 少能源密集型的工作环境来建造智能建筑，以便解决上述问题。因为这些有利商业成功的关键因素,智能建筑的业主有一个吸引和留住二十一世纪用户的明确优势。

如何使智能建筑节约成本?

智能建筑的概念真正认识到了成本不仅是简单的建筑成本；它必须包括结构寿命的操作和维修费用。通过优化自动控制、通讯和管理系统,智能建筑削减所有这些方面的成本。他们也防范修理费的增加、生产力损失、收入损失、客户流失。

智能建筑设备可以安装在现有的建筑物上面吗？

当然可以。改造传统的智能建筑的核心能力是：安装一个单一的网络布线。标准建筑从系统到系统可以用不同的设计和管理方法为特色。建筑构造附带的设施把一个常规建筑变成智能建筑, 它提供较高的效率和防范，免遭系统故障。

为什么智能建筑逐步的成为企业规则的一部分?

因为他们对企业有以下贡献:

1、迅速和可靠地通信数据

2、行使更大的监管工作环境的能力

3、提高生产率和经济效益

针对这些需求, 提供智能布线业务解决方案。

智能建筑设计与建筑管理系统

智能建筑领域,智能化住宅,建筑管理系统(房舍)包含了多种技术, 经由全国商业、工业及住宅楼宇的机构,包括能源管理制度,建立管制。建筑管理系统的功能是智能型建筑概念的核心；其目的是为了监控建筑物的功能,例如:灯光、供暖、安全、闭路电视和警报系统；视听娱乐系统、通风、过滤和气候控制等准确控制；甚至于时间控制。这些潜在的观念及多种边缘技术，正在改变我们的生活。

智能建筑的起源与建设管理体制在20世纪70年代根植于工业部门从系统和控制化用于自动化生产过程和优化工厂效益。上世纪80年代，当时的概念与应用相结合协调发展。

智能楼宇控制论

建筑管理系统的本质是在智能建筑和控制技术，它使一体化、自动化、所有优化服务和设备提供服务和管理环境。智能化管理系统本质是建立在可编程控制器(PLC)原有基础上形成的控制技术。后来在商业和住宅的应用发展是基于“分布式智能微处理器”。利用这些技术可以充份运用到各种网站建设和服务，往往大幅降低成本,大量节省能源。

供暖时间的控制

●温度控制:当外部温度达到设置温度（0℃）的时候运行加热泵防止系统冷冻或者结冰。

●补偿制度: 当温度下降时，它将通过加热温度控制电路，使气温上升。

●温控阀: 安装在同一房间的温度检测器通过相应的流量控制器改变散热器散热。

●比例控制:包括自动开关设备自动调节输出。

照明控制方法

●分区控制: 为了避免出现大面积灯具而只有一小部分需要使用的情况的发生，不同区域的灯具都有相应的开关。

●时间控制:自动转换,间断地在每一个区域根据预定日程使用。

●红外传感器的使用:在所监管的地区，使用感应器可以用来判断是否有人在场控制灯具的开关。

建筑管理系统和智能建筑的能源节约

近年来,能源利用率一直比较低,业主和投资者的对此也不重视。然而,随着能源使用急剧增加和能源储备量急剧减少，能源效益观念已迅速成为房地产管理、设备管理和业务的重要战略，并且正在渗入建筑行业。

在照明方面,住宅和商业部门按投资总量5%节省能源可达原电路负荷75%。

经验表明奥地利公共建筑物节能能力高达30%，就算考虑到建筑物的使用与研究,尤其是那些可能使用的大量能源，这个数字是令人印象深刻的。

和建筑管理系统和智能建筑环境效益有关的智能建筑技术、建筑管理系统在工商业和住宅业减少温室气体的排放、降低能源使用直接有助于减少能源使用。总之, 良好的智能建筑的建设和管理体制对环境有利。

立法和环保标准，健康与安全法规，全球趋势和改善室内空气品质标准均显示需要建设智能化建筑管理系统和技术。政府还倡议全世界通过技术开发建设管理系统。譬如英国信托允许所有与能源有关的建筑管理系统、智能楼宇设备、设计与安装及相关费用抵消30%左右的税收。

建筑管理系统和智能建筑市场趋势

在英国,通过建立和控制主要的高新技术全面推向新装修行业，近些年来,英国建筑市场建立新的管理体制，促成重大革新。所有部门建议：

●加热系统70%。

●热水控制系统90%。

●空调控制80%。

不过据欧洲委员会统计，多达90%的现有建筑物有不适应的或无效的控制系统，许多需要彻底翻修。

小区的“智能化”建设已经成为房地产开发商和业主关注的热点，24小时可视门禁、远程抄表计费、各种社区服务项目以及方便的视频点播、网上浏览为小区居民提供了诸多生活上的方便。但小区的“智能化”建设是一项技术复杂的应用项目，作为小区实施“智能化”的有关部门，需要多加注意，谨防步入新的建设误区。

一、谨防仓促上马，缺乏周密规划。“智能化”一般由宽带网和若干相关子项目来实现，远程抄表计费、保安监控、各种报警系统、因特网浏览等均需纳入小区宽带网的运行

范畴。在软件方面，更需要有专门针对小区应用方案开发的网络信息管理系统。笔者认为尽管各种相关的产品已纷纷上市，个别产品已趋于成熟，但相当一部分产品在技术规范方面还缺乏统一的标准，集成宽带、智能化的条件还有待成熟。许多居民小区在厂家的说服下今天装可视对讲、明天装远程抄表，这样做不但造成小区建筑物内各种线路错综交叉、重复施工，而且独立运行的各厂家设备无法实现“智能化”的初衷。当然这不是说目前就不能实施智能化，不过小区的宽带网敷设、局域网和可纳入宽带运行的各种设备应在专家的指导下进行。

二、谨防“宽带”商业陷阱。随着“宽带”逐步升温，一批专门经营“宽带”业务的公司应运而生。他们动辄向物业小区许诺投入数以万计的资金，小区除提供一二间住房外，其他的智能化建设便由他们承包。笔者认为“宽带”的商业化服务作为一种市场化行为，双方应在合同中详尽地介绍投资方日后可获得的收益，物业公司也应该清楚地了解双方在未来合作中各自的权利和义务。在物业管理过程中，小区的业主们在这种未来的消费中是否应当有“知情权”和“选择权”，合同的合法性如何都是值得商榷的。

三、谨防重硬件、轻软件、重投资、轻使用的倾向。在实施智能化管理方案过程中，一些单位投入大量资金购买设备，配置专业养护人员，而对软件却不屑于投资，软件的使用也是秘书或其他人员兼职了事。殊不知，在实施智能化的过程中软件是基础和核心，一套完整的信息化管理方案，无论硬件设施多么完美，缺乏软件的支持（确切说是支撑）其系统也不是一个成功的设计。

笔者认为，在实施“智能化”的过程中，事先要听取各级管理部门的意见，研究“智能化”要实现什么管理职能，这是制定方案的核心；其次要多听听专业人员的意见，在充分发挥硬件设备功能的基础上，注重在管理手段上，现有设备、方案能够对管理工作提供哪些数据，对具体管理工作有哪些补充和提高。目的要明确，切忌以“领导意志”和“想

当然”办事。