土地资源管理专业 论文外文文献及译文
土地资源管理专业论文参考文献
土地资源管理专业论文参考文献土地资源管理方向的论文有什么文献可以供参考呢?在图书馆茫茫书海中拼命找，还不如来看看推荐的。
[1].梅昀;土地资源保护与土地可持续利用研究[D].华中农业大学.xx[2].马海涛;中国土地资源保护与可持续与利用问题研究[D].苏州大学.xx[3].左益洋;六安市土地资源保护与可持续利用问题研究[D].安徽大学.xx[4].宋志刚;土地资源可持续利用与保护研究一以乌海市海南区为例[D].内蒙古师范大学.xx[5].沈婧;新疆土地资源可持续利用研究[D].新疆大学.xx[6].刘二伟;吉县土地资源可持续利用研究[D].山西大学.xx[7].刘光成;区域土地资源可持续利用评价[D].华中农业大学.xx[8].路秋兰;基于土地资源可持续利用的土地税制改革研究[D].河北农业大学.xx[9].黄静芳;我国土地资源可持续利用的法律研究[D].重庆大学.xx[10].刘燕;贵州省土地资源可持续利用研究[D].西南农业大学.xx[11].金春燕;延边地区土地资源可持续利用的研究[D].延边大学.xx[12].田中文;广汉市土地资源可持续利用评价[D].四川农业大学.xx[13].刘小芳;哈尔滨市土地资源可持续利用研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学.xx[14].姚兴强;连江县土地资源可持续利用研究[D].福建农林大学.xx[15].刘新平;新疆绿洲土地资源可持续利用问题研究[D].华中农业大学.xx[16].吕杰;土地资源环境价值核算研究[D].昆明理工大学.xx[17].艾静文;旅游环境资源价值核算研究[D].西北师范大学.xx[18].裴辉儒;资源环境价值评估与核算问题研究[D].厦门大学.xx[19].冯俊;环境资源价值核算与管理研究[D].华南理工大学.xx[20].聂金荣;井冈山市天然林环境价值核算研究[D].江西农业大学.xx[21].王艳;区域环境价值核算的方法与应用研究[D].中国海洋大学.xx[22].彭武珍;环境价值核算方法及应用研究——以浙江省为例[D].浙江工商大学.xx[23].曾华丽;水电工程建设生态环境影响的价值核算与分析[D].西南交通大学.xx[24].彭伟;绿色GDP中环境品质折耗价值核算理论与实证研究[D].湖南大学.xx[25].吴丹;环境价值核算方法研究一以长江口海洋产业为例[D].上海交通大学.xx[26].田新锋;基于绿色GDP理念的环境价值核算与评价研究一以工业为例[D].中国海洋大学.xx[27].柴西龙;水电开发生态环境资源价值核算及对策研究一以澜沧江糯扎渡水电站为例[D].北京化工大学.xx[28].尹剑慧;中国草地功能价值核算体系及其退化损耗评价研究[D].北京林业大学.xx[29].赵涛;人工湿地资源价值核算及其实例研究[D].吉林大学.xx[30].刘萍;人力资源价值核算方法研究[D].东北林业大学.xx。
介绍土地资源管理专业的英语作文范文
介绍土地资源管理专业的英语作文范文In the realm of environmental and urban studies, Land Resource Management stands as a critical field that addresses the sustainable use, conservation, and development of land resources. This interdisciplinary area integrates knowledge from geography, urban planning, environmental science, and public policy to ensure that land is utilized efficiently and equitably.Students pursuing a degree in Land Resource Management are equipped with the skills to assess land use patterns, evaluate the impact of development projects, and formulate strategies for land conservation. They learn to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping and analyzing spatial data, which is essential for making informed decisions about land allocation.The importance of this field cannot be overstated, as it directly influences the quality of life in communities by affecting factors such as housing, transportation, and green spaces. Professionals in Land Resource Managementplay a pivotal role in mitigating the effects of urban sprawl, preserving natural habitats, and promoting sustainable development practices.In conclusion, Land Resource Management is a vital discipline that addresses the complex challenges of balancing human needs with environmental stewardship. It is a field that requires a deep understanding of both the natural and built environments and the ability to applythis knowledge to create sustainable solutions for the future.土地资源管理专业是环境和城市研究领域中至关重要的一个分支，它关注土地资源的可持续利用、保护和开发。
土地资源管理公共房屋中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译1 外文文献译文香港公屋内部流动的影响1 简要介绍公共房屋是对房屋的成本相当大的补贴，但必须严格竞争用户之间的配给。
当配给时，资源可能不被分配到他们最有价值的用途，因为人们无法有效地传达他们的偏好强度。
例如，考虑两个完全相同的住房单位，另外有两个准住户分配。
在单位A的附近比单位B的附近位置较为理想，所以两个准租户愿意支付的保费为单位A的租金。
假设第一人也正好工作在同一街区的单位A的位置，他愿意支付更高的溢价A座给第二个准租户。
在一个开放的市场，将分配一个扁平的人，谁更值，即第一个准租户。
当租金补贴的水平和盖板固定在非市场手段进行分配,不过,这两个人都将会如实地揭示潜在租户他们更喜欢单位A而不是单位B。
没有行政手段来确定这两个哪个是更高价值为较理想的用户单位。
在实践中，住房补贴的分配，常常是补贴住房分配偏好的基础上辅以一些彩票陈述或排队机制。
本文的目的是研究香港在提供公共房屋的分配使用非价格方法所引起的低效率根据分配的非价格的方法吸引了来自资源配置不当，在经济大和行之有效的文献（例如Cheung, 1974; Weitzman,1977; Suen, 1989; Glaeser and Luttmer, 2003）。
当一个人是低于市场价格的分配，销售商须有良好的生产激励不足。
由此产生的不足，供应的补贴导致了良好的无谓损失。
公认的事实是，对于一般竞争价格补贴导致的价值损耗。
巴泽尔（1974）展示了如何通过社会平衡，可通过浪费分配给公共住房方面取得的，准租户可以答应他们的劳动供给决策，以免他们的收入超过了资格门槛，而现任租户可以选择留在自己的单位效率低下根据不断变化的情况，以免他们失去了宝贵的补贴。
然而，一个效率低下的第三个来源是，当个人无法表达自己的意愿通过自己的喜好来支付力度，分配非价格方法一般不分配稀缺资源，价值最高的用户。
如果一个单位价值港币10,000元，每月租金正在为港币2000元租来的，任何准租户的单位，其价值超过港币2000元将在其投标兴趣。
介绍土地资源管理专业的英语作文范文
介绍土地资源管理专业的英语作文范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to Land Resources Management MajorLand resources are vital for human survival and development. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization happening around the world, the importance of managing land resources efficiently and sustainably has become increasingly clear. This is where the field of land resources management comes in.Land resources management is a multidisciplinary field that involves the planning, development, conservation, and sustainable use of land resources. It combines knowledge from various disciplines such as geography, environmental science, economics, sociology, and law to address the complex challenges related to land use and development.In recent years, the demand for professionals with expertise in land resources management has been growing. Governments, corporations, non-profit organizations, and research institutions are all seeking individuals who can help them make informed decisions about how to best utilize and protect land resources.Students who choose to major in land resources management will gain a deep understanding of the various factors that influence land use, such as climate change, population growth, urbanization, and natural resource availability. They will also learn about the tools and techniques used to analyze land resources, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial modeling.One of the key skills that students will develop in a land resources management program is the ability to conduct land use planning and policy analysis. This involves evaluating the potential impacts of different land use scenarios, identifying trade-offs between economic development and environmental conservation, and recommending strategies for sustainable land management.Another important aspect of land resources management is the legal and regulatory framework that governs land use. Students will learn about land use planning laws, zoning regulations, land rights, and property rights, and how these factors influence land use decisions at the local, national, and international levels.Overall, a major in land resources management provides students with a solid foundation in the principles and practices ofsustainable land use. Graduates of land resources management programs go on to work in a variety of fields, including urban planning, natural resource management, real estate development, environmental consulting, and public policy.In conclusion, the field of land resources management is a dynamic and rewarding discipline that plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainable use of land resources for future generations. By majoring in land resources management, students can contribute to shaping a more environmentally sustainable and socially equitable world.篇2Introduction to Land Resources Management MajorLand resources management major is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the sustainable use and management of land resources for various purposes, including agriculture, urban development, environmental conservation, and natural resource management. This major involves the study of various disciplines such as geography, environmental science, ecology, agronomy, land-use planning, and soil science.Land resources management professionals play a crucial role in addressing various environmental and land use challenges,such as deforestation, soil degradation, land-use conflicts, and climate change. They work in a wide range of sectors, including government agencies, environmental consulting firms, nonprofit organizations, and research institutions.Students studying land resources management learn to analyze and assess the characteristics of different land types, evaluate land use practices, and develop sustainable land management plans. They also gain skills in geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, land-use planning, soil conservation, and resource policy.In recent years, the demand for land resources management professionals has been increasing due to the growing concern over environmental sustainability and the need for effective land use planning. Graduates of land resources management programs can pursue careers as land use planners, environmental consultants, soil conservationists, natural resource managers, and GIS specialists.Overall, the land resources management major offers a diverse and rewarding career path for individuals who are passionate about environmental conservation, sustainable development, and natural resource management. By studying land resources management, students can acquire theknowledge and skills needed to address the complex challenges facing our planet and contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and resilient future.