2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】
2018年12月四级真题(一)解析
Part I Writing(30 minutes)The Challenges of Living in a Big City【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore, I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that you can't find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents' sense of happiness.【7】As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you?话题词汇: unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会fast pace快节奏pressure压力lifestyle生活方式environment环境urban城市的health健康Part III Reading ComprehensionSection A【词性分析】:名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具,车辆动词:B) associated与…相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对……有不良影响G) described描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把…系起来;M) sources来自……;找出…的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.1.die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子2.trillion[ˈtrɪljən]n. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的3.welfare [ˈwelfeə(r)] n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁4.alone [əˈləʊn] adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有;The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.5.source [sɔrs] n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源6.remain [rɪˈmen]n.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留7.constant [ˈkɒnstənt] adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain. 在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。
2018年12月英语四级考试真题答案 ( 第3套)
2018年12月四级部分真题参考答案(完整版)Part Ⅰ WritingThe Challenges of Starting a Career After GraduationRecent years have witnessed a sharp rise in the number of college students who successfully start their career after graduation. However, many others fail to do so because the transition from a student to an employee is actually full of challenges.First of all, you might not be popular with every colleague, which is frustrating for a newcomer of the workplace. So you'd better try to make a good first impression on all of your workmates, especially your boss. Furthermore, there probably is a gap between what you've learned at school and what you are required at work. You have to learn actively and quickly, and avoid making too many mistakes. Finally, the low payment for a new graduate and various living expenses make it difficult to make ends meet, so you may find yourself always on a tight budget.As the old proverb goes, "Well begun is half done." If you can handle these challenges successfully after graduation, you will clear the path for future career development, such as job promotion or starting your own business. So hold on and never give up!Part III Reading Comprehension26-35：IDHCO BJGLE36-45：FCLEA NMDKH46-55：CDBAB BADACPart IV TranslationThe mobile payment market has thrived in China during the past few years. With the advent of the mobile Internet, mobile shopping has gradually become a trend. Young people aged from 18 to 30 have constituted the largest group of the mobile payment market. Because it is quite easy to make a payment by phone, many consumers would rather pay by mobile phone than in cash or by credit card. In order to encourage people to spend more, many stores offer discounts to consumers who use the mobile payment. As is predicted by experts, the mobile payment market in China still has great potential for development in the future.。
(完整版)2018年12月英语四级真题及答案
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一部分写作2018年12月大学英语四级考试写作真题(第1套)2018年12月英语四级真题写作范文(出国留学的挑战)【作文一参考范文】It is well known that due to the booming economy and increasing family income, studying abroad has become an increasingly popular choice for students. Although studying abroad is often praised by people for its advantages, there are still some disadvantages to be noticed.First of all, to study abroad is expensive. Specifically speaking, those involved have to spend a large amount of money on tuition and living expenses, which is not affordable for everyone. In addition, to study abroad is a great challenge for those students who lack the ability of living independently. If they can not take good care of themselves there, their academic performance will be affected to a large extent. Last but not least, to study abroad may exercise a negative influence on students’ mentality. As we all know, to study abroad equals to stay away from family and friends for a long time, which is likely to produce some psychological problems for those students, such as being solitary and gloomy.From what has been mentioned above, we can easily come to the conclusion that the disadvantages of studying abroad can not be neglected. What’s more, those students who are planning to study abroad should make enough preparations for these problems mentioned above. Only in this way, can they have a fruitful and successful study life abroad.【参考译文】众所周知，随着经济的蓬勃发展和家庭收入的增加，出国留学已经成为越来越受学生欢迎的选择。
2018年12月英语四级答案
2018年12月英语四级答案第一部分：听力 (共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分)1. A. To return some books.2. C. Visit a museum.3. B. Attend a conference.4. B. The woman’s friend recommended it.5. C. Planting flowers on the balcony.6. A. She doesn’t like the design.7. A. Fresh oranges.8. B. Go to the bookstore.9. C. Worried about the boy.10. A. Take some medicine.11. B. At the doctor’s office.12. C. The man should leave earlier.13. B. The weather is too bad.14. A. Go to the library.15. A. Walking in the rain.16. C. Go swimming in the sea.17. B. He takes the wrong bus.18. C. Market research.19. A. She is confident about the project.20. B. He will keep the woman’s secret.第二部分：阅读理解 (共15小题，每小题3分，满分45分)21. D. Their designs should be function-oriented.22. C. People’s demands and designers’ skills.23. A. Emphasize design and practicality equally.24. B. They pay little attention to aesthetics.25. B. It requires designers’ creativity and flexibility.26. C. They help designers see the whole picture.27. A. It is becoming more crucial for designers.28. D. It has become more innovative and futuristic.29. C. Analyzing user behavior and commercial needs.30. A. They may affect our sleep quality.31. D. Certain characteristics of our furnishings.32. B. Technology revolution affects our lifestyle.33. D. Organic designs.34. D. It is beneficial for privacy protection.35. B. Reduce natural resource consumption.第三部分：完形填空 (共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分)36. B. finish37. D. enforced38. C. all39. A. difficult40. C. played41. D. kept42. B. impact43. A. as44. C. However45. B. exhibits46. A. lessons47. D. but48. C. help49. B. opportunity50. D. real第四部分：翻译 (共5小题，每小题4分，满分20分)51.It is said that the movie star, who has publicly apologized for his pastmisbehavior, will face severe punishment from the film industry. 金句：据悉，这位电影明星公开为自己的过去行为道歉，将会面临来自电影界的严厉惩罚。
2018年12月四级翻译作文真题
The challenges of studying abroad
• With economic globalization and cultural integration go side by side, an increasing number of college students are inclined to study abroad, including senior middle school students.
