Morphology(形态学)ppt课件
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morphologyPPT课件
What is lexical meaning and what is grammatical meaning?
E.g. The English word tourists contain three morphemes. One minimal unit of lexical meaning is tour and another unit of lexical meaning is –ist which means person who does something. The third minimal unit –s has grammatical meaning indicating plurality.
• Bound morphemes are actually affixes. 黏着语素实际上 就是词缀。
• 词缀本质上是黏着的。Affixes are naturally bound. All affixes in English are bound.
• ——词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素上的一类语素
• Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.
• Inflectional affixes are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical functions of a word.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我 们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.
英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件
Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
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教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
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Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
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See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
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1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
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The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
授课题目 : morphology.
1
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
16
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
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See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
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1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
语言学Morphology形态学课件
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Lecture 8：MorphologyPPT教学课件
2020/12/10
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Examples
Cat cats Boy boys House houses Foot feet Radius radii Sheep sheep (zero) Child children
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2.2 Morpheme
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of a language. It cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying the meaning.
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. It is generally divided in two fields: (1) Inflectional morphology: the study of inflections. (2) Derivational morphology: the study of word-formation.
be realized in different contexts as the alternate shapes of phonetic forms as : {-s, z, -iz, -ai, -I, -n, -∮} , which are called the allomorphes of the same morpheme{-s}
语言学Morphology形态学.pptx
has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
*their all trouble
all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
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3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited.
New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
chapter_3__morphology ppt课件
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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Morpheme
• the minimal unit of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
• 研究词的内部结构以及制约单词的构造 规则。分为：曲折词态学和派生（词汇） 词态学
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• Lexicology relies on morphology for information about construction of words, parts of words and distinction between different types of words.
• The study of lexicology owes a good deal and is also useful to three disciplines:
• (a) morphology
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• (b) etymology, a subfield of lexicology is the study of oringins of words and their history and semantic changes.
细胞形态学PPT课件
血细胞减少；原始细 胞<5% ；未见Auer小 体；单核细胞 <1×109/L ；
单系或多系细胞增生 异常；原始细胞5%～ 9%；未见Auer小体
难治性贫血伴原始细 胞增多2型
（ refractory anaemia with excess blasts-2 ，RAEB-2）
血细胞减少；原始细 胞5%～19% ；Auer小 体（±）；单核细胞 <1×109/L；
红白血病（M6 ） (-)
(+)～(+++) (-)
(-)
幼红细胞
急巨（M7）
(-)
(+)～(+++) (-)
(-)
↑ ↓ ↓ ↑或↓ ↑或↓ ↓
↓
-
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二、白血病MIC分型
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常规采用的FAB分型法简单易行， 至今仍是AL诊断分型的基本手段。然 而，白血病细胞高度异质性，形态上 复杂多变，尤其对分化差或混合性白 血病单凭细胞形态学分型有一定困难 。加之，细胞水平的观察属于直观判 断，其准确程度与检测人员的经验有 关，带着主观因素，其诊断符合率大 约 60%～70%。
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1986年FAB协作组提出了MIC分型法
• 形态学 (morphology，M)、 • 免疫学 (immunology，I)、 • 细胞遗传学( cytogenetics，C)，
该分型法以形态学为基础、免疫学 和细胞遗传学作补充，相互结合，使分 型更趋精确。
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随着免疫学的发展，人们对白细胞分 化和白血病细胞的来源认识不断完善。 白血病细胞能保持正常血细胞各个分化时 期的抗原特征，较准确地鉴别AL的类型、 指导治疗判断预后。1982年11月在巴黎召 开第一届人类白血病分化抗原会议，同意 并批准使用分化群（clusters of differentiation，CD）作为白细胞分化抗 原的命名。以后又陆续新增加了多种CD， 并在分化抗原的功能研究方面获得许多新 的突破。
语言学教程第章形态学ppt(共102张PPT)
relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot
be divided into further smaller units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning; morphemes cannot be further analyzed. 就语音和语义的关系而言，语素是语言中最小的（词汇 语法和语义）单位；语素不可再分割，除非丧失意义；
本课要学习的内容
1. 本章与上章之间的联系与界限[语言的三个层面] 2. 什么是语素？
2.1 语素的定义，形态学的定义
2.2. 语素的分类（重点） 2.3. 形态变化和语素变体
3. 什么是词?