篇3Title: Introduction to Land Resource Management MajorLand resource management is a critical field that plays a pivotal role in the sustainable development of our planet. As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for land resources has increased exponentially, leading to various environmental and social challenges. This is where land resource managers come in - to ensure the effective and sustainable use of land for the benefit of future generations.The field of land resource management covers a wide range of disciplines and topics, including land use planning, environmental conservation, soil science, water resources management, urban planning, and natural resource management. Students studying in this major will acquire a comprehensive understanding of the various factors that influence land use decisions, as well as the tools and techniques needed to manage land resources responsibly.One of the key aspects of land resource management is the integration of environmental considerations into land use planning. With increasing concerns about climate change, biodiversity loss, and natural disasters, it has become crucial for land resource managers to prioritize sustainability and resilience in their decision-making processes. By applying principles of sustainable development, students in this major will learn how to balance economic, social, and environmental objectives to ensure the long-term viability of land resources.Furthermore, land resource management majors will also gain valuable skills in data analysis, GIS (Geographic Information Systems) mapping, and remote sensing technologies. These tools are essential for assessing land resources, monitoring changes in land use, and developing effective strategies for land management. By utilizing these technologies, students can analyze complex spatial data and make informed decisions that support the conservation and sustainable use of land resources.In addition to technical skills, students in land resource management majors will also develop strong communication and teamwork abilities. Many land resource management projects require collaboration with various stakeholders, including government agencies, environmental organizations,landowners, and local communities. Effective communication skills are essential for building partnerships, fostering consensus, and implementing successful land management strategies.Overall, pursuing a major in land resource management provides students with a unique opportunity to make a positive impact on the environment and society. By acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to manage land resources effectively, students can contribute to the creation of sustainable and resilient communities, protect biodiversity and ecosystems, and ensure a better future for generations to come. If you are passionate about the environment, interested in conservation, and eager to make a difference in the world, a major in land resource management may be the perfect choice for you.。
【完整版毕业论文】土地资源管理专业-论文外文文献及译文
土地资源管理本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献题目：Rural and Urban Land Development and Land Tenure Systems: A Comparison between South Africaand Botswana外文文献：RURAL AND URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND LANDTENURE SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICAAND BOTSWANASusan BouillonLegal Advisor: City Council of PretoriaINTRODUCTIONFranklin D. Roosevelt once said that ‘Every person who invests in land near a growing city, adopts the surest and safest method of becoming independent, for land is the basis of wealth.’The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rural and urban land developmentand land tenure systems of South Africa and Botswana, and to explain theircontributions to urban sustainability.DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN BOTSWANABotswana is located at the centre of the South African plateau, and is borderedby South Africa on the south and southeast, Zimbabwe on the northeast andNamibia on the west and northwest. Approximately 23% of the population is inurban areas and 77% in rural areas. Botswana has a rich tribal culture, and thereforeit is not surprising that the Botswana legal system consists of local tribal courts,which adjudicate traditional matters and Tribal Land Boards, which rule on landuse matters in tribal lands and traditional villages. Town Councils rule on land usematters in urban areas.The government of Botswana has adopted a system of development planningwhich has coped relatively well compared with other African countries.Development planning involves the preparation of land use plans for both urbanand rural areas. The practice in Botswana is that the public is made aware of the implications of land use plans before land is zoned for various uses. Public awareness and participation is ensured by giving land users an opportunity to select preferred land use options from a range of options determined through the evaluation of physical and economic suitability of land resources (bottom-up approach).PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN BOTSWANA It is the policy of the Government that all citizens should have easy and equal access to land. In order to realize this, three land tenure systems have been put in place. Tribal land covers 71% of the total land area of the country. It is allocated to citizens free of charge for all types of uses. State land is owned by the state and comprises 23% of the total area. Most of this land is used as National Parks, or Forest and Game Reserves within which no settlements are permitted. However, a small percentage of this land is allocated for residential purposes, particularly in urban centers. Freehold land comprises only 6% of the total area and is privately owned. Most of the government policies to date are therefore directed at tribal land.RURAL LANDPrior to independence, Botswana had established traditional ways of allocating and managing tribal land and its resources through chiefs and communities. Soon after independence, the authority to allocate tribal land was shifted from the chiefs to the Tribal Land Boards which were established by the Tribal Land Act, but the management of the resources remains the responsibility of the users and their communities. According to this act, almost 71% of the available land isadministered as tribal land according to an integrated system of customary land tenure. Although the tenurial rules for tribal land have been changed considerably by this act, it is considered a very innovative way to combine individual land tenure security with tribal land-use.The Land Boards were established for a specified tribal territory, and took over the administrative functions from chiefs and other tribal authorities. Title of the land vested in the Land Boards. The Land Boards were initially entitled to make customary and common law grants, for residential, grazing or cultivation purposes, to members of the different tribes living in the specified territories only, but since 1993 any citizen of Botswana is entitled to apply for these rights. Land Boards maintain their own record or registration system and rights are not registered in the central deeds registration system of Botswana, apparently to keep them more affordable. The Land Boards are entitled to issue certificates of customary grants or certificates of occupation. Provision has been made for the conversion of these certificates into titles registrable in the deeds registry once demand arises to deal with these certificates in the commercial lending market. Any change in right-holder must be reported to the land board in order to maintain the accuracy of the record system of the land board. Shelter provision in rural areas has been on individuals initiatives. The most important prerequisite for housing development, which is access to land, has not really been a disturbing issue due to the fact that all male and female citizens are allocated tribal land for free, but in an effort to facilitate shelter provision in rural areas, the government intends tointroduce a rural housing programme.Land use planning is not a new phenomenon in Botswana. Past experiences and records indicate that the traditional chiefs who had authority on land have always done some form of land use planning. Formal land use planning in Botswana started with the implementation of the Tribal Grazing Land Policy in 1975, when some areas were zoned for wildlife use, others became reserved areas, while other areas continued to be for communal use. This policy enabled individuals or groups to have exclusive use of land in areas zoned for such use. These rights are permanent, exclusionary and inheritable. They may only be revoked by the land board in circumstances where the right-holder fails to utilize the land on terms specified by the land board, or fails to develop the land according to the specified