土地管理专业英语2-谭淑豪主编
土地细碎化的成因及其影响因素分析
作者： 谭淑豪[1];曲福田[1];尼克·哈瑞柯[2]
作者机构： [1]南京农业大学土地管理学院;[2]荷兰瓦赫宁根大学社会科学系
出版物刊名： 中国农村观察
页码： 24-30页
主题词： 中国;土地细碎化;成因分析;影响因素;土地整理
摘要：中国加入WTO后农业将受到巨大冲击，应对冲击的策略之一是调整产业结构及削减生产成本。
土地细碎化是农业结构调整和成本降低的一个重要障碍。
本文运用计量经济模型从村级和农户层次探讨了土地细碎化的成因及其影响因素，认为目前中国的土地细碎化主要是由供给面因素引起的，需求面因素也有一定影响。
建议在制定减轻土地细碎化的相关政策时，要权衡供给面和需求面的影响，兼顾效率与公平。
土地资源管理-西安交通大学公共政策与管理学院
“土地资源管理”课程教学大纲英文名称：Land Resource Management课程编号：MAGT3744学时：32 (理论学时:30,试验学时:2)学分：2学分适用对象：公管学院本科生先修课程：行政管理学、公共经济学、公共政策学使用教材及参考书：[1]刘黎明主编：《土地资源学》，中国农业出版社，2002年[2]濮励杰，彭补拙主编:《土地资源管理》，南京大学出版社，2002年[3]王秋兵主编：《土地资源学》，中国农业出版社，2003年[4]王万茂主编:《土地资源管理学》，高等教育出版社，2003年一、课程性质和目的性质：专业基础课目的：本课程着眼于社会或政府如何确立和巩固现行社会经济基础制度相适应的土地占有方式，调整土地关系；如何采取经济、法律、行政与技术手段，对土地资源利用进行规划、控制、调节、监督和组织，实现土地资源既公平又有效的配置和可持续利用。
本课程将系统地介绍土地管理的原理，内容和方法。
在吸收当代较成熟的管理理论和最新颁布的有关土地的政策、法规，以及土地管理科学研究的新成果、新技术的基础上，结合当前土地管理研究的一些热点问题，增加土地管理案例分析和操作实务，以期学生在掌握土地管理基本理论和知识的基础上，增强分析问题、解决问题的能力。
二、课程内容简介了解我国土地资源现状，增强国土资源忧患意识是每个公共管理学者必须具备的基本知识和素质。
本课程在深入分析土地资源管理基本概念的基础上，研究了我国土地资源管理现状，分析了土地资源管理的地租理论，土地利用理论和土地经济理论等，详细介绍了我国土地资源调查，评价，权利登记，统计等管理方法，全面介绍了建设用地管理，耕地保护管理和土地市场管理的理论知识，探讨了土地管理体制和土地管理的政策和法规等。
三、教学基本要求1. 系统掌握土地资源管理中各章节的基本概念；2. 熟悉产权管理的基本理论与方法；3. 理解地籍管理的基本原理以及工作方法和步骤；4. 了解建设用地管理、耕地保护管理和土地市场管理以及土地管理的相关主题的理论知识；5. 了解我国土地利用与规划的基本特点，树立生态管理、可持续发展思想；四、教学内容及安排第一章绪论1. 我国土地资源及其特点2. 土地资源管理的内涵与研究方法3. 土地资源管理发展趋势第二章产权管理1. 土地产权2. 土地权利登记3. 土地所有制4. 土地征用制度5. 土地使用与改革教学安排及教学方式第三章地籍管理1. 地籍管理概述2. 土地资源调查3. 土地统计管理4. 土地质量评价5. 土地法律管理6. 土地管理信息系统第四章建设用地管理1. 建设用地分类2. 建设用地管理的原则与内容3. 建设用地的供应方式与政策4. 建设用地审批制度5. 建设用地征用管理6. 土地使用权划拨管理7. 农村集体建设用地的管理第五章耕地保护管理1. 耕地资源现状2. 耕地保护措施3. 农用地转用管理4. 耕地补偿制度5. 农用地开发整理复垦管理6. 基本农田保护管理第六章土地市场管理1. 土地市场体系2. 土地出让、转让、租赁和抵押管理3. 土地市场交易信息管理4. 土地市场中介服务管理5. 国有企业改革中土地评估与资产处置管理第七章土地利用与规划1. 土地利用总体规划2. 土地利用专项规划与详细规划3. 土地利用规划的实施与管理4. 土地经济管理5. 土地地价管理6. 土地规划管理7. 土地生态管理8. 土地可持续利用五、实践环节1．土地利用管理实习：16学时（课外）六、课外学时分配七、考核方式闭卷；闭卷考试成绩占 50 %，平时作业占20 %；实践作业成绩占30 %；大纲制定者：杨东朗大纲审核者：董新宇。
土地资源管理专业英文名称
土地资源管理专业英文名称Land Resources Management.Land resources management encompasses the responsible use, conservation, and improvement of land resources, ensuring their sustainable utilization for present and future generations. It involves a diverse array of practices, including land use planning, soil conservation, water management, and wildlife habitat protection.Scope of Land Resources Management.The scope of land resources management is vast and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of activities and responsibilities. These include:Land use planning: Determining the most appropriate uses for land, considering factors such as environmental sustainability, economic development, and social equity.Soil conservation: Implementing practices to protect and improve soil quality, prevent erosion, and maintainsoil fertility.Water management: Managing water resources to ensure their availability and quality for various uses, including agriculture, domestic consumption, and industrial purposes.Wildlife habitat protection: Conserving and restoring habitats for wildlife, ensuring the survival and diversity of plant and animal species.Rangeland management: Managing grasslands and shrublands to maintain their productivity and ecological integrity while supporting livestock grazing and other activities.Forest management: Managing forests to provide a range of benefits, including timber production, watershed protection, and recreation opportunities.Importance of Land Resources Management.Land resources are essential for human well-being, providing the foundation for food production, economic development, and environmental sustainability. Effective land resources management is crucial for:Food security: Ensuring the availability of nutritious food by sustainably managing agricultural lands.Economic prosperity: Facilitating economic growth through responsible land use planning and development.Environmental conservation: Protecting and improving ecosystems, watersheds, and wildlife habitats.Climate change mitigation: Managing land resources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon.Education and Training in Land Resources Management.Professionals in land resources management typically hold degrees in natural resources, environmental science,or a related field. They receive education and training in various disciplines, including ecology, soil science, hydrology, and policy analysis. In addition to theoretical knowledge, practical experience in land management and conservation is highly valued in the field.Career Opportunities in Land Resources Management.Land resources management professionals work in various settings, including government agencies, non-profit organizations, and private companies. Career opportunities include:Land use planner: Developing and implementing land use plans and policies.Soil conservationist: Designing and implementing practices to protect and improve soil quality.Watershed manager: Managing water resources and protecting watersheds.Wildlife biologist: Conserving and managing wildlife populations and habitats.Rangeland manager: Managing grasslands and shrublands to support livestock grazing and other uses.Forest manager: Managing forests to provide timber, recreation, and environmental benefits.Conclusion.Land resources management is a critical discipline that ensures the sustainable use and conservation of land resources for present and future generations. By implementing responsible practices in land use planning, soil conservation, water management, and wildlife habitat protection, we can safeguard the integrity of our natural ecosystems and support the well-being of both human andnon-human communities.。
