南京大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题
2010南京大学研究生入学考试德语试题
南京大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ.在A、B、C三个选项中选出一个正确的答案。
（每题1分，共20分）1.Können Sie es noch einmal wiederholen? Ich ____ das nicht.A. weißB. versteheC. kenne2.____ der Fisch Ihnen gut ____?A. Haben, geschmecktB. Haben, gegessenC.Hat, geschmeckt3.Frau Meyer ermahnt ihren Mann, er ____ vorsichtig farhren.A. kannB. darfC. soll4.Der Film ist frei für Jugendliche ab 16 Jahren. Hier bedeutet "frei"___.A. verfügbarB. kostenlosC. zugelassen5.Er kam immer erst, ____ du weg warst.A. alsB. wannC. wenn6.Was machen wir denn mit dem V ertrag? -Ihr müßt einen Rechtsanwalt um ____ bitten.A. V orschlagB. RatC. Idee7.In der Bundesrepublik gibt es fast 30 Millionen Fahrzeuge, ____sind 23 Millionen private Autos.A. dabeiB. darinC. davon8.Herr Moser? Kenn ich ihn? - Du ___ihn ja kennen. Er war letztes Jahr als Gastprofessor hier.A. sollstB. kannstC. musst9.Ich zerbrach mir den Kopf, ________________A. aber ich fand keine Lösung.B. als ich von der Treppe abrutschte.C. weil ich mich nicht für die Theorie interessierte.10.Die Firma zog nach Berlin um. Ihr Bürohaus in Hamburg hat darum verkauft ______.A. worden zu sein.B. zu müssen.C. werden müssen11.Wie alt ist deine Schwester? Ist sie noch klein?--Ja, sie ist __ acht.A. nurB. schonC. erst12.Die Frauen kämpfen heute üerall um ihre ____.A. GleichheitB. GleichberechtigungC. Gleichung13.Also um 6 Uhr? --______Ihnen das?A. PaßtB. GebtC. Kommt14. __________ hört ihr V orträge? --Dreimal in der Woche.A. Wie langeB. Wie oftC. Wie viele15.Sein guter Ruf ging weit _____ die Grenzen des Landes hinaus.A. durchB. überC. an16.Ich habe es satt. Ich _________________.A. kann nicht mehr essenB. habe keinen Hunger mehrC. will nichts mehr hören17.Fasse dich kurzl ____________.A. Das Kleid passt dirB. Du wirst nicht dick werdenC. Ich will auch telefonieren18.In welchem Jahr begann der 2. Weltkrieg?A. An 1939B. Im Jahr 1939C. In 193919.Achtung!Einsturzgefahr! Bitte nicht betreten! Das ist ________.A.eine DrohungB.eine WarnungC.eine Mitteilung20.Der Unfall war wirklich nur deine Schuld! --Ja, du hast recht, Ich hätte nicht so schnell farhen _______.A.könnenB. sollenC. müssenⅡ.阅读理解（共36分）。
博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题
博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题一、简答下列各题（每题5分，共50分）1、爱利亚学校2、柏拉图“回忆说的主要内容3、德漠克利特的“影像”说4、亚里士多德关于“第一哲学”的定义5、“奥卡姆剃刀”6、休漠的不可知论观点7、笛卡儿的二元论8、卢梭关于人类不平等的论述9、康德的“自在之物”（“物自体”）10、费尔巴哈论“思维与存在的统一”二、回答下列各题（每题10分，共30分）1、洛克对“天赋观念论”的批判2、简评实用主义真理观3、海德格尔论“此在”三、试论述黑格尔对康德哲学的批判与继承（20分）一.简答题（解释下列概念与名词，每题5分，共50分）1.存在者（巴门尼德）2.数是万物的本源;3.知识与意见（柏拉图）；4.唯名论；5.有学问的无知（库萨的尼古拉）6.自因；7.《社会契约论》（卢梭）；8.观念的关系和事实（休谟）；9《人类理智新论》；10.“自我”“非我”二.分析题（全面的分析下列问题；每题25分，共100分）1.试论述亚里士多德实体学说的主要内容；2.试分析笛卡尔关于上帝存在的思路；3.试分析休谟因果学说和唯理论因果学说之间的区别；4.在康德哲学里，时间和空间具有哪些主要特征。
【名解1】水是万物的本原（南开00）；奴隶道德和主人道德（复旦96）；理念（人大98）；理念论（人大97、浙是、大98）；原子与虚空（人大97、吉大00、厦大99）；逻各斯（赫拉克利特）（吉大00、浙大99）；米利都学派（武大00）；人是万物的尺度；努斯（人大97、浙大99）；飞矢不动（南开00）；实体（亚里士多德）（吉大00）；人不能两次踏进同一条河流（人大00、北师大01、浙大98）；一切都是由必然性而产生（德谟克利特）；四因说（武大00、浙大98、人大01）；回忆说（人大99、北师大01）；潜能与现实（人大99）；助产术（人大00）；伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义（厦大01）；奥古斯丁（浙大98）；原子论（浙大98）；影像说（浙大98）；四根说（浙大98）；美德乃是一种和谐（毕达哥拉斯派）（浙大98）；普纽玛（浙大99）；《准则学》（浙大00）；存在（巴门尼德）（浙大00）；形式与质料（人大98）；教父哲学（人大01）；美德即知识（浙大00）；人本主义（武大00）【简答1】简述柏拉图在《理想国》中阐述的伦理的政治思想。
南京大学外国哲学真题
2003年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义哲学的首要的基本的观点？2、简述你对历史唯物主义的意识形态概念的理解。
3、我们说，”意识并不是自然界从来就有的，但它却在自然界有着自己深厚的基础和前提，这就是物质形态普遍的反映特性“。
请从物质形态普遍反映特性的角度简述人类意识的起源。