purposes within five years or where the land was not distributed fairly. In these instances, the land does not revert to the government but is reallocated by the land board to other applicants. This policy was therefore a major programme through which rural development was to be achieved.The districts up to now continue to prepare and update their respective integrated land use plans. In the preparation of such plans the communities have major inputs with regard to the various land uses. This is in realization of the fact that to have an implementable and sustainable land use plan, the communities should be the ones who decide the uses on a particular type of land. It should be noted, however, that not all districts have such plans.URBAN LANDAn urban centre in Botswana is defined as All settlements on state land and settlements on tribal land with a population of 5000 or more persons with at least 75% of the labor force in non-agricultural occupations. Generally, an urban centre should be seen to provide its population with infra-structural and environmental services similar to that which exists in a modern city. Rural-urban migration has played an important role in the growth of urban areas. Several urban development policies have been evolved over the years to guide the growth and development of the urban areas. Due to the fact that a large part of the people of Botswana are living in rural areas, most of the development is aimed at the rural areas, but a few programmes were introduced in order to better the circumstances of those living in urban areas. The Self Help Housing Programme was introduced to assist the low income urban households to develop their own houses. Under this scheme, the Government provides basic services such as roads, water stand pipes, and a pit-latrine to each plot. Plot holders were given tenurial security through a Certificate of Rights. This programme has also been used in upgrading the squatter settlements which existed prior to its inception.Shortage of serviced land has been identified as one of the major constraints to urban housing development. Therefore a major land servicing programme, the Accelerated Land Servicing Programme, was introduced. The objective of the programme was to service land for all uses, such as residential, commercial and industrial, in all urban areas. A Housing Department has been established, which is charged with the responsibility of promoting housingdevelopment and improvement through policy initiatives that create an enabling environment for shelter provision.The Town and Country Planning Act, which is the main legislation guiding physical planning in Botswana, makes provisions for an orderly and progressive development and control of land in both urban and rural areas. The Urban Development Standards and the Development Control Code also facilitate the orderly planning of settlements. Sustainable urban development depends on the availability of clean water supply and provision of infrastructure for sanitation and waste management. An integrated approach in the provision of environmentally sound infrastructures in human settlements is seen as an investment that fosters sustainable development and that can improve the quality of life, increase productivity, improve health, and reduce poverty.Although the concept of sustainable development gained prominence on the international scene only a few years back, it has been one of the objectives of development planning in Botswana since independence in 1966. The term has appeared as an objective in all the subsequent development plans, but its meaning has been expanded to reflect the changing development realities over the years.LAND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAThe shape and form of the cities in South Africa are the result of conscious apartheid planning in the past. When South Africa’s first democratically el ected government came into power in 1994, it inherited the fragmented, unequal and incoherent planning systems which developed under apartheid. During apartheid,land development planning in the then four provinces, ten homelands and the ‘group area’ racia l zones, fell under many different laws, ordinances, procedures and regulations. There was a lack of coordination, an unequal distribution of resources and a lot of ‘red tape’ which slowed down development projects.A National Development and Planning Commission were appointed to advise the Minister of Land Affairs and the Minister of Housing on planning and development. Among other things, the Commission was requested to prepare a Green Paper on planning which would review and recommend changes to the apartheid legislation and process of land development in South Africa. The Commission decided to focus on the spatial planning system for urban and rural development. A land development policy, the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), a comprehensive and sectorally-based socio-economic policy framework that established the developmental foundations for the removal of apartheid and the building of a democratic, non-racial and non-sexist future, was adopted. This policy is based upon integrated development planning, a process which aims to maximize the impact of scarce resources and limited capacity. The prime purpose of this policy was to establish procedures to facilitate the release of appropriate public land for affordable housing, public services and productive as well as recreational purposes. In settlements which have been established in remote locations, without formal planning, land development involves upgrading services and infrastructure in situ.Planning in South Africa in the past and at present is done according to theTown Planning Ordinances of the various provinces. Although mechanisms for forward planning have long existed, the town planning scheme, which was established in terms of the Ordinances, is at the heart of the town planning system. While this system was strictly enforced in most white, Indian and colored areas, only simplified versions were later introduced to urban townships, further complicating the land administration system. As a result hereof South African settlements in both urban and rural areas were generally inefficient, fragmented and inconvenient. In large part, this is the result of the interplay between historical spatial planning policies and practices and the implementation of the ideology of apartheid. Despite this, there are few signs that significant and wide reaching improvements have been set in place since 1994. The Constitution of South Africa has a bearing on the planning system in those new constitutional requirements such as cooperative governance, procedural and participatory rights to ensure accountability for decision-making, the promotion of social and economic rights and the protection of the environment create imperatives that profoundly affect planning. In the planning sphere, legislation has shifted, with the passing of the Development Facilitation Act, which was the first national planning legislation promulgated after the first democratic elections in 1994, from being control-orientated towards being normatively-based. It was passed to begin the process of transforming planning to meet the needs of the new democracy.The Development Facilitation Act introduces the concept of land development objectives. These are plans approved by political decision-makers that set theirobjectives and targets for development of an area. The land development objectives’ intentions are to create a clear spatial framework for the area and to create a proactive rather than a reactive planning system. In terms of the Local Government Transition Second Amendment Act municipal authorities are required to create integrated development plans. An integrated development plan is a plan aimed at the integrated development and management of the area of jurisdiction of the municipality concerned, and which has been compiled having regard to the general principles contained in the Development Facilitation Act. A common intention of both integrated development plans and land development objectives is to tie public agency plans to budgets. In drawing up both land development objectives and integrated development plans, local authorities are required to try to achieve the intentions of the Development Facilitation Act principles. A land development application may not be approved if such application is inconsistent with any land development objective or integrated development plan, although land owners and developers may make proposals to change land use if they can motivate that the change would be consistent with both integrated development plans and land development