抗体亲和力与亲合力的区别AffinityandAvidityofAntibodies.pdf

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临床免疫学检验名词解释

临床免疫学检验名词解释

抗原抗体反应:是指抗原与相应抗体在体内或体外发生的特异性结合反应。

抗原抗体间的结合力涉及静电引力、范德华力、氢键和疏水作用力,其中疏水作用力最强,它是在水溶液中两个疏水基团相互接触,由于对水分子的排斥而趋向聚集的力。

亲和性(affinity):是指抗体分子上一个抗原结合点与一个相应抗原表位(AD)之间的结合强度,取决于两者空间结构的互补程度。

亲合力(avidity):是指一个完整抗体分子的抗原结合部位与若干相应抗原表位之间的结合强度,它与亲和性、抗体的结合价、抗原的有效AD数目有关。

抗原抗体反应的特点:特异性、可逆性、比例性、阶段性。

带现象(zone phenomenon):一种抗原-抗体反应的现象。

在凝集反应或沉淀反应中,由于抗体过剩或抗原过剩,抗原与抗体结合但不能形成大的复合物,从而不出现肉眼可见的反应现象。

抗体过量称为前带,抗原过量称为后带。

免疫原(immunogen):是指能诱导机体免疫系统产生特异性抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的抗原。

免疫佐剂(immuno adjustvant):简称佐剂,是指某些预先或与抗原同时注入体内,可增强机体对该抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型的物质。

半抗原(hapten):又称不完全抗原,是指仅具有与抗体结合的能力(抗原性),而单独不能诱导抗体产生(无免疫原性)的物质。

当半抗原与蛋白质载体结合后即可成为完全抗原。

载体(carrier):结合后能给予半抗原以免疫原性的物质。

载体效应:初次免疫与再次免疫时,只有使半抗原结合在同一载体上,才能使机体产生对半抗原的免疫应答,该现象称为~。

单克隆抗体(McAB):将单个B细胞分离出来,加以增殖形成一个克隆群落,该B细胞克隆产生的针对单一表位、结构相同、功能均一的抗体,即~。

多克隆抗体(PcAb):天然抗原分子中常含多种不同抗原特异性的抗原表位,以该抗原物质刺激机体免疫系统,体内多个B细胞克隆被激活,产生含有针对不同抗原表位的免疫球蛋白,即~基因工程抗体(GEAb):是利用DNA重组及蛋白工程技术,从基因水平对编码抗体的基因进行改造和装配,经导入适当的受体细胞后重新表达的抗体。

抗体的亲和力与亲合力

抗体的亲和力与亲合力

Affinity and Avidity of AntibodiesAntibody AffinityAffinity measures the strength of interaction between an epitope and an antibody’s antigen binding site. It is defined by the same basic thermodynamic principles that govern any reversible biomolecular interaction:o K A= affinity constanto[Ab]= molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antibodyo[Ag]= molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antigeno[Ab-Ag]= molar concentration of the antibody-antigen complexIn other words, K A describes how much antibody-antigen complex exists at the point when equilibrium is reached. The time taken for this to occur depends on rate of diffusion and is similar for every antibody. However, high-affinity antibodies will bind a greater amount of antigen in a shorter period of time than low-affinity antibodies. K A can therefore vary widely for antibodies from below 105mol-1to above 1012mol-1, and can be influenced by factors including pH, temperature and buffer composition.The affinity of monoclonal antibodies can be measured accurately because they are homogeneous and selective for a single epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and will contain a mixture of antibodies of different affinities recognizing several epitopes – therefore only an average affinity can be determined.Antibody AvidityAvidity gives a measure of the overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex. It is dependent on three major parameters:o Affinity of the antibody for the epitope (see above)o Valency of both the antibody and antigeno Structural arrangement of the parts that interactAll antibodies are multivalent e.g.IgGs are bivalent and and IgMs are decavalent. The greater an immunoglobulin’s valency (number of antigen binding sites), the greater the amount of antigen it can bind. Similarly, antigens can demonstrate multivalency because they can bind to more than one antibody. Multimeric interactions between an antibody and an antigen help their stabilization.A favorable structural arrangement of antibody and antigen can also lead to a more stable antibody-antigen complex as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.Figure 1.An immobilized antigen (a high local concentration of available epitopes) provides more opportunity for the antibody-antigen complex to form than free antigen in solution over the same time period. Once the first antigen binding arm of an antibody attaches to an antigen on a solid support, the chances of a bivalent interaction are greatly improved. Many immunoassays like Western blotting and ELISA exploit this principle.Figure 2.When an antigen is mixed with a polyclonal antibody, multivalent interactions may lead to large, stable (high avidity) structures being formed. This is because the antigen may be bound by several antibodies, each recognizing a different epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are therefore ideal for immunoprecipitation experiments.Further Useful ReadingHow we improve the affinity of our recombinant monoclonal antibodies generated using HuCAL technology through affinity maturation。