二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、恩格斯说：“每一时代的理论思维，我们时代的理论思维，都是一种历史的产物，在不同的时代具有非常不同的形态，并因而具有非常不同的内容。
”试从认识的历史演化的角度说明“三个代表”思想与马克思主义理论之间的继承与发展的关系。
2、试阐述马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学之间的关系。
三、名词解释（任选三题，每题10分，共30分）1、回忆说（柏拉图）2、奥康剃刀（或奥卡姆剃刀）（中世纪哲学）3、温和怀疑论（休谟）4、公意（或总意志）（卢梭）四、论述题（任选两题，每题25分，共50分）1、亚里士多德如何论述美德伦理，他心目中恢宏大度的君子是什么样子的，这与其中庸之道有什么关系？这种美德伦理在今天具有怎样的现实意义？2、唯理论和经验论各自的思想特点是什么？英国经验主义与大陆理性主义平行发展，为什么不能相互完全替代？3、什么是康德的”哥白尼革命“？什么叫先天综合判断？此类判断对于自然科学有什么意义？科学能够证明”人为自然立法“的命题吗？2003年现代西方哲学一、名词解释（任选5题，每题12分，共60分）1、绵延（柏格森）2、试错法（波普尔）3、“经验主义的两个教条”（奎因）4、存在先于本质（萨特）5、解构（德里达）6、“自然之镜”（罗蒂）二、论述题（任选三题，每题30分，共90分）1、试论尼采的价值重估理论及其意义，西方社会传统的基督教伦理是否因此而崩溃？2、论述维特根斯坦后期的“语言游戏说”，它与前期的“图像说”有什么关系？这与其关于哲学的根本看法有何联系？3、库恩的科学革命理论的主要内容是什么？其历史主义科学哲学思想在当代科学哲学中处于怎样的地位？4、评述法兰克福学派的工具理性批判思想，这种批判是否真实地反映了当代西方社会的实质？请稍微详细的阐述你的理由？2004年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、马克思主义哲学创立的理论前提是什么？2、恩格斯说：“社会一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要就会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进。
南京大学哲学综合(试题)马哲部分2003-2010
2003年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义哲学的首要的基本的观点？2、简述你对历史唯物主义的意识形态概念的理解。
3、我们说，”意识并不是自然界从来就有的，但它却在自然界有着自己深厚的基础和前提，这就是物质形态普遍的反映特性“。
请从物质形态普遍反映特性的角度简述人类意识的起源。
二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、恩格斯说：“每一时代的理论思维，我们时代的理论思维，都是一种历史的产物，在不同的时代具有非常不同的形态，并因而具有非常不同的内容。
”试从认识的历史演化的角度说明“三个代表”思想与马克思主义理论之间的继承与发展的关系。
2、试阐述马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学之间的关系。
2004年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、马克思主义哲学创立的理论前提是什么？2、恩格斯说：“社会一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要就会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进。
”请谈谈你对这句话的认识。
3、江泽民同志在“十六大报告”中指出：“我们要突破前人，后人也必然会突破我们。
”试用认识论基本原理谈谈你对这句话的认识。
二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、马克思恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中说：“实际上和对实践的唯物主义者，即共产主义者来说，全部的问题都在于使现存世界革命化，实际地反对和改变事物的现状。
”请你根据这段话谈谈对马克思主义哲学基本精神的理解。
2、如何理解马克思主义哲学的面向工人阶级利益的价值指向性与其科学性的辩证统一。
2005哲学综合一、问答题（每题10分，共30分）1、总的量变过程中的部分质变与根本性质变之间的区别与联系是什么？2、列宁说“实践高于（理论的）认识，因为它不仅具有普遍性的品格，而且还具有直接现实性的品格。
”（《列宁全集》第2版，第55卷，第183页），请你谈谈对这段话的理解？3、如何理解人是一种社会历史性的存在？二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、如何理解马克思主义认识论是能动的反映论？学界有一种观点认为，可以用“选择论”和“建构论”来取代马克思主义的反映论，请你谈谈对这种观点的认识。
2010年南京大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
2010年南京大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：86.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：35，分数：70.00)1.Keats" major achievement, and one of the major achievements in English literature, is the sequence of 1that he wrote in his time.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.Thomas Gray was the leader of the sentimental poetry, known as " 1".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Theodore Dreiser"s first novel is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.Eugene O"Neill"s 1is a play that concerns the problem of Yank"s identity.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5. 1of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby(1925).（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.The term " 1" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7. 1defines the poet as " man speaking to men," and poetry as " the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in the U. S. is New England 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.Walt Whitman is radically innovative in term of the form of his poetry. What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is " 1".