• 大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和 其他形式的文学作品。 • The development of a large number of mobile applications enables people to read novels and other forms of literary works with their phones. • 因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。 • Therefore, the sale of paper works has been affected. • 但调查显示，尽管能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半 数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。 • But the survey reveals that although the smartphone reading market is growing steadily, more than half of the grown-ups still enjoy reading printing books.
• 由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机 用户数量近年来以惊人度增长。这极大地 改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常 智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报 刊。大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用 手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此， 纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示， 尽管能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超国蓬勃发展， 随着移动互联网得出现，手机购物逐渐成为一 种趋势。 • The past few years has witnessed the rapid development of China's mobile payment market,The appearance of mobile internet has turned shopping on phones into a trend. • 18 到 30 岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大 群体。 • The young men between 18 and 30 are the largest consumer group on this market.
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)目录2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1)快速对答案 (14)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷一详细答案(精品) (15)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题二(完整版) (61)快速对答案 (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷二详细答案(精品) (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题三(完整版) (120)快速对答案 (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷三详细答案(精品) (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the challenges of living in a big city.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版(第3套)
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版（第3套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.PartⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes)Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague?Delivered a 26to a subordinate (下属) with a voice-mail message? Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person? The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27and productivity---and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manager choose the one that’s best --- 28when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient? We’ve 29business communication consultants and etiquette (礼仪) experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30using the alterative ways of delivering difficult messages.First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31 .Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are: a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33 situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you’ve got to deliver? “My 34concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message?” says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “So when I apologize, I usually choose in-person first, or a phone conversation as my top alternative, and maybe a handwritten note next. Apologizing by email is something I now totally 35.”A) avoid E) intimate I) reward M) unfriendlyB) convenience F) particularly J) silent N) warningC) effectively G) primary K) specific O) witnessedD) escape H) prompt L) surveyedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top Chef? [A] The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud, but there was always a breathtaking sight to see in the shop windows of Patisserie de la Rue de la Paix. By 1814, people crowded outside the bakery, straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside.[B] His name was Marie-Antoine Careme, and he had appeared, one day, almost out of nowhere. But in his short lifetime, which ended exactly 181 years ago today, he would forever revolutionize French gourmet food (美食) write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and other important people.[C] Careme’s childhood was one part tragedy, equal part mystery. Born the 16th child to poor parents in Paris in either 1783 or 1784, a young Careme was suddenly abandoned at the height of the French Revolution. At 8 years old, he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange for room and board. By age 15, he had become an apprentice (学徒) to Sylvain Bailly, a well-known dessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris’s most fashionable neighborhoods.[D] Careme was quick at learning in the kitchen. Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn to read and write. Careme would often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library reading books on art and architecture. In the back room of the little bakery, his interest in design and his baking talent combined to work wonders he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour, butter and sugar.[E] In his teenage years, Careme fashioned eatable copies of the late 18th century’s most famous buildings---cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples. Sylvain Bailly, his master, displayed these luxuriant creations---often as large as 4 feet tall---in his bakery windows.[F]Careme creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat,Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Perigord. Around 1804, Talleyrand challenged Careme to produce a full menu for his Personal castle, instating e young baker to use local season fruits and vegetables and to avoid repeating main dishes over the course of an entire year. The experiment was a grand success and Talleyrand’s association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Careme.[G] French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste of early 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris’s high society, he too called Careme to his kitchen at Tuileries Palace. In 1810, Careme designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride, Marie-luise of Austria. He became one of the first modern chefs to focus on the appearance of his table, not just the flavor of his dishes. “I want order and taste, A well-displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes,” he later wrote in one of his cook books[H] In 1816, Careme begin a culinary (烹饪的) journey which would forever mark his place as history’s first top chef. He voyaged to England to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent (摄政王) George IV, and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments, boastful Careme made a fortune as wealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their kitchens. Later, in his cook books, he would often include a sketch of himself, so that people on the street would be able to recognize---and admire---him.