抗原抗体反应及其应用

抗原抗体反应及其应用

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3、酶免疫技术
将待测抗原或抗体吸附于固相表面(聚苯乙烯微量反应板),与酶标 记的抗体或抗原反应后,加入底物反应(显色或发光)的分析方法。
酶标板吸附 抗原或抗体
显色反应
洗涤
加入酶标抗体或抗原
加入酶作用底物
Ag-Ab酶 或
Ab-Ag酶
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方法 (1)直接法(可检测抗原或抗体):
酶标板吸附 抗原或抗体
Thanks
谢谢聆听பைடு நூலகம்
免疫标记技术是用荧光素、放射性同位素、酶等标记抗体或抗 原等所进行的抗原抗体反应。
特点:敏感度高 特异性强 快速 容易观察 能进行定性、定量、定位检测等
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1、荧光免疫技术
将结合有荧光素的荧光抗体进行抗原抗体反应的技术。 常用的荧光素有异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和罗丹明(RB200)等。它们可 与抗体球蛋白中赖氨酸的氨基结合,在蓝紫光激发下,可分别出现鲜明 的黄绿色及玫瑰红色。
内容
一、抗原抗体反应的基本原理 二、抗原抗体反应的类型 三、免疫标记技术的应用
一、抗原抗体反应的基本原理
抗原抗体反应
3
抗原与相应抗体的特异性结合反应称为抗原抗体反应。
Ag
() 如同钥匙和锁的关系
Ab
()
5
抗原抗体反应的原理
抗原抗体反应的原理 1、抗原抗体结合力(4种) 2、抗原抗体亲和力和亲合力 3、亲水胶体转化疏水胶体
9
1、抗原抗体结合力 --疏水作用力(hydrophobic interactions)
水溶液中两个疏水基团相互接触,由于对水分子的 排斥而趋向聚集的力。作用力最强,占总结合力的50%。
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1、抗原抗体结合力
静电引力:异性相吸 (electrostatic forces),离子键 (Ionic bond) 范德华引力: 作用最小 (van der Waals interactions) 氢键: 最具特异性 (hydrogen bond ) 疏水作用力: 作用最大 (hydrophobic interactions)