objectives and the Development Facilitation Act principles. The onus of responsibility to demonstrate this is on the developer.PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN SOUTH AFRICA Land tenure in post-apartheid South Africa is a contentious issue and has long been a source of conflict. As is the case in many transitional political situations, there are also differences of opinion regarding the role and definition of ownership and other rights in property. The Constitution of South Africa provides in section 25(1) for the acknowledgement of different rights in property. It is clear that not only ownership, but also other rights in immovable property arerecognized and protected. In terms of section 25(6) the state has the obligation to secure by means of legislation, other forms of land tenure which are insecure as a result of the apartheid legislation and policies.In order to rectify the injustices of the past, the Department of Land Affairs started with a programme of land reform by means of restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. This programme resulted in the following acts being promulgated: the Restitution of Land Rights Act (regarding the restitution of land to persons dispossessed of land after 1913 as a result of racially discriminatory legislation), the Development Facilitation Act (regarding quicker and cheaper planning and development methods), the Land Reform (Labor Tenants) Act(regarding the security of housing, grazing and cultivating rights of labor tenants), the Communal Property Associations Act(regarding the creation of associations to own, control and deal with communal/common property), the Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act (regarding the interim protection of the rights of people in rural areas), the Extension of Security of Tenure Act (regarding the protection of laborers other than labor tenants in rural areas) and the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (regarding the measures to protect vulnerable occupiers and evict squatters).The vision and strategy for South Africa's land policy, a policy that is just, builds reconciliation and stability and contributes to economic growth, is set out in the White Paper on South African Land Policy. The government's land reform programme is made up of land restitution(which involves returning land lost since 1913 because of racially discriminatory laws, or compensating victims for loss of land due to racially discriminatory laws), land redistribution (makes it possible for poor and disadvantaged people to buy land with the help of a Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant) and land tenure reform (it aims to bring all people occupying land under a unitary, legally validated system of landholding.) This programme will devise secure forms of land tenure, help resolve tenure disputes and provide alternatives for people who are displaced in the process. In the long run, as part of the land tenure reform programme, government is committed to the transfer of the land, which is in the nominal ownership of the state, to its real owners. The White Paper emphasizes the importance of local participation in decision-making, gender equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability in theimplementation of the land reform programmes. This White Paper is not only focusing on the urban areas but also on the rural areas.The deeds registration system in South Africa differs from the Botswana system. It has only one deeds registration system, and this system does not provide for the registration of all the different land tenure rights that are statutorily recognized. A large part of the population, notably people in informal settlements and in rural areas where a system of communal property still prevails, is excluded from the deeds registration system. In the White Paper on South African Land Policy a part of the land policy has been set aside for development of the registration system to make the registration of informal land rights in urban and rural areas possible.Whilst existing government policy provides a great range of inputs for planning and development, the White Paper on Local Government is critical as it places municipalities at the centre of planning for better human settlements. The new municipal planning system is founded on the concept of “developmental local government”. It emphasizes integrated development planning as a tool for realizing the vision of developmental local government. The Urban Development Framework published by the Department of Housing, examines the current dilemmas and realities facing South Africa’s urban areas, whilst the Rural Development Framework describes how government aims to achieve a rapid and sustainable reduction in absolute rural poverty.CONCLUSIONPhysical planners use the term land development to describe the process of identifying, acquiring and releasing land and resources for development. The aim of development is to attempt to overcome the problems in our cities. Planning aims to change our cities from being separate and sprawling into integrated, compact cities.Since the time of ancient civilizations, cities have been the powerhouses of economic growth and the centres of technological and scientific advancement. Cities have always acted as magnets attracting people in search of a better life. Rapid urbanization is, however, threatening the environment, human health and the productive capacity of cities. The most pressing problems facing cities and towns, mainly in the developing world is unemployment, crime, the health impact of inadequate services, pollution, inadequate shelter and overcrowding. As is the case inother countries, the cities in South Africa and Botswana are unsustainable in terms of the massive consumption of resources and the requirement of large quantities of water, food, energy and raw materials.As seen above, most of the land in Botswana is used as tribal land, resulting in a small percentage of land directed for urban usage. In contrast with Botswana, a very large part of the land in South Africa is being used for urban purposes. Tribal land does not play the same role in South Africa as it does in Botswana. Although the South African Constitution gives some recognition to the role of traditional leadership, the lack of accuracy about the nature and scale of its involvement remains a problem. This has led to significant uncertainty, confusion and even contest over the decision-making powers of these authorities in development processes. Leaders in traditional and tribal areas have had powers to allocate resources in rural and informal communities, and have also played an administration role in respect of land use matters. The new legislation in South Africa, however did not make provision for the traditional and tribal leaders in development planning. The recently published Municipal Structures Act recognizes that traditional leaders have a role to play in municipal governance and provides for their participation in local government affairs.The land development and tenure system in Botswana differs from the development system in South Africa in that South Africa’s development planning system is aimed at the rectification of the injustices of the past, while Botswana’s system is aimed at the allocation of tribal land to the inhabitants. Nonetheless, Botswana is constrained by under developed human resources. There is a shortage of skilled and productive manpower to quickly absorb and diffuse new technology that comes from foreign direct investments.Public participation only recently became part of planning law in South Africa, while the same practice was implemented in Botswana decades ago. The practice in South Africa includes the notification of all affected parties of an application for land development or land use change by means of a letter distributed to the affected person(s), advertisements in the Government Gazette and two local newspapers as well as an advertisement on the application property. This ensures that there is adequate public participation in the decision-making process. The South African context requires a particularly thoughtful and thorough type of public participation inland development decision-making. Illiteracy is widespread; many people are unfamiliar with the workings of a land development management system and the administrative processes in general. This is particularly, although not exclusively, true in rural areas. Thus, special care has to be taken to ensure that all affected parties are fully informed of the implications of a proposed development or land use change, as well as informed of their rights in the adjudication process.The development of an area should not just meet the needs of today’s users, but also the needs of future generations. This means that resources must be used wisely so that they last, because our land is a precious resource. We build our homes on it; it feeds us; it sustains animal and plant life and stores our water. It contains our mineral wealth and is an essential resource for investment in our country's economy. Land does not only form the basis of our wealth, but also our security, pride and history.中文译文：农村及城市土地开发和土地所有权制度在南非和博茨瓦纳的比较介绍弗兰克林·d·罗斯福曾说过,“每一个在正崛起的城市附近土地上投资的人都是在采用最可靠和最安全的方法使自己变得独立,因为土地是财富的基础。