土地资源管理专业英语
土地资源管理专业英语Land Resource Management.Land resource management is the process of managing the use of land resources in order to achieve specific goals and objectives. These goals and objectives can include protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and providing for human needs. Land resource management is a complex and challenging task, as it must take into account a wide range of factors, including the physical characteristics of the land, the needs of the people who use it, and the potential impacts of different land use practices.Principles of Land Resource Management.There are a number of principles that guide land resource management decisions. These principles include:Sustainability: Land resource management should besustainable, meaning that it should not damage the environment or deplete natural resources for future generations.Equity: Land resource management should be equitable, meaning that it should provide fair and just access to land resources for all people.Efficiency: Land resource management should be efficient, meaning that it should make the most effective use of land resources.Participation: Land resource management should be participatory, meaning that all stakeholders should have a voice in decision-making.Methods of Land Resource Management.There are a variety of methods that can be used to manage land resources. These methods include:Land use planning: Land use planning is a process ofidentifying and designating land for different uses, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.Zoning: Zoning is a legal tool that restricts the use of land to certain types of activities.Conservation easements: Conservation easements are legal agreements that restrict the development of land in order to protect its natural resources.Land acquisition: Land acquisition is the purchase of land by a government agency or non-profit organization in order to protect it from development.Challenges of Land Resource Management.Land resource management faces a number of challenges, including:Population growth: Population growth is putting increasing pressure on land resources, as more and more people need land for housing, food production, and otherpurposes.Climate change: Climate change is also putting pressure on land resources, as it is causing changes in the distribution of water and vegetation.Pollution: Pollution from agriculture, industry, and other sources is degrading land resources and making them less productive.Land degradation: Land degradation is the process by which land loses its productivity due to factors such as erosion, desertification, and salinization.Solutions to Land Resource Management Challenges.There are a number of solutions to the challenges facing land resource management. These solutions include:Sustainable land use planning: Sustainable land use planning can help to reduce the pressure on land resources by promoting the development of compact, walkablecommunities and reducing the amount of land used for agriculture.Zoning: Zoning can be used to protect land resourcesby restricting the development of land in sensitive areas, such as wetlands and forests.Conservation easements: Conservation easements can be used to protect land resources by ensuring that land is not developed in a way that damages its natural resources.Land acquisition: Land acquisition can be used to protect land resources by ensuring that land is not developed for incompatible uses.Conclusion.Land resource management is a complex and challenging task, but it is essential for protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and providing for human needs. By following the principles of sustainability, equity, efficiency, and participation, and using a variety of landresource management methods, we can meet the challenges facing land resource management and ensure that future generations have access to the land resources they need.。
【完整版毕业论文】土地资源管理专业-论文外文文献及译文
土地资源管理本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献题目：Rural and Urban Land Development and Land Tenure Systems: A Comparison between South Africaand Botswana外文文献：RURAL AND URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND LANDTENURE SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICAAND BOTSWANASusan BouillonLegal Advisor: City Council of PretoriaINTRODUCTIONFranklin D. Roosevelt once said that ‘Every person who invests in land near a growing city, adopts the surest and safest method of becoming independent, for land is the basis of wealth.’The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rural and urban land developmentand land tenure systems of South Africa and Botswana, and to explain theircontributions to urban sustainability.DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN BOTSWANABotswana is located at the centre of the South African plateau, and is borderedby South Africa on the south and southeast, Zimbabwe on the northeast andNamibia on the west and northwest. Approximately 23% of the population is inurban areas and 77% in rural areas. Botswana has a rich tribal culture, and thereforeit is not surprising that the Botswana legal system consists of local tribal courts,which adjudicate traditional matters and Tribal Land Boards, which rule on landuse matters in tribal lands and traditional villages. Town Councils rule on land usematters in