抗体亲和力与亲合力的区别Affinity and Avidity of Antibodies

抗体亲和力与亲合力的区别Affinity and Avidity of Antibodies

Affinity and Avidity of AntibodiesAntibody AffinityAffinity measures the strength of interaction between an epitope and an antibody’s antigen binding site. It is defined by the same basic thermodynamic principles that govern any reversible biomolecular interaction:o K A= affinity constanto[Ab]= molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antibodyo[Ag]= molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antigeno[Ab-Ag]= molar concentration of the antibody-antigen complexIn other words, K A describes how much antibody-antigen complex exists at the point when equilibrium is reached. The time taken for this to occur depends on rate of diffusion and is similar for every antibody. However, high-affinity antibodies will bind a greater amount of antigen in a shorter period of time than low-affinity antibodies. K A can therefore vary widely for antibodies from below 105mol-1to above 1012mol-1, and can be influenced by factors including pH, temperature and buffer composition.The affinity of monoclonal antibodies can be measured accurately because they are homogeneous and selective for a single epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and will contain a mixture of antibodies of different affinities recognizing several epitopes – therefore only an average affinity can be determined.Antibody AvidityAvidity gives a measure of the overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex. It is dependent on three major parameters:o Affinity of the antibody for the epitope (see above)o Valency of both the antibody and antigeno Structural arrangement of the parts that interactAll antibodies are multivalent e.g.IgGs are bivalent and and IgMs are decavalent. The greater an immunoglobulin’s valency (number of antigen binding sites), the greater the amount of antigen it can bind. Similarly, antigens can demonstrate multivalency because they can bind to more than one antibody. Multimeric interactions between an antibody and an antigen help their stabilization.A favorable structural arrangement of antibody and antigen can also lead to a more stable antibody-antigen complex as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.Figure 1.An immobilized antigen (a high local concentration of available epitopes) provides more opportunity for the antibody-antigen complex to form than free antigen in solution over the same time period. Once the first antigen binding arm of an antibody attaches to an antigen on a solid support, the chances of a bivalent interaction are greatly improved. Many immunoassays like Western blotting and ELISA exploit this principle.Figure 2.When an antigen is mixed with a polyclonal antibody, multivalent interactions may lead to large, stable (high avidity) structures being formed. This is because the antigen may be bound by several antibodies, each recognizing a different epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are therefore ideal for immunoprecipitation experiments.Further Useful Readingo How we improve the affinity of our recombinant monoclonal antibodies generated using HuCAL® technology through affinity maturation。

亲合力

亲合力
抗HCMV-IgM抗体不仅在HCMV近期原发感染时出现,再发感染也可产生。特异性IgM用于判断HCMV的活动性感 染,结合抗HCMV-IgM和AI能够有效判断感染的时间。在50份血浆中,AI<30%有15例,判断为近期原发感染,其 中5例检出抗HCMV-IgM,其余10例可能由于抗HCMV-IgM转阴未能检出;AI>50%有16例,判断其感染时间大于3个 月,其中5例抗HCMV-IgM阳性判断为再发感染。
谢谢观看
尿素处理时间长短可影响AI的高低,尤其是低AI的标本会因为变性时间不足而得出明显高于真实的AI值。国 内的研究在检测抗HCMV-IgG AI时多采用简化的洗脱法,认为取50%为判断近期原发感染的界值。经比较2种方法 分别检测8份血浆的结果,温育法检测的AI低于洗脱法,但无显著性差异,说明温育法(变性孔尿素终浓度4mol/L) 与该洗脱法具有相近的使低亲合力抗体变性的能力。由此本研究采用Hedman对于AI的解释,以AI<30%判断近期原 发感染,以AI>30%排除近期原发感染,判断为既往感染或再发感染。
抗HCMV-IgG浓度过高时包被抗原相对不足,存在过剩的IgG,此时由于高亲合力的IgG在尿素的作用下仍然能 与包被抗原结合,而非变性孔IgG与包被抗原的结合已经饱和,所测得的A值相对恒定,因此影响AI测定,得出较 高的AI值。这与K li-mashevskaya等的报道一致。而Dangel等却认为高浓度的IgG会引起错误的低AI值结果,可 能与实验方法及试剂的不同有关。而在检测血浆抗HC-MV-IgG浓度约100 IU/mL的AI时,AI值随稀释倍数不同出 现一定的波动,但不影响结果的判断。
HSCs是肝纤维化形成过程中合成细胞外基质的最主要细胞,肝纤维化恢复期,凋亡的HSCs明显增多。实验证 明,在CCl4造成大鼠肝纤维化模型后的自动恢复过程中,HSCs凋亡是中心事件。所以,抑制HSCs增殖、诱导其凋 亡是抗肝纤维化的重要策略。Takahashi等报道,NGFR是细胞膜受体,存在于多种细胞表面。

临床免疫学检验名词解释重要知识点上

临床免疫学检验名词解释重要知识点上

抗原抗体反应:是指抗原与相应抗体在体内或体外发生的特异性结合反应。

抗原抗体间的结合力涉及静电引力、范德华力、氢键和疏水作用力,其中疏水作用力最强,它是在水溶液中两个疏水基团相互接触,由于对水分子的排斥而趋向聚集的力。

亲和性(affinity):是指抗体分子上一个抗原结合点与一个相应抗原表位(AD)之间的结合强度,取决于两者空间结构的互补程度。

亲合力(avidity):是指一个完整抗体分子的抗原结合部位与若干相应抗原表位之间的结合强度,它与亲和性、抗体的结合价、抗原的有效AD数目有关。

抗原抗体反应的特点:特异性、可逆性、比例性、阶段性。

带现象(zone phenomenon):一种抗原-抗体反应的现象。

在凝集反应或沉淀反应中,由于抗体过剩或抗原过剩,抗原与抗体结合但不能形成大的复合物,从而不出现肉眼可见的反应现象。

抗体过量称为前带,抗原过量称为后带。

免疫原(immunogen):是指能诱导机体免疫系统产生特异性抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的抗原。