土地流转_外文文献__中英文对照
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification --An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country, Hubei province文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.8院（部）：土地资源与城乡规划学院专业：土地资源管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：外文文献The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification--An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country, Hubei province CHEN BaifengSchool of Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law; Research Center for Rural China Governance, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyAbstract:Peasants’ motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hunan province, this article finds that the specificforms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.Keywords: land transfer, stratum, peasant stratification, land tenure arrangement Land transfer is the focus of current debates on the institutional change of land. Many scholarshave conducted research on the forms, causes and implications of land transfer and havecome upwith measures and countermeasures to standardize the transfer of land. Special attention has beenpaid to the role of land transfer in agrarian restructuring, industrialization, moderate-scaleoperation, rural labor transfer and peasant income enhancement. However, such studies rarely involve land’s impact on changes in the hierarchical structure of current rural China. Chen Chengwen and Luo Zhongyong (2006) focus on dissecting the overall rural structure and examining the role of land transfer in reconstructing the rural social structure. Some scholars arguethat deregulating the transfer of land will lead to polarization among the peasantry (Wen Tiejun, 2008; Li Changping, 2008), but such an argument is merely a macrojudgment without factual support at the micro level. China is a huge country with uneven development in rural areas;peasant stratification is anything but a strange phenomenon. Therefore, we shall pay more attention to observing the stratification of the peasantry at the micro level.In classical Marxist theory, the institutional conditions of land are an important basis of class and stratification. In the 1930s, Chen Hansheng, et al, proceeded with an observation of the land tenure institutions and scientifically substantiated the feudal factor-driven class relations in rural China and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature of rural Chinese society. In times of revolution, Mao Zedong (1982, 1991) also singled out the institutional conditions of land as an important basis of class and stratification. He played a crucial role in understanding Chinese class conditions at that time and justifying the necessity of launching a land revolution. After land reform was launched in the People’s Republic of China, land no longer exerted a significant impact on rural class stratification and hence scholars discussed the rural class structure mainly based on occupational stratification (Lu Xueyi, 2002). After the agricultural tax was abolished, farming generated a handsome income for peasants and the impact of land transfer on rural social stratification and peasant stratification became increasingly pronounced. In September 2008, we 2conducted a survey of 10 villages in two township jurisdictions of Jingshan county, Hubei province. Based on the qualitative interview and quantitative statistics, this article attempts to discuss the impact of land transfer on the stratification of the peasantry.I. The complex reality of land transferAfter introducing the household contract responsibility system, the ruling Communist Party and government have enacted a series of policies aimed at permitting and encouraging the transfer of land use rights within the term of contract while stabilizing rural land contract relations. The central government has always intended to realize the transfer of land tenure rights according to law and on a voluntary and compensatory basis and to effectively protect the rights and interests of peasants. The reality is, however, very complicated. The motivation, purpose and method of rural land transfer vary from time to time. The actual conditions also vary across rural China. In Jingshan county,, land transfer has gone through three different stages:The first stage began in the 1980s. During this period, peasants transferred land before seeking jobs or doing business in cities. The transition to a market economy started early in Jingshan and as a result, land transfer took place earlier here than elsewhere in rural areas of central and westernChina.The second stage started in the late 1980s. At this stage, peasant burden became increasingly cumbersome. Many peasants were unable to bear the burden of the new levies and as a result, they had no alternative but to transfer or abandon their farmland and search for jobs in urban areas. The abandoned land was transferred under the stewardship of village collectives or committees. This was a prevalent phenomenon during the period from the 1990s until 2004, the year in which the agricultural tax was repealed.The third stage began in 2004. After abolishing the agricultural tax in 2004, the state no longer levied fees on peasants and instead offered them various subsidies. Farming gradually became lucrative and the once-abandoned land suddenly became sought-after. In addition, there were dramatic changes in the mode and state of land transfer. On one hand, peasants were less willing to transfer land, and the proportion of land transferred was in decline. On the other hand, some peasant households had to transfer their land because its size was too small to be profitable.In the face of different situations, peasants transferred their land in one of the three modes:1. Active long-term land transferActive long-term land transfer is when peasants choose to abandon contracted land in their home villages after settling down in urban areas, or actively seek to transfer the contracted land because they expect to settle down in urban areas. This form of land transfer existed from the 1980s onward and after the agricultural tax was repealed. Among the 60 villagers who transferred a large area of land in Caozhengong village, Jingshan county, 13 farmers transferred their land under this method. Six of the 13 farmers went to cities without their spouses or became non-farmers (private school teachers or temporary workers turned into full-time workers). The six villagers transferred their land in a foolproof way, and they now are living a decent life. The other seven villagers abandoned their land due to an optimistic judgment in their ability to work and live in urban areas. Six of those seven villagers are making a living in urban areas, and one of them returned to the countryside and bought a house and a plot of land in a village in an adjacent township. Among the six villagers settling down in urban areas, four villagers live an affluent life and two villagers are neither rich nor poor. Of the latter two villagers, one has bought a house with a tile roof in a town 3and makes a living by selling bean curd; the other makes a living by working in a barber shop.When a peasant household actively transfers its land for a long period of time, the transferee is naturally entitled to acquire the land for the mutually agreed-upon period of time.2. Passive long-term land transferPeasant burden became increasingly heavy from the late 1980s to 2003, when the reform of the tax and fee system was launched. Because grain prices were in decline and peasants lost money tilling the land, many of them transferred their land without little consideration. Sometimes the transferor even had to offer a subsidy of up to 300 yuan/mu to the transferee. Since taxes and fees were levied on land, abandoning land meant leaving taxes and fees up in the air, sograssroots-level governments forbade peasants from abandoning their land and forced them to pay taxes and fees even if their land was untilled. This is what Li Changping (2002) called “farmers have t o till their land against (their) will when they actually wish to abandon it.” In this