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.In English literature, 1"s novels blend industrial and rural settings magnificently. He had written about the frustration of desires and there is obvious sexual application in his work.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Author 1Title 2 Virtues are, in the popular estimate, rather the exception than the rule. There is the man and his virtues. Men do what is called a good action, as some piece of courage or charity, much as they would pay a fine in expiation of daily non-appearance on parade.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.Author 1Title It was a circumstance to be noted, on the summer morning when our story begins its course, that the women, of whom there were several in the crowd, appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever penal infliction might be expected to ensue. The age had not so much refinement, that any sense of impropriety restrained the wearers of petticoat and farthingale from stepping forth into the public ways, and wedging their not unsubstantial persons, if occasion were, into the throng nearest to the scaffold at an execution.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Author 1Title 2 It is not probable that this monomania in him took its instant rise at the precise time of his bodily dismemberment. Then, in darting at the monster, knife in hand, he had but given loose to a sudden passionate, corporal animosity; and when he receive the stroke that tore him, he probably but felt the agonizing bodily laceration, but nothing more.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.Author 1Title 2 What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.Author 1Title 2 And on that cheek, and o"er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.Author 1Title 2 If only she hadn"t been that robust woman but a woman, in her middle years, with an incurable complaint of the heart. Then of course it wouldn"t have been terrible or even difficult to have made that decision that night, it wouldn"t even have been the source for ever afterwards of confusion, mystery and remorse.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17.Author 1Title 2 My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near, Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________18.Author 1Title 2 In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________19.Author 1Title 2 But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slanted Down the green hill athwarta cedarn cover! A savage place! as holy and enchanted As e"er beneath a waning moon was haunted By woman wailing for her demon-lover!（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________20.Author 1Title 2 Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three and twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________21.Author 1Title 2 " Every one asks me what I " think" of everything" said Spencer Brydon; " andI make answer as I can—begging or dodging the question, putting them off with any nonsense. It wouldn"t matter to any of them really, " he went on, " for, even were it possible to meet in that stand-and-deliver way so silly a demand on so big a subject, my " thoughts" would still be almost altogether about something that concerns only myself. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Author 1Title 2 My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchor"d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.Author 1Title 2 In fairness to Charles it must be said that he sent to find Sam before he left the White Lion. But the servant was not in the taproom or the stables. Charles guessed indeed where he was. He could not send there; and thus he left Lyme without seeing him again. He got into his four-wheeler in the yard, and promptly drew down the blinds.