urban areas.The government of Botswana has adopted a system of development planningwhich has coped relatively well compared with other African countries.Development planning involves the preparation of land use plans for both urbanand rural areas. The practice in Botswana is that the public is made aware of the implications of land use plans before land is zoned for various uses. Public awareness and participation is ensured by giving land users an opportunity to select preferred land use options from a range of options determined through the evaluation of physical and economic suitability of land resources (bottom-up approach).PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN BOTSWANA It is the policy of the Government that all citizens should have easy and equal access to land. In order to realize this, three land tenure systems have been put in place. Tribal land covers 71% of the total land area of the country. It is allocated to citizens free of charge for all types of uses. State land is owned by the state and comprises 23% of the total area. Most of this land is used as National Parks, or Forest and Game Reserves within which no settlements are permitted. However, a small percentage of this land is allocated for residential purposes, particularly in urban centers. Freehold land comprises only 6% of the total area and is privately owned. Most of the government policies to date are therefore directed at tribal land.RURAL LANDPrior to independence, Botswana had established traditional ways of allocating and managing tribal land and its resources through chiefs and communities. Soon after independence, the authority to allocate tribal land was shifted from the chiefs to the Tribal Land Boards which were established by the Tribal Land Act, but the management of the resources remains the responsibility of the users and their communities. According to this act, almost 71% of the available land isadministered as tribal land according to an integrated system of customary land tenure. Although the tenurial rules for tribal land have been changed considerably by this act, it is considered a very innovative way to combine individual land tenure security with tribal land-use.The Land Boards were established for a specified tribal territory, and took over the administrative functions from chiefs and other tribal authorities. Title of the land vested in the Land Boards. The Land Boards were initially entitled to make customary and common law grants, for residential, grazing or cultivation purposes, to members of the different tribes living in the specified territories only, but since 1993 any citizen of Botswana is entitled to apply for these rights. Land Boards maintain their own record or registration system and rights are not registered in the central deeds registration system of Botswana, apparently to keep them more affordable. The Land Boards are entitled to issue certificates of customary grants or certificates of occupation. Provision has been made for the conversion of these certificates into titles registrable in the deeds registry once demand arises to deal with these certificates in the commercial lending market. Any change in right-holder must be reported to the land board in order to maintain the accuracy of the record system of the land board. Shelter provision in rural areas has been on individuals initiatives. The most important prerequisite for housing development, which is access to land, has not really been a disturbing issue due to the fact that all male and female citizens are allocated tribal land for free, but in an effort to facilitate shelter provision in rural areas, the government intends tointroduce a rural housing programme.Land use planning is not a new phenomenon in Botswana. Past experiences and records indicate that the traditional chiefs who had authority on land have always done some form of land use planning. Formal land use planning in Botswana started with the implementation of the Tribal Grazing Land Policy in 1975, when some areas were zoned for wildlife use, others became reserved areas, while other areas continued to be for communal use. This policy enabled individuals or groups to have exclusive use of land in areas zoned for such use. These rights are permanent, exclusionary and inheritable. They may only be revoked by the land board in circumstances where the right-holder fails to utilize the land on terms specified by the land board, or fails to develop the land according to the specified purposes within five years or where the land was not distributed fairly. In these instances, the land does not revert to the government but is reallocated by the land board to other applicants. This policy was therefore a major programme through which rural development was to be achieved.The districts up to now continue to prepare and update their respective integrated land use plans. In the preparation of such plans the communities have major inputs with regard to the various land uses. This is in realization of the fact that to have an implementable and sustainable land use plan, the communities should be the ones who decide the uses on a particular type of land. It should be noted, however, that not all districts have such plans.URBAN LANDAn urban centre in Botswana is defined as All settlements on state land and settlements on tribal land with a population of 5000 or more persons with at least 75% of the labor force in non-agricultural occupations. Generally, an