situation, some peasant households transferred their houses and land together to non-native immigrants from mountainous areas; some peasant households tried every means to move their registered permanent residence elsewhere and even ended up becoming unregistered residents. Still more peasant households preferred to just leave their land behind and go work and do business elsewhere. Consequently, a vast expanse of land was abandoned in rural areas. Some villagers asked their neighbors to care for the land, but the land changed hands soon after or was abandoned anyway. When villagers abandoned their land and went to work elsewhere, the township and village governments could not expect to collect taxes and fees, and as a result had to transfer the abandoned land by every means.The modes of land transfer conceived at township and village levels include “one land plot per household” contract, low-price contract and change of l and use. “One land plot per household”contract means that in order to resolve land cultivation and irrigation issues, the village collective or committee reallocated land and concentrated the land contracted to each peasant household in one single plot of land to facilitate construction of small water conservancy facilities (He Xuefeng et al, 2003), thus making it more attractive for peasants to take over the contracted land. Low price contract occurred when the village collective or committee transferred the abandoned land at a price lower than the regular tax and fee burden. In this situation, village cadres often hold an attitude of “collecting a penny of tax and fee is better than collecting nothing.” Change of land use means changing the farmland use to attract villagers to contract it. For instance, hillside land canbe contracted to grow hybrid poplars; low-lying wetland can be used to dig a pond and raise fish. Under the orchestration of village collectives and with every endeavor of village cadres, the peasants who abandoned their land are able to transfer the land to those who are willing to acquire it.When the first-round land contract expired in 1997, the central government required each province to conduct a second round of land contracting. Peasants were not enthusiastic about thesecond-round contract because the farm tax and fee burden was too heavy and consequently, the cadres of many local areas, including those of Jingshan county, had no alternative but to make the second-round contract a mere formality. After the agricultural tax was repealed in 2004, farming became lucrative and many villagers returned home and asked for land, thereby unleashing a series of disagreements with the villagers who stayed in the farmland. The peasants who returned home were lawfully entitled to the farmland contracting rights, whereas the peasant households who stayed in the farmland had entered into contracts with village committees. The two parties4struggled in disagreement against each other, and the township and village cadres could not think of an effective way to overcome the impasse. In this situation, Hubei province issued Opinions on Improving the Second Round of Rural Land Contracting in November 2004 to “reconfirm land rights” in rural areas. This po licy document made it possible to solve land disputes through compromise by adopting flexible measures under the condition of preserving the current status of land tenure without breaking the law.In practice, Jingshan county government handled land disputes by confirming land rights based on the existing land tenure institutions but requiring large farm households to give up a small piece of land (2 mu) to peasant households who had abandoned their land before the agricultural tax was abolished. Disputes were very acute at that time, and township cadres stayed in villages to handle the land issues. Even so, there were still 29 groups of Cao township villagers lodging petitions in 2005. Today some villagers who have received confirmation of land rights from the government are still unable to get their land. In consequence, the villagers who did not promptly return home and ask for land in 2005 are forced to relinquish all of their land for a long period of time; those who promptly returned home and asked for land are also forced to relinquish a large proportion of land for a long period of time (2 mu of land per person or 10 mu per household in Jingshancounty). Among the 60 households in Gongcun village that transferred their land, 47 households fall under th is category. Now 24 of the 47 households have become “landless peasants” innon-suburban areas and three have become permanently “landless peasants” because they sold their house and land together to non-native immigrants, thus losing eligibility for confirmation of land rights. The other 23 households have received 2 mu of subsistence land. By contrast, the peasants who acquired land through land transfer are unexpectedly entitled to long-term land contracting rights due to policy and circumstance change.3. Short-term land transferThis is a prevalent land transfer method adopted by peasant households due to their expectation on long-term land possession and a sense of insecurity for other methods of making a living. In the rural areas of Jingshan, short-term land transfer is currently adopted by most peasant households that acquired 2 mu of subsistence land through the confirmation of land rights in 2005. In Production Team 1 of Gongcun village, there are 18 peasant households with contracted land at the present time: Only 10 households till the land at home, while the other eight households have only 2 mu of farmland each. These families transferred their land for a short period of time and moved elsewhere to find employment. In Production Team 3 of the village, there are 25 peasant households, of which 12 households moved their families elsewhere. Now five of the 12 households have transferred their subsistence land under the short-term scheme, but the other seven households are without any subsistence land. Most of the peasant households that moved elsewhere had left their home villages before the agricultural tax was repealed and transferred land in a passive way. Now a large proportion of them have stronger demand for land and choose not to transfer it for a long period of time because they are likely to return home to the land in the future. By contrast, the peasants who acquired land through short-term land transfer are thus entitled to short-term land contracting rights.II. Land tenure status and peasant stratificationThe foregoing analysis has revealed the existence of a number of different land transfer methods. This phenomenon is related to the policies concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers in5different periods, and to the different conditions of peasants in different periods. In different periods and circumstances, peasants have adopted different land transfer methods. At present, landtransfer has a significant impact on the well-being of peasants. In Jingshan, the villages are under greater exposure or openness. Some leave home from time to time as a result of urbanization. Non-native villagers can settle down in the villages by acquiring land through land transfer. In this article, we will also analyze the stratification of the peasantry at the village level based on the detailed data about the economic and employment conditions of registered permanent residents in three villages. Roughly Jingshan peasants can be aggregated into five strata: migrant businessman stratum, peasant worker stratum, part-time peasant worker stratum, migrant family stratum and poor villager stratum, as shown in the table below:1. The migrant businessman stratumThis stratum refers to the upper stratum of peasants who have long been doing business elsewhere 6with almost no present dependence on rural land. They are completely dissociated with the villages in which they are registered as permanent residents. In the three villages, 10.4% of households fall under this stratum. On average, a migrant businessman earns an annual income of over RMB 30,000 and has a bank deposit of at least RMB 100,000. In Gongcun village, the two wealthiest businessmen should each have a bank deposit of RMB 1 million. Among the 15 migrantbusinessmen, 13 of them have houses in urban areas, six of them have bought or built houses in townships, and seven of them have bought houses in county towns or cities. In addition, some of them also keep houses in the village that are now solely the residence of elderly family members. Even though migrant businessmen are classified in the upper stratum of villagers, the vast majority of them have become “urbanized,” and the most successful businessmen can move to large cities. However, there are also a small number of businessmen who have met obstacles in the urbanization process and have returned to their home villages. Deng Deyi, a farmer in Gongcun village, went to Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, to sell rice in the 1990s but returned home in the face of tough business conditions. Returnees’ econ omic well-being is still in good condition because of money they earned and saved while working in urban areas. After the agricultural tax was abolished, the land interest structure has become more rigid, thus making it impossible for migrant businessmen to return to their home villages. Deng, 60, moved to a town to do business in the 1990s and cancelled his registered permanent residence in the village but failed to qualify forpermanent resident status in the town. At the time of “confirmation of land rights,” he failed to acquire any contracted land due to his lack of registered permanent residence. Now he earns a meager income and wishes to return to his home village but cannot because he has no land there. Generally speaking, most of the migrant businessmen in this stratum earn high income and do not care about land at all.2. The peasant worker stratumThe peasant worker derives the name from his/her dual identity of working partly as a peasant and partly as a worker. This stratum refers to the affluent stratum of villagers who till the land at home in farming seasons and work elsewhere in non-farming seasons. Peasant workers still have some dependence on rural land. In the three villages, 23.1% of peasant households fall under this stratum. On average, a peasant worker has 10-plus mu of land and earns an annual income of about RMB 30,000, including RMB 10,000 earned as a farmer and RMB 20,000 earned as a worker. The peasant worker status has been realized under the “incomplete family model”concocted by Lu Dewen (2008). Under the steady state of this model, young couples go together to work in urban areas, while the elderly stay home to care for children and continue to till the land. In Jingshan county, it is common for people over 70 years of age to till the land or help their children till the land. In a migrant working economy, working in cities is more important than tilling the land in the countryside. The gender-based division of labor characterized by “male breadwinner, female housewife” has now be come the inter-generation division of labor and relay characterized by “young breadwinner, elderly housewifery.” In fact, this has evolved into a new pattern of supplementing migrant work with farming activity. “Peasant workers give precedence tothe worke r side of the equation” because farming income is something that has long been taken for granted.3. The part-time peasant worker stratumThe part-time peasant worker stratum refers to the stratum of “middle peasants” who supplement farming income with income earned by working part-time in county seats and townships. Middle 7peasants are heavily dependent on rural land. Middle peasant is a benchmark on which villagers compete cosmetically with one another and try to “keep up with the Joneses,” and it also is a goalpursued by poor and weak peasant households. In the three villages, 46.4% of peasant households fall under this stratum. In Jingshan, a part-time peasant worker has 10-plus mu of land and earns an annual income of about RMB 20,000-30,000, including over RMB 10,000 earned as a farmer and RMB 10,000-20,000 earned as a worker. Those who fall under this stratum migrate frequently between urban and rural areas. Working in urban areas will not change their basic way of living but serves only as a means to making more money. Unlike peasant workers focusing on the migrant working economy, part-time peasant workers would rather concentrate on agricultural production and they are psychologically conservative. In their minds, they hope to expand land operation; in action, they shrink with cowardice. They intend to acquire short-term land tenure through short-term land transfer, but it is very difficult for them to acquire long-term land tenure through active long-term land transfer. During our survey interview, the part-time peasant workers were overtly envious of landlords who own 10-plus mu of land in adjacent villages and hoped to have more land themselves. Theoratically if they wished, they could become landlords by buying the houses and land of peasants who have moved to cities. In 2008, the total price of a two-story four-bedroom brick and concrete mixed structure house plus 9 mu of land was only RMB 21,000. Although the part-time peasant workers are financially able to buy the houses and land, few take concrete action to make their landlord dream come true. The houses and land of peasants who have moved to cities are often bought by non-native peasant households from mountainous areas. Part-time peasant workers are more inclined to acquire a small area of land (say, 1 or 2 mu) from a migrant family through short-term land transfer.4. The migrant family stratumThis migrant family stratum refers to the stratum of rural households that are mainly engaged in migrant employment and not dependent on rural land. They are like nomads, roaming outside of their home villages and returning once a year during Spring Festival. Some migrant families have even chosen to buy houses in urban areas; as a result, they are completely disengaged from the countryside and agriculture except for the fact they are still registered as permanent residents in their home villages. In the three villages, 10.8% of the peasant households fall under this stratum. In Jingshan, a migrant family usually has 2 mu of subsistence land acquired through confirmation of land rights in 2005, but some families are even deprived of subsistence land, making it neither realistic nor economy to till the land at home. More often than not, they choose to transfer the landand move their families elsewhere to find employment. On average, a migrant family earns an annual income of about RMB 20,000 by working in urban areas. Some peasant households may also choose to move their families elsewhere even though they have 10 mu of farmland. This happens when a better opportunity arises that allows them to earn an annual income of over RMB 20,000. Migrant families have special demand for land in the sense that they hope to reallocate and reacquire land through confirmation of land rights, then transfer it and continue to work in urban areas. Migrant families are usually peasant households that had abandoned the land before the agricultural tax was repealed. At that time, they passively transferred the land under thelong-term transfer scheme and became the “landless peasants” in non-suburban areas. They are full of anxiety over the future because no matter how much money they earn, they still lack a sense of security. They are deeply worried about the loss of the ability to work and make a living when they get old or ill. They are an underprivileged group in the villages. As they have been8working away from home year in and year out, it is very difficult for them to effectively express their interests in and opinions of land. When the “confirmation of land rights” was conducted in 2005, they rushed back to their home villages to claim land title but ended up being easily defeated one by one and eventually acquired only 2 mu of subsistence land.5. The poor villager stratumThe poor and weak peasant stratum is the bottom stratum in the village. This stratum is subdivided into two subclasses: 1) peasant households that become impoverished due to illness; 2) peasant households that have a small piece of land but cannot work away from home. These two subclasses are the poorest peasant households in the villages. Poor and weak peasants are mainly engaged in agricultural production and heavily dependent on farmland. They cannot work away from home due to a shortage of hands. Poor and weak peasants fall under the “poor peasant”stratum in the villages. The part-time peasant worker stratum serves as a yardstick of comparison and a goal of pursuit for poor and weak peasants. In the three villages, 8.8% of the peasant households fall under this stratum. A peasant who becomes impoverished due to illness can still earn an annual income of up to RMB 10,000 if he has 10-plus mu of land, and he will not be the poorest person in the village. If he does not have a large piece of farmland, however, he likely will become the poorest person in the village. Peasant households with 2 mu of subsistence land willbecome poor if they are unable to work away from home due to conditional constraints or to earn extra income by doing sideline business. Conditional