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.Author 1Title 2 I found Simon Wheeler dozing comfortably by the bar-room stove of the old, dilapidated tavern in the ancient mining camp of Angel"s, and I noticed that he was fat and bald-headed, and had an expression of winning gentleness and simplicity upon his tranquil countenance. He roused up and gave me good-day.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.Author 1Title 2 Yossarian let his eyes fall closed and hoped they would think he was unconscious. "He"s fainted," he heard a doctor say. "Can"t we treat him now before it"s too late? He really might die. " "All right, take him. I hope the bastard does die. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Author 1Title 2 I can give you that historical bird"s eye view. But I cannot explain the mystery of Leonard Side"s inheritance. Most of us know the parents or grandparents we come from. But we go back and back, forever; we go back all of us to the very beginning; in our blood and bone and brain we carry the memories of thousands of beings.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.Author 1Title 2 The store in which the Justice of the Peace"s court was sitting smelled of cheese. The boy, crouched on his nail keg at the back of the crowded room, knew he smelled cheese, and more: from where he sat could see the ranked shelves close-packed with the solid, squat, dynamic shapes of tin cans whose labels his stomach read, not from the lettering which meant nothing to his mind...（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.Author 1Title 2 My mother danced all night and Roberta"s was sick. That"s why we were taken to St. Bonny"s. People want to put their arms around you when you tell them you were in a shelter, but it really wasn"t bad. No big long room with one hundred beds like Bellevue.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29.Author 1Title 2 He had rolled a handkerchief round his head, and his face was set and lowering in his sleep. But he was asleep, and quietly too, though he had a pistol lying on the pillow. Assured of this, I softly removed the key to the outside of this door, and turned it on him before I again sat down by the fire. Gradually I slipped from the chair and lay on the floor . When I awoke, without having parted in my sleep with the perception of my wretchedness, the clocks of the Eastward churches were striking five, the candles were wasted out, the fire was dead, and the wind and rain intensified the thick black darkness.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Author 1Title 2 He felt that his luck was better than usual today. When he had reported for work that morning he had expected to be shut up in the relief office at a clerk"s job, for he had been hired downtown as a clerk, and he was glad to have, instead, the freedom of the streets and welcomed, at least at first, the vigor of the cold and even the blowing of the hard wind. But on the other hand he was not getting on with the distribution of the checks.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.Author 1Title 2 Three men were at work on the roof, where the leads got so hot they had the idea of throwing water on to cool them. But the water steamed, then sizzled; and they make jokes about getting an egg from some woman in the flats under the flats under them, to poach it for their dinner.