urban centre should be seen to provide its population with infra-structural and environmental services similar to that which exists in a modern city. Rural-urban migration has played an important role in the growth of urban areas. Several urban development policies have been evolved over the years to guide the growth and development of the urban areas. Due to the fact that a large part of the people of Botswana are living in rural areas, most of the development is aimed at the rural areas, but a few programmes were introduced in order to better the circumstances of those living in urban areas. The Self Help Housing Programme was introduced to assist the low income urban households to develop their own houses. Under this scheme, the Government provides basic services such as roads, water stand pipes, and a pit-latrine to each plot. Plot holders were given tenurial security through a Certificate of Rights. This programme has also been used in upgrading the squatter settlements which existed prior to its inception.Shortage of serviced land has been identified as one of the major constraints to urban housing development. Therefore a major land servicing programme, the Accelerated Land Servicing Programme, was introduced. The objective of the programme was to service land for all uses, such as residential, commercial and industrial, in all urban areas. A Housing Department has been established, which is charged with the responsibility of promoting housingdevelopment and improvement through policy initiatives that create an enabling environment for shelter provision.The Town and Country Planning Act, which is the main legislation guiding physical planning in Botswana, makes provisions for an orderly and progressive development and control of land in both urban and rural areas. The Urban Development Standards and the Development Control Code also facilitate the orderly planning of settlements. Sustainable urban development depends on the availability of clean water supply and provision of infrastructure for sanitation and waste management. An integrated approach in the provision of environmentally sound infrastructures in human settlements is seen as an investment that fosters sustainable development and that can improve the quality of life, increase productivity, improve health, and reduce poverty.Although the concept of sustainable development gained prominence on the international scene only a few years back, it has been one of the objectives of development planning in Botswana since independence in 1966. The term has appeared as an objective in all the subsequent development plans, but its meaning has been expanded to reflect the changing development realities over the years.LAND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAThe shape and form of the cities in South Africa are the result of conscious apartheid planning in the past. When South Africa’s first democratically el ected government came into power in 1994, it inherited the fragmented, unequal and incoherent planning systems which developed under apartheid. During apartheid,land development planning in the then four provinces, ten homelands and the ‘group area’ racia l zones, fell under many different laws, ordinances, procedures and regulations. There was a lack of coordination, an unequal distribution of resources and a lot of ‘red tape’ which slowed down development projects.A National Development and Planning Commission were appointed to advise the Minister of Land Affairs and the Minister of Housing on planning and development. Among other things, the Commission was requested to prepare a Green Paper on planning which would review and recommend changes to the apartheid legislation and process of land development in South Africa. The Commission decided to focus on the spatial planning system for urban and rural development. A land development policy, the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), a comprehensive and sectorally-based socio-economic policy framework that established the developmental foundations for the removal of apartheid and the building of a democratic, non-racial and non-sexist future, was adopted. This policy is based upon integrated development planning, a process which aims to maximize the impact of scarce resources and limited capacity. The prime purpose of this policy was to establish procedures to facilitate the release of appropriate public land for affordable housing, public services and productive as well as recreational purposes. In settlements which have been established in remote locations, without formal planning, land development involves upgrading services and infrastructure in situ.Planning in South Africa in the past and at present is done according to theTown Planning Ordinances of the various provinces. Although mechanisms for forward planning have long existed, the town planning scheme, which was established in terms of the Ordinances, is at the heart of the town planning system. While this system was strictly enforced in most white, Indian and colored areas, only simplified versions were later introduced to urban townships, further complicating the land administration system. As a result hereof South African settlements in both urban and rural areas were generally inefficient, fragmented and inconvenient. In large part, this is the result of the interplay between historical spatial planning policies and practices and the implementation of the ideology