语言学Morphology形态学课件
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morphologyPPT课件
What is lexical meaning and what is grammatical meaning?
E.g. The English word tourists contain three morphemes. One minimal unit of lexical meaning is tour and another unit of lexical meaning is –ist which means person who does something. The third minimal unit –s has grammatical meaning indicating plurality.
• Bound morphemes are actually affixes. 黏着语素实际上 就是词缀。
• 词缀本质上是黏着的。Affixes are naturally bound. All affixes in English are bound.
• ——词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素上的一类语素
• Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.
• Inflectional affixes are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical functions of a word.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我 们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.
英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology
Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
• Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form
• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic
英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件
Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
1
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
16
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
17
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
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1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
授课题目 : morphology.
1
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
16
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
17
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
18
1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
语言学morpheme课件
• It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的 内部结构和构造规则。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
morpheme noun morpheme -ion
allomorphs
morph1: tion description
morph2: ation modernization
morph3: sion decision
[describe]
[modernize]
• -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are
• Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet
语言学morpheme
A word
root
prefix
suffix
determine
change
determine
The meaning of
a word
The meaning of
a word
语言学morpheme
The characteristic
of a word
语言学morpheme
C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的 语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语 或句子之内。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
morpheme noun morpheme -ion
allomorphs
morph1: tion description
morph2: ation modernization
morph3: sion decision
[describe]
[modernize]
• -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are
• Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet
语言学morpheme
A word
root
prefix
suffix
determine
change
determine
The meaning of
a word
The meaning of
a word
语言学morpheme
The characteristic
of a word
语言学morpheme
C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的 语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语 或句子之内。
英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件
Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” • Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour • Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. • All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Undress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. • Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
chapter_3__morphology ppt课件
look back • Auxiliaries • Pro-form • determiners
ppt课件
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Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
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• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
ppt课件
it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
ppt课件
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The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
ppt课件
14
Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
ppt课件
19
• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
ppt课件
17
• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
ppt课件
it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
ppt课件
22
The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
语言学Morphology形态学.pptx
has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
*their all trouble
all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
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3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited.
New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
第二章Morphology形态学-59页精品文档
These sounds are limited in number.
This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistics studies are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2019)
2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels
In the production of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meet with no obstruction
they may narrow the space considerably; or
they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistics studies are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2019)
2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels
In the production of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meet with no obstruction
they may narrow the space considerably; or
they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
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语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology
语言学Morphology形态学
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of stics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
语言学Morphology形态学
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking
• Hi. • Wonderful.
语言学Morphology形态学
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology
语言学Morphology形态学
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of stics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
语言学Morphology形态学
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking
• Hi. • Wonderful.
语言学Morphology形态学
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs