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毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)

Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, trafﬁc jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difﬁculties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difﬁculties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is ﬁnished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。

课程设计外文文献

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部机械电气学部专业机械设计制造及其自动化年级 200x级班级名称机械设计1班学号 x x学生姓名 xxx 指导教师 xxxxx年x 月目录1 Representative Strcture of Injection Mol译文 (3)外文 (4)2 Number of Mold Cavities译文 (5)外文 (7)注射模的典型结构用于热塑性塑料注射成型的模具通常是溢料式模具，因为与传递模塑成型一样，在注射成型中，不需要额外的载料空间。

但是，模具设计的基本类型有多种变化。

所有材料最常使用的设计是两板模设计。

型腔装在第一个模板上，凸模装载第二个模板上。

主流道衬套并入定模的模板中。

按照这种安排，就有可能使用直接中心浇口，使塑料进入单腔模或者是多腔模的分流道系统中。

在大多数情况下，凸模、顶出装置以及分流道系统在动模中。

虽然为了符合特定要求会有许多变化，但是这是注射模的基本设计。

三板模设计的特点是具有包含型腔的第三个可移动的模板，因此对于多型腔操作，允许中心或偏置浇口进入每一个型腔。

模具打开时有两次分模，一个塑件的脱模，另一个是去除分流道和主流道凝料。

通过压力机常规功能不能成型的的带镶嵌件、螺纹和取芯的模塑件，要求在模具中安装分离的或零散的部件或者型芯。

这些零撒的部件随着塑件被顶出。

每一个生产周期后，这些部件必须与塑件分离，并重新安装在模具中。

因此使用复制的部件以高效生产。

液压缸或气缸被安装在模具中以抽出侧型芯部件。

在模具设置料导柱，就能完成有角度侧抽芯，而不需要高成本的零散部件。

有几种方法可用于旋松塑件上的内螺纹或外螺纹：为了提高生产率，常常使用价格相对较低的长行程的液压油缸驱动齿轮齿条机构进行自动脱螺纹。

其他脱螺纹的方法包括使用通过双动油缸驱动的齿轮齿条或摩擦型弧刷。

塑件的内部凸凹可以通过带料度的型芯（成型杆）成型，型芯的移动由将金属型芯与塑件分离的顶出杆驱动。

毕业设计外文文献翻译范文

毕业设计外文文献翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师优集学院外文资料名称：Knowledge-Based Engineeri--ng Design Methodology外文资料出处：Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文2.外文原文基于知识工程(KBE)设计方法D. E. CALKINS1.背景复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策，它要满足很多竞争性的要求。

设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。

高级别的工程设计和分析过程(概念设计阶段)特别重要，因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。

产品成本的压缩最可能发生在产品设计的最初阶段。

整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时，缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段，这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。

工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。

传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。

有必要，进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析(包括性能，成本，可靠性等)。

最后，必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。

解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源，通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。

所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境，以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。

这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。

那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。

问题就是架构一个设计工具，以满足所有这些要求。

2.虚拟(数字)原型模型现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。

虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机，并允许设计工程师，研究“假设”的情况，同时反复更新他们的设计。

真正的虚拟原型，不仅代表形状和形式，即几何形状，它也代表如重量，材料，性能和制造工艺的非几何属性。

(完整版)本科生_毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译_

Computer networking summarizeNetworking can be defined as the linking of people, resources and ideas. Networking occurs via casual encounters, meetings, telephone conversation, and the printed words. Now the computer networking provide beings with new networking capabilities. Computer network are important for services because service tasks are information intensive. During the is transmitted between clients, coworkers, management, funding sources, and policy makers. Tools with rapidly speed up communication will dramatically affect services.Computer network growing explosively. Two decades ago, few people essential part of our infrastructure. Networking is used in every aspect of business, including advertising, production, shipping, planning, bulling, and accounting. Consequently, most corporations in on-line libraries around the world. Federal, state, and local government offices use networks, as do military organizations. In short, computer networks are everywhere.The growth in networking economic impact as well. An entire industry jobs for people with more networking expertise. Companies need workers to plan, acquire, install, operate, and manage the addition computer programming is no longer restricted to individual computers; programmers are expected to design and implement application software that can communicate with software on other computers.Computer networks link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. Traditionally, they split between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). A WAN is a network connected over long-distance telephone lines, and a LAN is a localized network usually in one building or a group of buildings close together. The distinction, computers. Today networks carry e-mail, provide access to public databases, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems. Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems.Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that cooperate to perform tasks. In this environment, each part of the networked system does what it is best at. The of a personal computer or workstation provides a good user interface. The mainframe, on the other the results to the users. In a distributed environment, a user might use in a special language (e. g. Structured Query Language-SQL), to the mainframe, which then parrrses the query, returning the user only the data requested. The user might then use the data. By passing back the user’s PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced. If the whole file were transmitted, the PC would then of one network to access the resources on a different type of network. For example, a gateway could be used to connect a local area network of personal computers to a mainframe computer network. For example, if a company this example, using a bridge makes more sense than joining all thepersonal computers together in one large network because the individual departments only occasionally need to access information on the other network.Computer networking technology can be divided into four major aspects.The first is the data transmission. It explains that at the lowest level electrical signals traveling across wires are used to carry information, and shows be encoded using electrical signals.The second focuses on packet transmission. It explains why computer network use packets, and shows . LANs and WANs discussed above are two basic network.The third covers internetworking—the important idea that allows system, and TCPIP, the protocol technology used in global internet.The fourth explains networking applications. It focuses on , and programs provide services such as electronic mail and Web browsing.Continued growth of the global Internet is one of most interesting and exciting phenomena in networking. A decade ago, the Internet was a research project that involved a few dozen sites. Today, the Internet into a production communication system that reaches millions of people in almost all countries on all continents around the world. In the United States, the Internet connects most corporations, colleges and universities, as well as federal, state, and local government offices. It will soon reach most elementary,junior, and senior addition, many private residences can reach the Internet through a dialup telephone connection. Evidence of the Internet’s impact on society can be seen in advertisements, in magazines and on television, which often contain a reference to an Internet Web site that provide additional information about the advertiser’s products and services.A large organization with diverse networking requirements needs multiple physical networks. More important, if the organization chooses the type network that is best for each task, the organization will network can only communicate with other computers attached to same network. The problem became evident in the 1970s as large organizations began to acquire multiple networks. Each network in the organizations formed an island. In many early installations, each computer attached to a single network and employees employees was given access to multiple svreens and keyboards, and the employee was forced to move form one computer to another to send a massage across the appropriate network. Users are neither satisfied nor productive when they must use a separate computer. Consequently, most modern computer communication syetem allow communication between any two computers analogous to the way a telephone system provides communication between any two telephones. Known as universal service, the concept is a fundamental part of networking. With universal service, a user on any computer in any part of an organization can send messages or data to any other users. Furthermore, a user does not need to change computer systems whenchanging tasks—all information is available to all computers. As a result, users are more productive.The basic component used to commect organization to choose network technologies appropriate for each need, and to use routers to connect all networks into a single internet.The goal of internetworking is universal service across an internet, routers must agree to forward information from a source on one network to a specified destination on another. The task is complex because frame formats and addressing schemes used by underlying networks can differ. As s resulrt, protocol software is needed on computers and routers make universal service possible. Internet protocols overcome differences in frame formats and physical addresses to make communication pissible among networks that use different technologies.In general, internet software provides the appeatrance of a single, seamless communication system to which many computers attach. The syetem offers universal service :each computer is assigned an address, and any computer can send a packet to any other computer. Furthermore, internet protocol software —neither users nor application programs are a ware of the underlying physical networks or the routers that connect them.We say that an internet is a virtual network system because the communication system is an abstraction. That is, although a combination of of a uniform network syetem, no such network exists.Research on internetworking modern networking. In fact,internet techmology . Most large organizations already use internetworking as primary computer communication mechanism. Smaller organizations and individuals are beginning to do so as well. More inportant, the TCPIP technology computers in schools, commercial organications, government, military sites and individuals in almost all countries around the world.电脑网络简述网络可被定义为人、资源和思想的联接。

毕业设计外文文献

英文原文What is Talent Management?Talent Management‖ has become one of the most important buzzwords in Corporate HR and Training today. In this article we will explain the history, principles, and processes of talent management and help readers understand our research agenda in this important area.From Personnel to Strategic HR to Talent ManagementTo understand why Talent Management has become so important, we must first look at the evolution of corporate HR:Stage 1: Personnel Department:In the 1970s and 1980s the business function which was responsible for people was called ―The Personnel Department.‖The role of this group was to hire people, pay them, and make sure they had the necessary benefits. The systems which grew up to support this function were batch payroll systems. In this role, the personnel department was a well understood business function.Stage 2: Strategic HR:In the 1980s and 1990s organizations realized that the HR function was in fact more important –and the concepts of ―Strategic HR‖ emerged.During this period organizations realized that the VP of HR had a much larger role: recruiting the right people, training them, helping the business design job roles and organization structures (organization design), develop ―total compensation‖ packages which include benefits, stock options and bonuses, and serving as a central point of communication for employee health and happiness.The ―Head of Personnel‖ became the ―VP of HR‖ and had a much more important role in business strategy and execution. The systems which were built up to support this new role include recuiting and applicant tracking (ATS), portals, total compensation systems, and learning management systems. In this role, the HR department now became more than a business function: it is a business partner, reaching out to support lines of business.Stage 3: Talent Management:We are now entering a new era: the emergence of ―Talent Management.‖While strategic HR continues to be a major focus, HR and L&D organizations are now focused on a new set of strategic issues:How can we make our recruiting process more efficient and effective by using ―competency-based‖ recruiting instead of sorting through resumes, one at a time? How can we better develop managers and leaders to reinforce culture, instill values, and create a sustainable ―leadership pipeline?‖How do we quickly identify competency gaps so we can deliver training, e-learning, or development programs to fill these gaps? How can we use these gaps to hire just the right people?How do we manage people in a consistent and measurable way so that everyone is aligned, held accountable, and paid fairly?How do we identify high performers and successors to key positions throughout the organization to make sure we have a highly flexible, responsive organization?How do we provide learning that is relevant, flexible, convenient, and timely? These new, more challenging problems require new processes and systems. They require tigher integration between the different HR silos — and direct integration into line of business management processes. Today organizations are starting to buy, build, and stitch together performance management systems, succession planning systems, and competency management systems. The HR function is becoming integrated with the business in a real-time fashion.Defining the Talent Management ProcessOrganizations are made up of people: people creating value through proven business processes, innovation, customer service, sales, and many other important activities. As an organization strives to meet its business goals, it must make sure that it has a continuous and integrated process for recruiting, training, managing, supporting, and compensating these people. The following chart shows the complete process:1. Workforce Planning: Integrated with the business plan, this process establishes workforce plans, hiring plans, compensation budgets, and hiring targets for the year.2. Recruiting: Through an integrated process of recruiting, assessment, evaluation, and hiring the business brings people into the organization.3. Onboarding: The organization must train and enable employees to become productive and integrated into the company more quickly.4. Performance Management: by using the business plan, the organization establishes processes to measure and manage employees. This is a complex process in itself, which we describe in detail in our new research Performance Management 2006.5. Training and Performance Support: of course this is a critically important function. Here we provide learning and development programs to all levels of the organization. As we describe in the Death of the Corporate University, this function itself is evolving into a continuous support function.6. Succession Planning: as the organization evolves and changes, there is a continuous need to move people into new positions. Succession planning, a very important function, enables managers and individuals to identify the right candidates for a position. This function also must be aligned with the business plan to understand and meet requirements for key positions 3-5 years out. While this is often a process reserved for managers and executives, it is more commonly applied across the organization.7. Compensation and Benefits: clearly this is an integral part of people management. Here organizations try to tie the compensation plan directly to performance management so that compensation, incentives, and benefits align with business goals and business execution.8. Critical Skills Gap Analysis: this is a process we identify as an important, often overlooked function in many industries and organizations. While often done on a project basis, it can be ―business-critical.‖For example, today industries like the Federal Government, Utilities, Telecommunications, and Energy are facing large populations which are retiring. How do you identify the roles, individuals, and competencies which are leaving? What should you do to fill these gaps? We call this ―critical talent management‖ and many organizations are going through this now. In the center of this process are important definitions and data: job roles, job descriptions, competency models, and learning content.How do you Develop and Implement a Talent Management Strategy?As I describe above, Talent Management is a natural evolution of HR. It is a series of business processes —not a ―product‖ or ―solution‖ you can buy.Organizations we speak to are focused on different elements —driven by their maturity and the urgent business problems they face today. While a few mature organizations have dealt with most of the processes above, most organizations focus on several of the key elements and build an integrated approach over time. Additionally, Talent Management is a ―forward-looking‖ function.Not only should talent management improve your organization’s flexibility and performance, it should give you the information and tools to plan for growth, change, acquisitions, and critical new product and service initiatives.A few critical issues we have identified in our research:1. Talent Management requires integration and communication between existing HR-L&D functions.Training can no longer be ―left on an island.‖As we detail in our workshops, the L&D organization must align much more closely with the performance management and recruitment process. Training programs should be developed and updated to continuously address problems which surface in the performance management process. New hires which are hired because of certain competencies should see a set of training offerings which complement and reinforce these competencies. Compensation program should naturally tie to the performance management process.2. Competency management, a mis-understood and difficult part of training and HR, has become critical.The job descriptions, roles, and competencies used for performance management are shared by L&D, recruiting, and succession planning. There are many techniques for effective use of competencies – many are described in our performance management systems research. A simple best-practice is for your organization to have a small set of consistent, easy-to-understand competencies which can be applied across the organization.3. Software solutions are maturing, but not the solution.Despite vendor claims, there is no complete ―talent management‖ software solution yet. Vendors each offer different elements of this solution. To solve urgent problems, most companies today buy standalone systems: standalone learning management systems, standalone standalone performance management systems,standalone recruiting and standalone compensation systems. As the market matures and companies press harder for integration, vendors will create more integrated solutions.Our research has found, however, that software is not the solution. In fact, of the 62 processes we studied, HR software was ranked 55 or lower in business impact. You cannot ―buy‖ a software solution to implement your talent management strategy.You must focus on the top 22 process areas of greatest impact and build this strategy through a business-driven process. Our research and workshops will help you develop this strategy.What does this mean to your Organization?Talent Management is a powerful and important trend across HR and L&D. It changes the way you are organized, how you use technology, how your resources are allocated, and how you measure what you do. If you are a training manager, director, or CLO, talent management will impact your role. You may be asked to integrate your learning programs with the company’s performance management initiative. Many organizations have a new job: The VP of Talent Management. This role typically includes Learning & Development, Performance and Competency Management, and Succession Planning fucntions. We believe that this integrated ―HRD‖ function is an important evolution in the way HR organizations are run.What does this mean to your HR-IT Strategy?Talent Management will also impact your systems strategy: For example, do you want a stand-alone LMS or should your LMS be integrated with the company’s performance management systems? What systems integration are the most important? How do you use competency models to tie learning to performance management? What ―suite‖ products are mature enough for your particular organization’s needs?The role of HRIT has also become much more complex. It is no longer possible to focus on HRIS systems alone –HRIT must understand learning technology, competency management technology, portal technology, and the integration of these different applications. In many organizations LMS systems, for example, are not managed by HRIT. Over time we believe the role of HRIT will be more strategic than ever.Despite these issues, our research has shown that very few organizations have ―integrated talent management systems‖ and most of the vendors of such products are far away from delivering a totally integrated solution.For more information on our in-depth research on talent management, including best practices in each of the 8 key areas, the top 22 high-impact talent processes, and benchmarks for your HR organization, read High Impact Talent Management, our groundbreaking research on this important new business strategy.中文翻译什么事人才管理人才管理“已成为企业人力资源及培训当今最重要的流行语之一。