of apartheid. Despite this, there are few signs that significant and wide reaching improvements have been set in place since 1994. The Constitution of South Africa has a bearing on the planning system in those new constitutional requirements such as cooperative governance, procedural and participatory rights to ensure accountability for decision-making, the promotion of social and economic rights and the protection of the environment create imperatives that profoundly affect planning. In the planning sphere, legislation has shifted, with the passing of the Development Facilitation Act, which was the first national planning legislation promulgated after the first democratic elections in 1994, from being control-orientated towards being normatively-based. It was passed to begin the process of transforming planning to meet the needs of the new democracy.The Development Facilitation Act introduces the concept of land development objectives. These are plans approved by political decision-makers that set theirobjectives and targets for development of an area. The land development objectives’ intentions are to create a clear spatial framework for the area and to create a proactive rather than a reactive planning system. In terms of the Local Government Transition Second Amendment Act municipal authorities are required to create integrated development plans. An integrated development plan is a plan aimed at the integrated development and management of the area of jurisdiction of the municipality concerned, and which has been compiled having regard to the general principles contained in the Development Facilitation Act. A common intention of both integrated development plans and land development objectives is to tie public agency plans to budgets. In drawing up both land development objectives and integrated development plans, local authorities are required to try to achieve the intentions of the Development Facilitation Act principles. A land development application may not be approved if such application is inconsistent with any land development objective or integrated development plan, although land owners and developers may make proposals to change land use if they can motivate that the change would be consistent with both integrated development plans and land development objectives and the Development Facilitation Act principles. The onus of responsibility to demonstrate this is on the developer.PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN SOUTH AFRICA Land tenure in post-apartheid South Africa is a contentious issue and has long been a source of conflict. As is the case in many transitional political situations, there are also differences of opinion regarding the role and definition of ownership and other rights in property. The Constitution of South Africa provides in section 25(1) for the acknowledgement of different rights in property. It is clear that not only ownership, but also other rights in immovable property arerecognized and protected. In terms of section 25(6) the state has the obligation to secure by means of legislation, other forms of land tenure which are insecure as a result of the apartheid legislation and policies.In order to rectify the injustices of the past, the Department of Land Affairs started with a programme of land reform by means of restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. This programme resulted in the following acts being promulgated: the Restitution of Land Rights Act (regarding the restitution of land to persons dispossessed of land after 1913 as a result of racially discriminatory legislation), the Development Facilitation Act (regarding quicker and cheaper planning and development methods), the Land Reform (Labor Tenants) Act(regarding the security of housing, grazing and cultivating rights of labor tenants), the Communal Property Associations Act(regarding the creation of associations to own, control and deal with communal/common property), the Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act (regarding the interim protection of the rights of people in rural areas), the Extension of Security of Tenure Act (regarding the protection of laborers other than labor tenants in rural areas) and the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (regarding the measures to protect vulnerable occupiers and evict squatters).The vision and strategy for South Africa's land policy, a policy that is just, builds reconciliation and stability and contributes to economic growth, is set out in the White Paper on South African Land Policy. The government's land reform programme is made up of land restitution(which involves returning land lost since 1913 because of racially discriminatory laws, or compensating victims for loss of land due to racially discriminatory laws), land redistribution (makes it possible for poor and disadvantaged people to buy land with the help of a Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant) and land tenure reform (it aims to bring all people occupying land under a unitary, legally validated system of landholding.) This programme will devise secure forms of land tenure, help resolve tenure disputes and provide alternatives for people who are displaced in the process. In the long run, as part of the land tenure reform programme, government is committed to the transfer of the land, which is in the nominal ownership of the state, to its real owners. The White Paper emphasizes the importance of