[I] Careme’s cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining; they were plentiful, beautiful and imposing. Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Careme’s fancy creations into the dining hall. For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia’s visit to George IV’s Brighton Pavilion on Jan. 18, 1817, the menu featured 120 different dishes, highlighting eight different soups 40 main courses, and 32 desserts[J] As he traveled through the homes of early 19th century nobility, Careme forged the new art of French gourmet food. Locked in hot kitchens, Careme created his four “mother sauces.” These sauces --- bechamel, veloute, espagnole and allemande---formed the central building blocks for many French main courses. He also perfected the soufflé---a baked egg dish, and introduced the standard chef’s uniform---the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today. The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness, according to Careme---and in his realm, appearance was everything.[K]Between meals, Careme wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the next century. His manuals including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of French Cooking Series (1833-1847 completed after his death) first systematized many basic principles of cooking, complete with drawings and step-by-step directions. Long before television cooking shows, Careme walked readers through common kitchen tasks, instructing them to “try this for yourself, at home” as famous American Chef Jullia Child might do, many years later,[L] In the end, however, it was the kitchen that did Careme in. Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not getcold) had fatally damaged his lungs. On Jan. 12, 1833, Careme died just before he turned 50.[M] But in his lifetime, Careme, ever confident, could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen. He wanted to “set the standard for beauty in classical and modern cooking, and prove to the distant future that the French chefs of the 19th century were the most famous in the world,” as he wrote in his papers36. Careme was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.37. Careme wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstanding in the world.38. Careme benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections.39. Careme learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.40. Careme’s creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master..41. Careme’s knowledge of art and architecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out of ordinary ingredient.42. Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Careme.43. Careme become extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families.44. Careme’s writing dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.45. Careme’s contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Roughly the size of a soda can sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless gadget may be turning friends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected security camera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests. Should you tell your friends, for instance, that they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together?“It’s certainly new territory, especially as home security cameras become easier to install,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America’s foremost manners advisors. “I think it will be very interesting to see what etiquette (礼仪) emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it's not a security issue.”Post wants to make clear that shes not talking about legal rights, but rather personalpreferences. She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet, because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn’t dictate manners.When it comes to security cameras, Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel comfortable within their home. “I’m always a fan of being open and honest.” For instance, if the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it, that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.However, if a contractor is working in your home, you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching. Then again, the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors’ favor, “If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house, they don’t want to be blamed for it,” she says. “In fact, the camera could be the thing that proves that they didn’t steal the $20, or knock the vase off the table.”46. For what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visit your home?A) The security camera installed may intrude into their privacy.B) They don’t want their photos to be circulated on the Internet.C) The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.D) They may not be willing to interact with your family members47. What does Lizzie Post say is new territory?A) The effect of manners adviceB) Cost of applying new technologies at homeC) The increasing use of home security devicesD) Etiquette around home security cameras.48. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?A) Legal rightsB) Moral issuesC) Likes and dislikes of individuals.D) The possible impact on manners.49. What is a host’s responsibility regarding security cameras, according to Lizzie Post?A) Making their guests feel at easeB) Indicating where they areC) Turning them off in time.D) Ensuring their guests’ privacy.50. In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your home?A) It can satisfy their curiosity.B) It can prove their innocence.C) It can help them learn new technology.D) It can make their visit more enjoyable.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic（流行病）.The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients---PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forced radical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5% overall in the US.Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company’s growth. But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers’ lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary（久坐不动的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo’s contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.Society has to change its habits, she added. “We can’t do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But were breaking that trade-off.”PepsiCo’s plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organization, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr. Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was “committed to sustaining investment”, adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. PepsiCo’s research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.51. Why is PepsiCo making a policy change?A) To win support from the federal government.B) To be more competitive in the global marketC) To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foodsD) To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.52. What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the future?A) Invest more to develop new snacksB) Reduce levels of obesity in the US.C) Change consumers’ eating habitsD) Keep on improving its products.53. Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products, according to Indra Nooyi?A) To ensure the company’s future developmentB) To adapt to its customers’ changed tasteC) To help improve its consumers’ lifestylesD) To break the trade-off in its product design54. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?A) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacksB) It results from high sugar and salt consumptionC) It is attributable to people’s changed lifestylesD) It has a lot to do with longer working hours55. What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its obesity?A) Studying WHO’s guidelines.B) Increasing its research funding.C) Expanding its market overseasD) Cutting its production costs.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题作文解析
2018年12月大学英语四级真题作文解析来源：文都教育2018年12月大学英语四级考试刚刚结束，相信同学们对咱们的写作话题还记忆犹新。
这次的四级作文共有三个话题，且都是要求围绕着“挑战”进行书写。
整体难度较去年来看，难度不大。
接下来，文都四六级辅导老师将四级的三个作文给大家进行一下剖析。
【四级写作话题】四级写作话题有三个。
如下：1.毕业后创业面临的挑战（the challenges of starting a career after graduation）2.出国留学面临的挑战（the challenges of studying abroad）3.在大城市生活面临的挑战（the challenges of living in a big city）以上三个话题中的单词较简单，虽然大部分学生应该还是能读懂题目，但是还是有个别学生错把挑战（challenges）当做了改变（changes），把事业（career）看错成癌症（cancer），这样的话就跑题了。
【四级写作话题思路】话题1：毕业后有的学生会选择创业，在创业方面面临的挑战分为以下三点。
第一，缺乏资金。
第二，缺乏经验。
第三，如果威胁到现有企业的利益，会遭到现有企业的阻挠。
话题2：出国留学面临的挑战，可以从以下三方面进行阐述。
首先，对于外国的文化或者风俗不了解，无法融入当地的生活或者学习群体。
其次，语言障碍导致无法与人正常沟通。
最后，如果有什么问题或者意外发生，就会感到孤立无援。
话题3：在大城市生活主要面临的挑战，可以从以下三方面进行着手。
首先，大城市的房价过高，大部分人负担不起，每月租房住，日常花销大。
然后，大城市公司要求高，员工工作压力大。
最后，在大城市生活，如果身边没有朋友，会很孤独。
【四级写作话题可用句型】开头：○1With the rapid growth of ......, more and more people choose to .......Nowadays, it is commonly believed that ....... will provides them with many opportunities, but I wonder that people who ........ are facing more challenges.○2Against the backdrop of an era characterized with opportunities, the living pressures of people has been improved. Nowadays, every individual who....... faces various challenges.中间:○1There are numerous challenges of ......, and I would explore only three challenges here.The first challenge is that ......The second one is that the ......The last one is that......○2As far as I am concerned, there are three main challenges of.......First of all,......In addition,......At last but not least,......结尾：○1Based on the points discussed above, we may reasonably draw the conclusion that there are many challenges of......Dealing with the challenges is not different from conquering a greatmountain; both of us require determination, courage, and perseverance.○2All in all, there is no doubt that people who...... are in front of many challenges. It is the critical time that the government/the society/ we took effective actions to cope with these challenges.这三个话题都是围绕着大学生的生活，学生对毕业后创业、出国留学以及大城市的生活还是非常的了解的，所以在内容方面应该有很多点可以写，上述的话题思路仅供参考。
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2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Currently，whether to start a career after graduation has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that starting our own business tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.
First and foremost, compared with graduate education, our knowledge will be limited and our horizons will be narrowed if we choose to take a position after graduation due to the fact that possessing a bachelor’s degree is to maintain one’s competitiveness. In addition, applying for a job is likely to take up our precious time which can be used for more valuable activities.
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that we should be prudent and cautious when we face various options after graduation.
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Currently，whether to live in a big city has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that living in a big city tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.
First and foremost, since the phenomenon of left-behind children has arisen as one of the most fearful social situations, parents are likely to have less family time with their children, which is detrimental to fostering harmonious families. In addition, busy city life is also negative for our mental health. The fierce competition that exists everywhere in big cities is destructive to our relationship with our colleagues, neighbors, and even friends, resulting in our isolation and loneliness.
Taking all these factors into consideration, I solidly consider that we should be prudent and cautious when we consider about the question of whether we should live in big cities.
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
There is a widespread concern over the issue that whether studying abroad is a good choice after graduation. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. From my personal perspective, I hold that it is advisable for the students to study abroad after graduation.
There are a variety of reasons for studying overseas. On one hand, students can enrich their knowledge and enlarge their horizons by being exposed to new cultures. On the other hand, the students going abroad can cultivate the spirit of self-dependence. In addition, overseas degrees from top universities in the world can provide more competitive advantages for their future careers than those obtained at home.
To make a long story short, it is sensible that we should take a rational attitude when we make a choice. Only in this way can we shoulder the real success.。