3.2 词的分类
3.0 第 3 章导论
语言的形式层和意义层
[词] [语素，词素]
本章的结构即形态学的研究层次
3.5
word group / phrase [词组/短语]
3.2
3.3
word
[词]
3.4
3.1
morpheme
[语素，词素]
1. 本章与其他章之间的联系与界限
sounding level /phonological level phonetics
Stem1 词根 + 词缀 [屈折词缀]
Stem2 词根 + 词缀1[派生词缀] + 词缀2 [屈折词缀]
Stem3 词根 + 词缀1+词缀2 … 词缀n-1+ 词缀n [屈折词缀]
扩大词汇量的工具书
语素的分类[3]
Inflectional affix [屈折词缀 ]
be divided into further smaller units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning; morphemes cannot be further analyzed. 就语音和语义的关系而言，语素是语言中最小的（词汇 语法和语义）单位；语素不可再分割，除非丧失意义；
本课要学习的内容
1. 本章与上章之间的联系与界限[语言的三个层面] 2. 什么是语素？
2.1 语素的定义，形态学的定义
2.2. 语素的分类（重点） 2.3. 形态变化和语素变体
3. 什么是词?
3.2 词的分类
3.0 第 3 章导论
语言的形式层和意义层
[词] [语素，词素]
本章的结构即形态学的研究层次
3.5
word group / phrase [词组/短语]
3.2
3.3
word
[词]
3.4
3.1
morpheme
[语素，词素]
1. 本章与其他章之间的联系与界限
sounding level /phonological level phonetics
Stem1 词根 + 词缀 [屈折词缀]
Stem2 词根 + 词缀1[派生词缀] + 词缀2 [屈折词缀]
Stem3 词根 + 词缀1+词缀2 … 词缀n-1+ 词缀n [屈折词缀]
扩大词汇量的工具书
语素的分类[3]
Inflectional affix [屈折词缀 ]
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aspects of the grammatical function of a
word. all has only 8 Inflectional morpheme
s. 屈折语素
1n+’s(possessive) 2n+s(plural) 3v+s(3rd person present singular) 4v+ing(present participle)
5v+ed(past tense and past participle) 6v+en (past participle) 7adj+er(comparative) 8adj+est(superlative)
.
morphemes
Free morphemes
Lexical morphemes Functional morphemes
• (-ment,-er.in-,-ing)
affixes 词缀
Prefixes(they are joined in the beginning of the root or stem)e.g. im-, un-, 前缀
Suffixes(they are joined in the end of the
Derivational morphemes bound morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
.
Meaningfulness Understatement Supernatural Moonscape when
.
.
e. g , talk book computer on if
Lexical morphemes词汇语素
free morpheme, verbs, and adjectives (bag hate cute )
Functional morphemes功能语素 Functional words are like conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns (a nd the in he )
.
morpheme
Free morpheme Bound morpheme
.
3.2.1 free morphemes自由语素
• A word must contain an element that can stand
by itself called a free morpheme. Such an element called a root.
Chapter 3
Morphology(形态学)
.
3.1 introduction
• She went to bookshop yesterday.（a sentence）
• She ,went , to, Bookshop, yesterday (words)
• Unfriendly (a word)--- un-, friend, - ly
root or stem)e.g.-ment,-ly,-less 后缀
.
Derivational morphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from
bound morphemes
the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素 Inflectional morphemes: they are to show
•
( word-like elements)
morphology: the study of the internal structure ,for ms and classes of words.
.
3.2 morphemes(语素)
• A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or gramm atical function. (It is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible and analyzable into sm aller forms.) e. g: blackboard (two morphemes :black and board) friendly (two morphemes :friend and -ly) likes (two morphemes: like and -s)
Free morphe mes work
work Work, shop
root
work work Work, shop
stem
work worker workshop
.
3.2.2 bound morphemes粘着语素
• Some morphemes can’t normally stand alone,b ut function only as parts of words are called b ound morphemes.They are actually affixes.
.
Stem词干
• When free morphemes are used with bound m orphemes ,the basic word-form involved is tech nically known as the stem.
words
works workers workshops