local participation in decision-making, gender equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability in theimplementation of the land reform programmes. This White Paper is not only focusing on the urban areas but also on the rural areas.The deeds registration system in South Africa differs from the Botswana system. It has only one deeds registration system, and this system does not provide for the registration of all the different land tenure rights that are statutorily recognized. A large part of the population, notably people in informal settlements and in rural areas where a system of communal property still prevails, is excluded from the deeds registration system. In the White Paper on South African Land Policy a part of the land policy has been set aside for development of the registration system to make the registration of informal land rights in urban and rural areas possible.Whilst existing government policy provides a great range of inputs for planning and development, the White Paper on Local Government is critical as it places municipalities at the centre of planning for better human settlements. The new municipal planning system is founded on the concept of “developmental local government”. It emphasizes integrated development planning as a tool for realizing the vision of developmental local government. The Urban Development Framework published by the Department of Housing, examines the current dilemmas and realities facing South Africa’s urban areas, whilst the Rural Development Framework describes how government aims to achieve a rapid and sustainable reduction in absolute rural poverty.CONCLUSIONPhysical planners use the term land development to describe the process of identifying, acquiring and releasing land and resources for development. The aim of development is to attempt to overcome the problems in our cities. Planning aims to change our cities from being separate and sprawling into integrated, compact cities.Since the time of ancient civilizations, cities have been the powerhouses of economic growth and the centres of technological and scientific advancement. Cities have always acted as magnets attracting people in search of a better life. Rapid urbanization is, however, threatening the environment, human health and the productive capacity of cities. The most pressing problems facing cities and towns, mainly in the developing world is unemployment, crime, the health impact of inadequate services, pollution, inadequate shelter and overcrowding. As is the case inother countries, the cities in South Africa and Botswana are unsustainable in terms of the massive consumption of resources and the requirement of large quantities of water, food, energy and raw materials.As seen above, most of the land in Botswana is used as tribal land, resulting in a small percentage of land directed for urban usage. In contrast with Botswana, a very large part of the land in South Africa is being used for urban purposes. Tribal land does not play the same role in South Africa as it does in Botswana. Although the South African Constitution gives some recognition to the role of traditional leadership, the lack of accuracy about the nature and scale of its involvement remains a problem. This has led to significant uncertainty, confusion and even contest over the decision-making powers of these authorities in development processes. Leaders in traditional and tribal areas have had powers to allocate resources in rural and informal communities, and have also played an administration role in respect of land use matters. The new legislation in South Africa, however did not make provision for the traditional and tribal leaders in development planning. The recently published Municipal Structures Act recognizes that traditional leaders have a role to play in municipal governance and provides for their participation in local government affairs.The land development and tenure system in Botswana differs from the development system in South Africa in that South Africa’s development planning system is aimed at the rectification of the injustices of the past, while Botswana’s system is aimed at the allocation of tribal land to the inhabitants. Nonetheless, Botswana is constrained by under developed human resources. There is a shortage of skilled and productive manpower to quickly absorb and diffuse new technology that comes from foreign direct investments.Public participation only recently became part of planning law in South Africa, while the same practice was implemented in Botswana decades ago. The practice in South Africa includes the notification of all affected parties of an application for land development or land use change by means of a letter distributed to the affected person(s), advertisements in the Government Gazette and two local newspapers as well as an advertisement on the application property. This ensures that there is adequate public participation in the decision-making process. The South African context requires a particularly thoughtful and thorough type of public participation inland development decision-making. Illiteracy is widespread; many people are unfamiliar with the workings of a land development management system and the administrative processes in general. This is particularly, although not exclusively, true in rural areas. Thus, special care has to be taken to ensure that all affected parties are fully informed of the implications of a proposed development or land use change, as well as informed of their rights in the adjudication process.The development of an area should not just meet the needs of today’s users, but also the needs of future generations. This means that resources must be used wisely so that they last, because our land is a precious resource. We build our homes on it; it feeds us; it sustains animal and plant life and stores our water. It contains our mineral wealth and is an essential resource for investment in our country's economy. Land does not only form the basis of our wealth, but also our security, pride and history.中文译文：农村及城市土地开发和土地所有权制度在南非和博茨瓦纳的比较介绍弗兰克林·d·罗斯福曾说过,“每一个在正崛起的城市附近土地上投资的人都是在采用最可靠和最安全的方法使自己变得独立,因为土地是财富的基础。