constraints arise when there are children who need to be cared for or when the elderly are in poor health or deceased, thus making it impossible to maintain the peasant worker structure or part-time peasant worker structure under the “incomplete family” model. Gong Erping of Gongcun village fi ts neatly into this description. His wife died of cancer last year, and now he cultivates 5 mu of land while raising a child who is studying in a senior high school. During his interview, he said he is deeply worried about his poverty status but feels utterly hopeless as to how to escape poverty.Peasant strata may change as circumstances change. The economic pattern of the peasant worker stratum needs to be supported by the incomplete family model. In the absence of such support (say,the peasant’s parents lost land-tilling capacity), they would be no longer eligible for the part-time peasant worker stratum and may fall into the migrant family stratum. In the event of failing to maintain the peasant worker’s production method, the vast majority of the peasa nts will choose to move their families elsewhere, transfer their land and give up agricultural income except in special cases where there are children who need cared for.In the rural areas of Jingshan, the land tenure conditions have more important impacts on the stratification of the peasantry. While some peasants can enter urban areas through their own efforts,other peasants may fall into the poor villager stratum due to illness or other reasons. Generally speaking, land tenure conditions are closely related to the stratification of the peasantry. Some peasant households may willingly relinquish their land titles after making a rational consideration. However, the current land tenure conditions are caused by policy factors such as the imposition of agricultural tax and fee burden, the abolition of the agricultural tax and the confirmation of land rights. The land tenure condition has to a large extent determined the stratum under which peasants fall. A peasant household that occupies more land can easily qualify for the peasant worker stratum or part-time peasant worker stratum and enter the middle stratum in the villages; a peasant household that occupies less land can only enter the migrant family stratum in thebest-case scenario and may even fall into the poor villager stratum in the worst-case scenario.9。
土地资源管理论文
土地资源管理论文随着科学技术的逐渐发展,促使测绘技术得到了较大的完善,因此在土地资源管理工作中得到了广泛的应用,并取得了较好的效果。
下面是店铺为大家整理的土地资源管理论文，供大家参考。
土地资源管理论文范文一：国外土地管理的经验及其对我国的启示摘要：土地是农业发展的根本，是人类赖以生存的基础。
美、日、韩、加拿大、新加坡等国家在土地管理中充分发挥政府的主导作用，突出法制建设，加强规划控制、运用市场机制等措施，为我国的土地管理提供了重要的经验借鉴。
我国应在科学规划，完善法律法规，提高土地利用水平，引入市场机制等方面下大气力，扎实推进土地管理各项工作的有效实施。
论文关键词：土地管理,国外经验,策略选择一、国外土地管理的成功经验分析1、法制健全。
为了规范土地管理，明确土地的取得、使用、保有、保护和处分的具体规定与程序，很多成熟的市场经济国家都制定有相关的法律。
如美国拥有一整套比较健全的有极强约束力的土地管理法律法规体系。
从联邦政府到州、郡、市都有相配套的土地管理法律法规，且下级不得与上级法律相冲突。
土地资源的权益、地籍管理、保护、规划、开发利用、复垦、征用、地役权、执法力量及地产交易、捐赠、继承和管理、仲裁等均有法可依[1]。
美国制定的《联邦土地政策和管理法》是土地管理的基本准则;日本规范土地的法律主要为《国有财产法》;韩国为了有效地管理国有土地，1950年首次制定了国有财产法，1976年根据社会经济发展的情况，全面修订了国有财产法，要求利用国有土地引导私人土地开发，稳定土地市场，及时灵活地提供国民生活所需的公共用地;新加坡政府在长期的发展过程中形成了一套完整的土地管理体系和约束程序，以保障土地出让合法合理。
此外，在专业法津方面，道路法、河流法、森林法、水资源法、海洋法、矿产法、能源法等都是与国有土地管理相关的法律，在制定与执行的过程中要确保互相之间不能冲突。
在综合法方面，财政法、会计法等也都与国有土以地管理密切相关。
大学毕业设计土地整理之外文翻译免费范文精选
大学本科毕业设计全套土地资源管理资源环境与城乡规划管理土地管理土地利用土地复垦专业毕业设计全套。
开题报告毕业论文正文读书报告外文翻译任务书阶段总结工作总结工作鉴定表高等级的土地和发展之间的权衡：在奥克兰的宝贵的土地资源recentand未来的压力作者： Fiona Curran-Cournane，Melanie Vaughan，Ali Memon，raig Fredrickson关键词：精英和肥沃的土地土壤的自然资本生态系统服务摘要：可持续的土地管理是必不可少的应对全球挑战的土壤和水资源保护，可以支持越来越多的人。
在奥克兰，新西兰最大的城市，人口增长预测从1.5增加到2500000，2040，将该地区的土壤资源的巨大压力。
本研究的目的是量化的高超地土地数量（土地使用功能类1–3）已被转换，和什么是可能发生的，对城市发展在奥克兰使用长期趋势记录和未来经济增长的预测。
空间分析表明，在不同的生成的数据集10399公顷（或8.3%奥克兰的高级）的土地已通过增量城市扩展转换为城市的发展，手术/批准的绿地和建筑许可。
这样，10080公顷的高级土地转化为发展年之间，1975和2012。
城市扩展到高级土地加速自率1996。
此外，分配给城市扩展自1996以来已一流的土地大部分。
展望未来，提出/未来发展绿地等同于6010公顷有发展潜力（或4.8%）的电流的高级土地。
未来增长的压力表明，这种权衡将继续。
有分析经济效益和长期可持续发展的未来发展对当前和未来的生产要求高级土地保护的实际需要。
为进一步的研究提供真实的损失成本帐户，不仅调节和文化土壤生态系统服务确保这些值的认可而且城市规划者和决策者也都认可。
大学本科毕业设计全套土地资源管理资源环境与城乡规划管理土地管理土地利用土地复垦专业毕业设计全套。
开题报告毕业论文正文读书报告外文翻译任务书阶段总结工作总结工作鉴定表简介确保充足的粮食供应不断增长的全球人口，是个新兴的国际挑战，健康的土壤和水生态系统是确保这些需求是实现根本性（busscher，2012）。
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土地资源管理本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献题目：Rural and Urban Land Development and Land Tenure Systems：A Comparison between South Africaand Botswana外文文献:RURAL AND URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND LAND TENURE SYSTEMS：A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICAAND BOTSWANASusan BouillonLegal Advisor：City Council of PretoriaINTRODUCTIONFranklin D。
Roosevelt once said that ‘Every person who invests in land near a growing city，adopts the surest and safest method of becoming independent, for land is the basis of wealth。
’The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rural and urban land development and land tenure systems of South Africa and Botswana, and to explain their contributions to urban sustainability.DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN BOTSWANABotswana is located at the centre of the South African plateau, and is bordered by South Africa on the south and southeast, Zimbabwe on the northeast and Namibia on the west and northwest. Approximately 23％of the population is in urban areas and 77％in rural areas。
Botswana has a rich tribal culture，and therefore it is not surprising that the Botswana legal system consists of local tribal courts，which adjudicate traditional matters and Tribal Land Boards, which rule on land use matters in tribal lands and traditional villages. Town Councils rule on land use matters in urban areas。
The government of Botswana has adopted a system of development planning which has coped relatively well compared with other African countries. Development planning involves the preparation of land use plans for both urbanand rural areas. The practice in Botswana is that the public is made aware of the implications of land use plans before land is zoned for various uses。
Public awareness and participation is ensured by giving land users an opportunity to select preferred land use options from a range of options determined through the evaluation of physical and economic suitability of land resources （bottom-up approach）。
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN BOTSWANA It is the policy of the Government that all citizens should have easy and equal access to land。
In order to realize this, three land tenure systems have been put in place. Tribal land covers 71% of the total land area of the country. It is allocated to citizens free of charge for all types of uses。
State land is owned by the state and comprises 23％of the total area. Most of this land is used as National Parks，or Forest and Game Reserves within which no settlements are permitted. However，a small percentage of this land is allocated for residential purposes，particularly in urban centers. Freehold land comprises only 6% of the total area and is privately owned. Most of the government policies to date are therefore directed at tribal land.RURAL LANDPrior to independence, Botswana had established traditional ways of allocating and managing tribal land and its resources through chiefs and communities. Soon after independence，the authority to allocate tribal land was shifted from the chiefs to the Tribal Land Boards which were established by the Tribal Land Act，but the management of the resources remains the responsibility of the users and their communities。
According to this act，almost 71％of the available land isadministered as tribal land according to an integrated system of customary land tenure. Although the tenurial rules for tribal land have been changed considerably by this act，it is considered a very innovative way to combine individual land tenure security with tribal land-use。
The Land Boards were established for a specified tribal territory, and took over the administrative functions from chiefs and other tribal authorities。
Title of the land vested in the Land Boards。
The Land Boards were initially entitled to make customary and common law grants, for residential, grazing or cultivation purposes，to members of the different tribes living in the specified territories only，but since 1993 any citizen of Botswana is entitled to apply for these rights. Land Boards maintain their own record or registration system and rights are not registered in the central deeds registration system of Botswana, apparently to keep them more affordable。
The Land Boards are entitled to issue certificates of customary grants or certificates of occupation. Provision has been made for the conversion of these certificates into titles registrable in the deeds registry once demand arises to deal with these certificates in the commercial lending market。