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.Author 1Title 2 The three women sat in the little room, imagined not remembered. Veronica detected in her mother"s cream-coloured dress just a touch of awkwardness, her grandmother"s ineptness at a trade for which she was not wholly suited, a shoulder out of true, a cuff awry, as so many buttons and cuffs and waistbands had been during the making-do in the time of austerity.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33.Author 1Title 2 Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away,and almost all fugitives are of that condition.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.Author 1Title 2 So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Author 1Title 2 Spite, spite, is the word of your undoing! And when you"re down and out, remember what did it. When you"re rotting somewhere beside the railroad tracks, remember, and don"t you dare blame it on me!（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、问答题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)36.Briefly state the main ideas of Benjamin Franklin"s The Autobiography and give your comments on them.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.What are the qualities that Granny Weatherall has? In what way do such qualities help her live successfully?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 38.What does "the green light" symbolize in The Great Gatsby? Does it exist in reality? Explain your answer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.What does T. S. Eliot"s idea of "an objective of correlative" mean to you?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.What does Virginia Woolf use to present the life of the titled character in her Mrs. Dalloway?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.What do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe? Discuss briefly some of his traits.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、评论题(总题数：1，分数：2.00)pare Grief with Tears, Idle Tears, commenting particularly on the treatment of their themes.(30 points)1. GriefBy Elizabeth Barrett BrowningI tell you hopeless grief is passionless;That only men incredulous of despair,Half-taught in anguish, through the midnight airBeat upward to God"s throne in loud accessOf shrieking and reproach. Full desertnessIn souls, as countries, lieth silent-bareUnder the blanching, vertical eye-glareOf the absolute heavens. Deep-hearted man, expressGrief for thy dead in silence like to death:Most like a monumental statue setIn everlasting watch and moveless woeTill itself crumble to the dust beneath.Touch it; the marble eyelids are not wet—If it could weep, it could arise and go.2. Tears, Idle TearsBy Alfred, Lord TennysonTears, idle tears. I know not what they mean,Tears from the depth of some divine despairRise in the heart and gather to the eyes.In looking on the happy Autumn-fields.And thinking of the days that are no more.Fresh as the first beam glittering on a sail.That brings our friends up from the underworld,Sad as the last which reddens over oneThat sinks with all we love below the verge;So sad, so fresh, the days that are no more.Ah, sad and strange as in dark summer dawnsThe earliest pipe of half-awakened birdsTo dying ears, when unto dying eyesThe casement slowly grows a glimmering square;So sad, so strange, the days that are no more.Dear as remembered kisses after death, And sweet as those by hopeless fancy feignedOn lips that are for others; deep as love, Deep as first love, and wild with all regret; O Death in Life, the days that are no more!（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 作文43.Write a critical essay on the following topic.(30 points)Modernism is a reaction against realism. Discuss the features of modernism and illustrate your point with examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