土地整治工程专业英语
土地整治工程专业英语IntroductionLand reclamation, also known as land improvement or land rehabilitation, refers to the process of restoring and enhancing degraded land to a more productive state. This practice plays a vital role in sustainable development, as it helps to improve soil fertility, prevent erosion, and promote land utilization. In this document, we will explore the key concepts and terminology associated with land reclamation engineering.1. Land DegradationBefore delving into the details of land reclamation, itis crucial to understand the concept of land degradation. Land degradation refers to the deterioration of land quality, usually caused by natural processes or human activities. This degradation can result in reduced soil fertility, decreased biodiversity, and the loss of valuable ecosystem services. Land reclamation aims to reverse or mitigate land degradation and restore the land's productivity.2. Objectives of Land ReclamationThe primary objectives of land reclamation engineering are to improve soil quality, prevent soil erosion, and enhance land productivity. This is achieved through various techniques, such as soil amelioration, erosion control measures, and the introduction of appropriate vegetation. By restoring the land's fertility and stability, land reclamation helps create favorable conditions foragricultural activities, urban development, and ecological restoration.3. Techniques and MethodsLand reclamation engineering involves the implementation of various techniques and methods to restore and improve degraded land. These include:- Soil Amelioration: Soil amelioration aims to enhance soil fertility by adding organic matter, nutrients, and amendments to improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This can be achieved through techniques such as soil aeration, nutrient supplementation, and pH adjustment.- Erosion Control: Erosion control measures are crucial in preventing soil erosion, which can lead to the loss of topsoil and reduced land productivity. Techniques such as contour plowing, terracing, and the implementation of erosion control structures help to minimize soil erosion and promote soil conservation.- Vegetation Restoration: The introduction of appropriate vegetation plays a crucial role in land reclamation. Selecting and planting suitable plant species can stabilize the soil, enhance water retention, and improve overall ecosystem resilience. Native plant species are often preferred to restore the original ecosystem and promote biodiversity.4. Case StudiesTo illustrate the application of land reclamation engineering, let's explore a few case studies:- Mining Sites: Land reclamation is often performed on mining sites after the extraction of mineral resources. By rehabilitating these areas and restoring the land's productivity, the negative environmental impacts of mining activities can be mitigated.- Urban Areas: In densely populated urban areas, land reclamation can help address land scarcity issues. By reclaiming and improving degraded land, urban spaces can be expanded, providing opportunities for development and infrastructure.- Coastal Areas: Coastal land reclamation is commonly employed to create new land for ports, airports, andresidential areas. By reclaiming land from the sea, coastal communities can expand and utilize land resources effectively. ConclusionLand reclamation engineering is a vital discipline that aims to restore and enhance degraded land for sustainable development. Through techniques such as soil amelioration, erosion control, and vegetation restoration, land reclamation helps improve soil quality, prevent erosion, and enhance land productivity. By understanding the concepts and practices associated with land reclamation, professionals in this field can contribute to the sustainable management of land resources.。
土地资源管理专业英语课程改革与实践
引入 “ 目标 驱动 式 ” 比较 式” 学 法 ， 与“ 教 开展 多种形 式 的土地 资源 管理 专业 英语教 学改革 。 实践 表 明 ， 以 学生 为本 ” 合 理设 置教 学 内容 ， 立 完善 的教 材 与教 参体 系， 强 专业课 教 师的英 语 “ ， 建 加 教 学 法培训 ， 有效 地 改进 土地 资源 管理 专业 英语 的教 学质量 。 可 ［ 键词 ］ 关 土地 资源 管理 ； 专业 英语 ； 目标 驱动 ； 学 改革 教
学 不学无 所谓［５］多种 因素综 合影 响 ， 致 “ 师 ２４。 ， 导 教
力 的培养 与 获取 ，必须 建 立在 反 复锻 炼 的基 础 之 上 。因此 ， 以学生 为本 ” 并非 放 松 管理 ， 反 ， “ ， 相 是
■
Ｅ Ｐ范畴 ］ ｓ） 。它是培养学生专业综合能力的重要 工具 ， 同时对 学 生 的全 面素 质教 育也 有 十分 重要 的
作 用 。因此 ， 练掌 握并 运用 专业 英语 这一 最普 及 熟 的 国际 交 流工 具最 便 捷 、最 有 效 的手 段 是在 系统
学 习大 学 英语 、 业课 程 的基 础 上 融会 贯 通 ， 专 熟悉
［ 中图分 类号 ］ ６ ２０ Ｇ ４．
［ 献标 识码 ］ ［ 文 Ｂ 文献编 号 ］０ ９ １７ （０ ２ ０ — ０ ５ ０ １０— １３２ １ ）３０ ８— ５
当今社会 ，土地资源 的利用与管理 日趋 国际 化， 要求相关科研人员既要具备扎实的专业知识 ， 也要熟悉专业英语 ，以便参与国际性学科交流活 动 。研 究 表 明 ， 大学 的专业 英 语 是 大学 英语 、 专业
2021湖南师范大学土地资源管理考研真题经验参考书
考研复习需要我们付出无比的艰辛和努力，希望我的一些学习经验和以下一些关于学习资料的推荐，对需要的小伙伴们有所帮助。
我将英语的复习分为三部分：1.【背单词】背单词的意义都是懂得哈，除了固定的单词书《一本单词》，我还通过真题做了一些积累。
2.【客观题】我只做了真题，配合真题书《木糖英语真题手译版》，但是是很认真的那种，做了两三遍吧，我觉得不用太担心做完一遍会把答案记下来，就一直留着不做。