免疫佐剂(immuno adjustvant):简称佐剂,是指某些预先或与抗原同时注入体内,可增强机体对该抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型的物质。

半抗原(hapten):又称不完全抗原,是指仅具有与抗体结合的能力(抗原性),而单独不能诱导抗体产生(无免疫原性)的物质。

当半抗原与蛋白质载体结合后即可成为完全抗原。

载体(carrier):结合后能给予半抗原以免疫原性的物质。

载体效应:初次免疫与再次免疫时,只有使半抗原结合在同一载体上,才能使机体产生对半抗原的免疫应答,该现象称为~。

单克隆抗体(McAB):将单个B细胞分离出来,加以增殖形成一个克隆群落,该B细胞克隆产生的针对单一表位、结构相同、功能均一的抗体,即~。

多克隆抗体(PcAb):天然抗原分子中常含多种不同抗原特异性的抗原表位,以该抗原物质刺激机体免疫系统,体内多个B细胞克隆被激活,产生含有针对不同抗原表位的免疫球蛋白,即~基因工程抗体(GEAb):是利用DNA重组及蛋白工程技术,从基因水平对编码抗体的基因进行改造和装配,经导入适当的受体细胞后重新表达的抗体。

免疫检验考试辅导:抗血清的特性鉴定

免疫检验考试辅导:抗血清的特性鉴定

根据不同目的制备的抗血清,对其中所含抗体的浓度,特异性及免疫球蛋白种类的要求也不一样。

为了获得质量和数量上合符要求的抗血清,在收集动物血清前必须对免疫效果进行检测,对收获后的抗血清也必须对—些参数进行分析,如效价、亲和力及交叉反应等。

根据不同的抗原性质选用合适的检测方法。

最常用的为免疫沉淀,ELISA,放射免疫等。

效价又称滴度(titer),是常用于表达抗血清中特异性抗体相对含量的—个半定量指标,即在给定的条件下,结合—定量抗原的抗血清的稀释度。

抗血清经一系列稀释后(如倍比稀释)与定量的抗原反应,以能检测抗血清最大稀释倍数即为该抗血清的效价。

不同的检测方法测定同一种抗血清的效价,灵敏度不一样,抗血清的效价也不一样,如沉淀反应(琼脂双扩散)与ELISA二者的效价相差甚大,后者远高于前者。

放射免疫分析(RIA)常用于标记小分子抗原来检测抗血清的效价。

亲和力(affinity)表示抗血清与相应抗原的结合强度,是描述抗体持异性的重要指标,常用亲和常数K表示。

亲和常数K与抗原抗体反应的平衡常数有关:
抗体特异性与交叉反应:抗体是特异的。

只与相应抗原反应。

实际制备的抗体却常有非特异性反应,这是因为抗原不纯造成的。

多组分抗原之间存在共同的抗原决定簇,或者两个抗原决定簇结构类似能与同一抗体结合,均可出现抗体与异源抗原的交叉反应。

用琼脂双扩散能简便直观地反映不同抗原与同一抗血清,或不同抗血清与同一抗原的交叉反应。

医学期刊编校中容易混淆的字与词辨析

医学期刊编校中容易混淆的字与词辨析

收稿日期:2012-04-25作者简介:汤代国(1972—),男,编辑,研究方向:医学期刊编辑学。

医学期刊编校中容易混淆的字与词辨析汤代国1,喻俊2(1.《腹部外科》编辑部,湖北武汉430014;2.《中华器官移植杂志》编辑部,湖北武汉430014)摘要:对医学期刊编校中容易混淆的字与词进行文献综述和归纳,对每组词进行辨析,并结合全国科学技术名词审定委员会公布的科技名词,对统一规范标准按规定正确使用,以便尽最大努力减少错别字。