南京大学2008-2013博士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》
南京大学2008-2013博士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学南京大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》（中国哲学专业做A卷宗教学专业做B卷）A卷（每题25分，共100分）1、孔子“仁”的思想内容及其评论2、老子“道”的思想内容及其评论3、王阳明“知行合一”说述评4、试论程朱理学对先秦儒学的丰富和发展B卷（每题25分，共100分）1、荀子天人思想述评2、孟子仁学思想述评3、王充元气自然论述评4、郭象“独化”论述评南京大学2009博士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学（每题25分，共100分）1、试述墨子对孔子学说的批评，并给予评论（25分）2、老子、庄子思想异同（25分）3、张载“气本论”思想述评（25分）4、试述中国传统哲学中的“天人合一”思想，并给予检讨（25分）南京大学2010研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学（每题25分，共100分）1、孔子“仁爱”、老子“道爱”、墨子“兼爱”之比较（25分）2、魏晋玄学讨论的主要问题并给予评论（25分）3、试述程朱“理本论”与陆王“心本论”异同（25分）4、试述儒学哲学化历程并给予评论：以先秦儒学、宋明儒学、现代新儒学为例。
（25分）南京大学2011士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学（每题25分，共100分）1、试论儒学人文主义思想及其特质。
（25分）2、《大学》主要思想内容述评。
（25分）3、王夫之“理势合一”论述评。
（25分）4、试述老子的“道”与宋明理学的“理”之异同。
（25分）南京大学2013博士研究生入学考试试题《中国哲学史》考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学（每题25分，共100分）1、老子辩证法及其评论（25分）2、中国佛学在中国哲学中的地位（25分）3、张载《西铭》的主要思想述评（25分）。
2010年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her ______A．whirlB．shiftC．shiverD．shake正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：这个小女孩穿了一件很薄的外套。
一阵冷风让她发抖。
本题考查近义词辨析。
在给出的选项中：whirl“打旋”；shift“移动”；shiver “发抖”，因寒冷、恐惧、兴奋等发抖；shake“摇动、震动”。
所以，正确答案是C。
2．Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a man with a strong______A．philosophyB．idealismC．moralityD．personality正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：经历过生活中的种种艰难困苦，他成了一位名人。
在给出的选项中：philosophy“哲学”；idealism“理想主义”；morality“道德”；pei ‘sonality“品格、名人”。
所以，正确答案是D。
3．All was dark in the district except for a candle ______ though the curtains in one of the houses.A．glimmeringB．glitteringC．flamingD．blazing正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：这块区域一片漆黑，只有一间房子的窗帘透出微弱的烛光。
博士研究生考试试题
博士研究生考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列关于科学哲学的描述，哪一项是错误的？A. 科学哲学是研究科学本质的学科B. 科学哲学探讨科学知识的产生和发展C. 科学哲学认为所有科学理论都是绝对正确的D. 科学哲学关注科学实践中的逻辑和方法论问题2. 在现代物理学中，量子力学的核心概念之一是：A. 相对性原理B. 测不准原理C. 万有引力定律D. 热力学第二定律3. 下列关于遗传学的基本定律，哪一项是由格雷戈尔·孟德尔提出的？A. 中心法则B. 孟德尔遗传定律C. 遗传密码D. 基因重组4. 在化学中，下列哪个术语描述的是分子中原子间的化学键？A. 摩尔质量B. 溶解度C. 化学键D. 反应速率5. 下列哪一项不是生态系统服务的功能？A. 碳固定B. 水净化C. 疾病传播D. 土壤肥力维持10. 在统计学中，下列哪一项是用来衡量变量之间相关性的指标？A. 方差B. 标准差C. 相关系数D. 概率密度函数二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述科学方法的基本步骤，并举例说明其在研究中的应用。
2. 解释什么是“双盲实验”，并讨论其在临床试验中的重要性。
3. 描述牛顿三大运动定律，并解释它们在工程学中的应用。
4. 阐述生态系统的生物多样性对人类社会的重要性。
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1. 论述科学知识的社会构建性，并探讨科学知识如何受到社会、文化和历史背景的影响。
2. 分析全球气候变化对生物多样性的潜在影响，并讨论人类可以采取哪些措施来减轻这些影响。
四、计算题（每题20分，共20分）1. 一个密封容器内有一定量的气体，其初始压强为P1，体积为V1，温度为T1。
当气体的温度升高到T2，同时体积减小到V2时，假设气体的行为遵循理想气体定律，计算最终的压强P2。
五、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）1. 阅读以下案例：某地区由于长期过度使用地下水，导致地下水位持续下降，进而引发了一系列生态问题。
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南京大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题1.波普如何从试错法来论证逐步社会工程的社会改良主义理论？为什么政治思想史上一直有人批评革命？比较中外当代思想中的革命与改良理论，系统阐述你自己的看法。
2.社群主义者如何批评当代西方主流的自由主义政治哲学？举出一两个代表人物的理论进行分析和概括论述。
3.杜威“经验”概念的内涵是什么？它和近代经验主义的“经验”概念有着怎样的区别？
4.后期维特根斯坦与前期维特根斯坦相比，有哪些相同点？又有哪些不同点？
5.请结合《存在与时间》的相关思想，阐明“存在论差异”何以是海德格尔思想的“主导问题”？
6.依据胡塞尔本人思想的发展论述他关于“自我”的基本思想。
7.尼采自称是“反基督者”，“非道德者”和“反虚无主义者”。
这三种身份是如何服务于尼采的“自我超越”的？。