首先,你第一次做的时候，不要背答案，要去记思路和方法（我在这不推荐了，但我觉得比较之下我用的那个比较好），要去背单词，去翻译每一句话，画下来哪些地方分析不好或者翻译的不好，那些短语或句子要掌握；在你第二次做的时候，要有意识的回忆方法，给自己的每一个选项一个选他的理由，这样才可以学以致用哈；第三次的话可以试着背一点尤其是完型填空的题，这样对语感啊，出题思路的掌握都会加深理解。
（单词不要停哈）3.【作文、翻译】翻译我也只做了真题，作文也是背了背范文，我觉得范文还是要背的，内容应该都不会没话说，所以大体框架,格式,掌握一下哈，素材可以参考：蛋核英语微信公众号和木糖英语微信公众号。
4.【时间】大家记得安排好时间哈，后期还是需要做做题保持感觉的。
政治是性价比最高的一门课程，一般来说都是9月开始复习，虽然大纲解析是最权威的，但是排版不是很好，字太密集了，完全没有重点，建议买一本李凡老师的《政治新时器》。
相应的练习选择题可以用历年真题，第一遍梳理知识点，做好标记，第二遍深刻记忆，最后几天的时候看错题，对做选择题很有帮助。
到11月中旬有时事政治，一定要仔细看两遍左右，注意哪些重要的会议，国家领导人的讲话，重大的国际事件等等，这时基本考试的重点就很明了了。
然后下一阶段大概考前20天的时候，大题的热点要狂背，我那时候背了有五遍。
专业课：对于专业课的学习，我没报班，有学姐给我的资料，而且个人比较喜欢背自己的笔记。
所以看了一遍书以后从一个学姐那买了笔记，对着她的笔记对着书自己又做了一份自己的笔记，这个过程结束已经是10月中旬了。
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Concepts of Land EconomicsRaleigh Barlowe. Land resource economics,1986Like most fields，land economics has several specialized concepts and terms that must be understood if they are to be useful as tools of analysis．These terms are introduced and explained in the chapters that follow．At this point，emphasis is given to four basic ideas：（1）the economic concept of land and land resources，（2）a classification of land uses by type，（3）the concept of land use－capacity，and（4）the concept of highest and best use．与大多数研究领域一样，土地经济学也有若干专门概念和术语作为分析工具，必须弄懂它们是否有用。
这些概念大多在以后各个章节里将作介绍和解释。
在这里，只重点讲四个基本的土地经济概念：（1）土地和土地资源的经济学概念，（2）土地利用分类，（3）土地利用能力的概念，（4）最高层次或最佳土地用途概念。
Economic concept of land土地的经济学概念The term land suggests different things to different people, depending on their outlook and their interests at the moment．[1]In its most widely accepted use，this term refers to the solid portion of the earth’s surface．But it may also apply to a nation，a people，or a political division of the earth’s surface．People often refer to ground，soil，or earth as land and speak of land as something on which they can walk，build a house，plant a garden，or grow a crop．These commonly accepted definitions of land should not be confused with the more technical concepts use by lawyers and economists.[2]土地这一术语对不同的人有不同的含义，这取决于人们在当时所持的观点和利益取向。
就广义而言，这一术语是指地球表面的固态部分，但也可以指地球上的某个国家，民族或政治区域。
人们往往把地面、土壤或泥土视为土地，或者把土地说成是人们可以在上面行走、建房开辟花园或者种植庄稼的东西。
这些为人们普遍接受的土地概念，不要同律师和经济学家所使用的专门术语相混淆。
From a legal standpoint，land or real estate may be considered as any portion of the earth’s surface over which ownership rights might be exercised．These rights relate not just to surface area but also to things such as trees，which are attached to the surface by nature；to buildings and other improvements attached by man；and to those objects of value that lie either above or below the surface．从法律角度看，土地或不动产可以视为可以行使所有权的地球表面任何部分。
这些权利不仅同地球表层面积有关，而且同树木等自然地附着于土地上的东西，同房屋和其他设施等人为着附于土地上的东西以及同那些地上或地下等有价值的东西有关。
Because of their concern over distinctions between land and capital，economistsoften differ in their opinions regarding the natural of land. Many economists accept broad definitions similar to those used by lawyers; others treat certain aspects of this broad concept as capital. [3] For our purposes，the economic concept of land can be viewed as being synonymous with the legal concept of real estate. It involves the natural and man-made resources that individuals,groups,or communities control through possession of portions of the earth’s surface．由于经济学家关心土地和资本的区别，所以他们对土地的性质往往有不同的观点。
许多经济学家赞成律师们所使用的广义土地定义；而另一些经济学家则是把这种广义的土地视为资本。
按照我们的观点，土地的经济学概念可以看作于与不动产的法律概念基本相似，它是受个人、组织或者团体控制的附着于地球表面的、自然和人工资源的总和”。
This broad concept of land includes all of the earth surface-water and ice as well as ground．In addition to building sites，farm soil, growing forests，mineral deposits，and water resources，it also involves such natural phenomena as access to sunlight，rain, wind，and changing temperatures and location with respect to markets and other areas．Moreover，it includes all those man-made improvements that are attached to the surface of the earth and cannot be easily separated it. [4]土地的这种广义概念，包括了整个地球表层，即水和冰以及地面。
除了建筑场地、农用地、林木、矿藏和水资源外，土地还包括一些自然现象，如太阳辐射、降雨、风和不断变化的温度，以及相对于市场和其他地方的位置。
再者，它还包括了附着于地球表面不能预知分离的所有那些人为的改良设施。
Concepts of land土地的概念The term land often means different things depending upon the context in which it is used and the circumstances under which it is considered．Like a cut diamond，it has many facets．Most important among these are the views of land as(1) space，(2)nature，(3)a factor of production，(4)a consumption good，(5) situation，(6) property，and(7) capital．Other facets of land may also he noted．Some cultural groups view land as a deity that possesses itself and that can exercise certain controls over the people who use it．Investors sometimes see it as a store of wealth that possesses unique advantages over alternative areas of investment. Others have viewed it as a gene bank –a potential source of new species and products –and as a source of pleasure and recreation. [5]土地一词往往有不同的含义，这取决于所使用的环境和内容。
如同一块切割过的钻石，有许多方面。
在这所有观点众人们主要把土地视为1）空间，2）自然界。
3）一种生产要素，4）一种消费品，5）位置，6）财产，7）资本。
土地含义的其他方面也要注意。
有些文化组织将土地看作自我拥有的，掌控着使用这片土地的人们的神。
投资者有时把选择投资的具有特殊优势的土地看作财富仓库。
还有一些人把土地看作产生新物种和新产品源的基因库或者将土地看作休闲游乐源泉。
Considerable importance is attached in the modern world to the concept of land as situation. [6] This concept involves location with respect to markets, geographic features，others resources，and other countries．It is significant because the value and use of land is determined largely by its location and accessibility and also because of the economic and political significance that is often attributed to the control of strategic sites．现代社会，人们非常重视作为位置的土地概念。