关键词:医学期刊;词语辨析;专业术语中图分类号:G232.2;R-61文献标志码:A文章编号:1673-0143(2012)04-0143-03文字差错主要有易混淆的字与词,名词术语不规范,多字和漏字,数字、简繁字混用等等,许多属同音、近音、形似错用,其中,易混淆的字与词出错概率较高[1]。

不管是作者撰稿还是编辑编校过程中有些词正确区分使用确实很困难,而消灭期刊中的错别字是编辑加工中的一项重要工作,为此,现将医学期刊编辑工作中遇到的易混淆的字与词进行归纳,并结合文献复习综述如下,以供业内同仁参考。

1“分辨率”与“分辨力”医学影像学专业中常用,容易混淆。

“分辨率”定义是指某种设备或材料在单位长度内能够分辨的点或线的数量。

在《物理学名词》(1996年版)中“分辨率”对应的英文为“resolution ”,而没有“分辨力”,只有“分辨本领”一词,对应的英文为“resolving power ”,也可解释为“分辨能力”。

因此,应该用“分辨能力”或“分辨本领”来代替“分辨力”,而要对“分辨能力”进行定量分析时,可根据情况用“分辨率”或“分辨率极限”(指可分辨对象的最小极限)来表示[2]。

2“病死率”和“死亡率”两者的区别在于所用的分子可能相同,但分母不同。

某病病死率=死于某病人数/某病治疗人数ˑ100%;死亡率=某年内死亡总人数/同年平均人口数ˑ1000ɢ。

病死率表示受治病人中死亡的频率,反映疾病的严重程度和预后;而死亡率则提示该病对人群所造成威胁的严重程度,作为评价公众健康状况的一种指标。

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Affinity and Avidity of Antibodies
Antibody Affinity
antigen Affinity measures the strength of interaction between an epitope and an antibody’s binding site. It is defined by the same basic thermodynamic principles that govern any reversible biomolecular interaction:
o K A = affinity constant
o[Ab] = molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antibody
o[Ag] = molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the antigen
o[Ab-Ag] = molar concentration of the antibody-antigen complex
In other words, K A describes how much antibody-antigen complex exists at the point when equilibrium is reached. The time taken for this to occur depends on rate of diffusion and is similar
for every antibody. However, high-affinity antibodies will bind a greater amount of antigen in a shorter period of time than low-affinity antibodies. K A can therefore vary widely for antibodies from below 105 mol-1 to above 1012 mol-1, and can be influenced by factors including pH, temperature and buffer composition.
The affinity of monoclonal antibodies can be measured accurately because they are homogeneous and selective for a single epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and will contain a mixture of antibodies of different affinities recognizing several epitopes –therefore only an average affinity can be determined.
Antibody Avidity
Avidity gives a measure of the overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex. It is dependent
on three major parameters:
o Affinity of the antibody for the epitope (see above)
o Valency of both the antibody and antigen
o Structural arrangement of the parts that interact
All antibodies are multivalent e.g. IgGs are bivalent and and IgMs are decavalent. The greater an immunoglobulin’s valency (number of antigen binding sites), the greater the amount of antigen it can bind. Similarly, antigens can demonstrate multivalency because they can bind to more than
one antibody. Multimeric interactions between an antibody and an antigen help their stabilization.
A favorable structural arrangement of antibody and antigen can also lead to a more stable antibody-antigen complex as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1. An immobilized antigen (a high local concentration of available epitopes) provides more opportunity for the antibody-antigen complex to form than free antigen in solution over the same time period. Once the first antigen binding arm of an antibody attaches to an antigen on a solid support, the chances of a bivalent interaction are greatly improved. Many immunoassays like Western blotting and ELISA exploit this principle.
Figure 2. When an antigen is mixed with a polyclonal antibody, multivalent interactions may lead
to large, stable (high avidity) structures being formed. This is because the antigen may be bound
by several antibodies, each recognizing a different epitope. Polyclonal antibodies are therefore ideal for immunoprecipitation experiments.
Further Useful Reading
o How we improve the affinity of our recombinant monoclonal antibodies generated using HuCAL? technology through affinity maturation。

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