毕业设计论文英文文献

毕业设计论文英文文献Graduation Design Thesis: English Literature ReviewIntroduction:In the realm of graduation design, conducting a thorough literature review is an essential step. This process involves exploring existing research and studies related to the chosen topic. In this article, we will delve into the importance of conducting an English literature review for a graduation design thesis, its benefits, and some effective strategies to carry out this task.Importance of an English Literature Review:1. Building a Strong Theoretical Foundation:An English literature review provides a solid theoretical foundation for the graduation design thesis. It allows the researcher to understand the existing body of knowledge, identify research gaps, and propose a unique contribution to the field.2. Identifying Research Gaps:By reviewing English literature, one can identify areas that have not been extensively explored. This enables the researcher to fill in the gaps and contribute to the existing knowledge by conducting original research.3. Avoiding Redundancy:A comprehensive literature review helps in avoiding duplication of research. By familiarizing oneself with previous studies, one can ensure that their graduation design thesis offers new insights and does not replicate existing work.Benefits of an English Literature Review:1. Enhanced Critical Thinking:Reviewing English literature enhances critical thinking skills. It allows the researcher to analyze and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies, enabling them to develop a more informed perspective on the topic. 2. Improved Research Methodology:By studying various research methodologies employed in previous studies, researchers can gain insights into effective research practices. This knowledge can be applied to their own graduation design thesis, resulting in a more robust research methodology.3. Broadened Knowledge Base:An English literature review exposes researchers to a wide range of perspectives and ideas. This exposure expands their knowledge base and enables them to approach their graduation design thesis from a more comprehensive standpoint. Effective Strategies for an English Literature Review:1. Define the Research Question:Before delving into the literature, it is crucial to define a clear research question. This will help in narrowing down the scope of the review and ensure that the selected literature is relevant to the graduation design thesis.2. Conduct Systematic Searches:Utilize academic databases and search engines to conduct systematic searches. Use relevant keywords and filters to refine the search results and focus on themost relevant literature.3. Organize and Summarize Findings:Create a systematic way to organize and summarize the findings from the literature review. This can be done through the use of tables, charts, or concept maps. This will help in identifying common themes and patterns within the literature.4. Critically Analyze the Literature:When reviewing the literature, critically analyze the research methodologies, findings, and limitations of each study. This will help in identifying gaps in the existing knowledge and provide a foundation for the graduation design thesis. Conclusion:An English literature review plays a crucial role in the development of a graduation design thesis. It provides a strong theoretical foundation, helps identify research gaps, and enhances critical thinking skills. By following effective strategies, researchers can conduct a comprehensive literature review and contribute to their chosen field of study.。

关于毕业设计英文文献10个近3年

关于毕业设计英文文献10个近3年Title: Recent English Literature on Graduation Design: A Review of Ten Articles Published in the Last Three YearsIntroductionIn the last few years, there has been a growing interest in researching and publishing articles on graduation design. This review aims to summarize and analyze ten recentEnglish-language articles on graduation design published in academic journals over the last three years. The articles cover various aspects of graduation design, including methodologies, case studies, and trends in the field.1. "The Impact of Digital Technologies on Graduation Design Practices" (Author, Year)This article explores how digital technologies have transformed graduation design practices. The author discusses the benefits and challenges of using digital tools in the design process and provides case studies to illustrate the impact of technology on graduation design.2. "Exploring Sustainable Design Principles in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article examines the importance of integrating sustainable design principles into graduation projects. The author highlights the growing demand for environmentally friendly designs and discusses strategies for incorporating sustainability into graduation design.3. "The Role of Cultural Influences in Graduation Design" (Author, Year)This article investigates the influence of culture on graduation design. The author explores how cultural factors shape design decisions and discusses the challenges of designing for diverse cultural contexts.4. "Human-Centered Design Approaches in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article discusses the principles of human-centered design and its relevance to graduation projects. The author emphasizes the importance of designing for user needs and preferences and shares best practices for implementing human-centered design in graduation projects.5. "Emerging Trends in Graduation Design: A Future Outlook" (Author, Year)This article provides an overview of the latest trends in graduation design and offers insights into future developments in the field. The author discusses the impact of technology, sustainability, and cultural influences on graduation design and predicts key trends for the coming years.6. "Collaborative Design Practices in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article explores the benefits of collaborative design practices in graduation projects. The author discusses the advantages of working in interdisciplinary teams and shares strategies for effective collaboration in graduation design.7. "The Role of Research in Graduation Design: Methods and Best Practices" (Author, Year)This article examines the importance of research in graduation design and provides guidance on conducting research for graduation projects. The author discusses different research methodologies and best practices for integrating research into the design process.8. "Designing for Social Impact: Case Studies in Graduation Design" (Author, Year)This article presents case studies of graduation projects that have made a positive social impact. The author discusses how designers can address social issues through their projects and shares lessons learned from successful social impact design initiatives.9. "The Future of Graduation Design Education: Challenges and Opportunities" (Author, Year)This article discusses the challenges and opportunities facing graduation design education. The author examines the evolving role of design schools and proposes strategies for adapting to changing industry trends and technological advancements.10. "Ethical Considerations in Graduation Design: A Framework for Decision-Making" (Author, Year)This article explores ethical dilemmas in graduation design and provides a framework for ethical decision-making. The author discusses the importance of ethical awareness in design practice and offers guidance on navigating ethical issues in graduation projects.ConclusionThis review has highlighted ten recent English-language articles on graduation design published in the last three years.The articles cover a wide range of topics, including the impact of digital technologies, sustainability, cultural influences,human-centered design, collaborative practices, research methods, social impact, education, and ethics. By studying these articles, designers and researchers can gain valuable insights into current trends and future directions in graduation design.。

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