英语语言学 形态学 Morphology
最新新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter-Three-Morphology
Chapter Three Morphology形态学一、定义1. Morphology形态学：t he study of the internal structure of words (内部研究), and the rules by which words are formed.对单词的内部结构和单词构成规则的研究。
2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。
二、知识点3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。
他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中加入新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。
2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。
高中英语教师资格考试形态学
Morphology：形态学是研究词内部结构和构词结构的语言分支1.基本概念Morpheme 词素（a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function 最小的表示语义或者语法功能的单位）Allomorphs 词素变体●Cat（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）●Bus（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）Sheep（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）这个“复数”词素可以有几个不同的morphs (形素：the actual forms used to realize morphemes, 表现词素的实际形式)所以-s,-es,-ies就是一个复数morpheme的allomorphes【Sheep+zero-morph】例子2：walk + past tense （ed）Go + past tense（went）went（zero-morph）和-ed都是past tense这个词素的不同的变体或者形素考试技巧：ungentlemanliness 有几个词素？就看这里面有几个意义词素和几个语法功能的词素Un-否定前缀词素Gentle 意义词素Man 意义词素Li-(ly) 形容词后缀词素（gentlemanly adj. 绅士的，绅士派头的）Ness 名词后缀词素2.Types of morphemes 词素类型（1）Free morpheme & Bound morpheme自由词素可以单独出现（boy man baby）黏着词素不能单独出现（-ish，-un，-tion）（2）Root 词根the part of a word that has the main meaning and that its other forms are based on; a word that other words are formed from词根（相对于其他由他生成的单词来说）（3）Affix 词缀Prefix 前缀Suffix 后缀（4）Stem词干: the base form to which affixes are attached in the formation of wordsA stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology（只在屈折形态学）. Inflectional affix （不改变词性）Derivational affix （改变词性，产生新词）3.Word formation （构词法）①CompoundingEndocentric compoundingExocentric compounding②Derivation③Invention④Blending⑤Initialism⑥Acronym⑦Borrowing➢Loanword➢Loanblend➢Loanshift➢Loan translation⑧Back-formation⑨Analogical creation⑩Coinage听力技能Sound discriminationMaking predictionsListening for detailsListening for main ideasGuessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesTaking notesRecognizing communicative intention阅读技能PredictingSkimmingScanningUnderstanding main ideas Understanding important details Guessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesUnderstanding the structure。
语言学Morphology形态学课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
英语语言学词汇汇总
英语语言学词汇汇总下面是一些英语语言学常用的词汇：1. Phonetics: 语音学2. Phonology: 音位学3. Morphology: 形态学4. Syntax: 句法学5. Semantics: 语义学6. Pragmatics: 语用学7. Lexicon: 词典8. Phoneme: 音位9. Allophone: 变体音位10. Morpheme: 形态素11. Inflection: 屈折变化12. Derivation: 派生13. Sentence: 句子14. Phrase: 短语15. Noun: 名词16. Verb: 动词17. Adjective: 形容词18. Adverb: 副词19. Pronoun: 代词20. Preposition: 介词21. Conjunction: 连词22. Interjection: 感叹词23. Tense: 时态24. Aspect: 体25. Agreement: 一致26. Case: 格27. Subject: 主语28. Object: 宾语29. Modifier: 修饰成分30. Agent: 施事31. Theme: 主题32. Topic: 谈论的主题33. Discourse: 语篇34. Sentential ambiguity: 句子歧义35. Homonym: 同音异义词36. Synonym: 同义词37. Antonym: 反义词38. Hypernym: 上义词39. Hyponym: 下义词40. Polysemy: 一词多义41. Collocation: 词语搭配42. Idiom: 成语43. Metaphor: 隐喻44. Metonymy: 转喻45. Discourse analysis: 语篇分析46. Sociolinguistics: 社会语言学47. Psycholinguistics: 心理语言学48. Historical linguistics: 历史语言学49. Contrastive linguistics: 对比语言学。
语言学Morphology形态学课件
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
英语语言学2 Morphology形态学word讲义
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学Nothing is more important to language than words.Words can carry meaning.Words are the fundamental building blocks of a language.So, is word the most basic or the minimal unit of meaning?If not, then what is?How words are formed?---morphology3.1 what is morphology?Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3.2 Open class and closed class (开放词类和封闭词类)Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.New words can be added to open class words regularly with the development of human civilization.However, the number of closed class words is small and stable since few new words are added.3.3Morphemes--the minimal units of meaning（词素，最小的意义单位）Word is the smallest free from found in language.Word can be further divided into smaller meaningful units---morphemes.So, morpheme is---the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boyish, desirable3-morpheme boyishness, desirability4-morpheme gentlemanliness,undesir(e)abl(e)ity5-morpheme ungentlemanliness6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismFree morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-‖ in ―disclose‖, ―ed‖ in ―recorded‖, AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as ―dog, bark, cat‖,etc.In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.the plural morpheme may be represented by:map----maps [s]dog----dogs [z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen [n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.3.4 Analyzing word structuresIdentify each of the major component morphemes.Classify these morphemes in terms of their contribution to the meaning and function of the larger word.Generally speaking, a complex word often consists of a root and one or more affixes.Root: constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.Roots typically belong to lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. Affix: is always a bound morpheme, and does not belong to a lexical category.Tree diagram (teach-er)NV Afteach er3.5 Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme 派生词素和屈折词素Derivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.when derivational morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes, a new word is derived or formed--- may change grammatical classeg. light –lighten; nasal –nasalize;eat—edible; grave--engrave--- may not change grammatical classeg. net---internet; happy—unhappy;national—multinational; terror-terroristMany prefixes and suffixes belong to derivational morphemeseg. tele-phone; music-ianConsider: is there any prefix or suffix which doesn’t fall into derivational morphemes? Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, person, mood, voice, case, number, aspect and degree;e.g.:1) number: tables apples cars2) tense: talk/talks/talking/talked3) case: John/John’s4) degree: large/larger/largestInflectional morphemes never change lexical category, never add any lexical meaning,Morphemefree morpheme bound morphemefree root affix bound root (-ceive)derivational morpheme inflectional morphemeprefix suffixproductive morphological rulesSome of the rules can be used quite freely to form new wordseg. un + derived words (adj.) = not ---adj. [un-Rule]unimaginable unthinkable; unmentionedunbrave (×)(un-rule more productive for adj. derived from verbs than for adj. of just one morpheme like sad---unsad??)eg. sincere---sincerity; scarce—scarcity [ity –Rule]fierce---fiercity (×)(ity-Rule becomes less productive than before)Word-formationDerivation派生: the most common word-formation process, by affixationeg. Derivational + free morphemesgirlish; reliableCompounding复合(stringing words together; juxtaposition of two or more than two words to form a new, composite one with distinct properties of its own)Adj. N. V. Prep. Adj. Bittersweet clearway whitewash blackoutN. Headstrong rainbow spoon-feed head-onV. Carryall pickpocket sleepwalk cutupPrep. Inborn off-licence undertake withoutSome points about compounds1) two words in the same grammatical category, compound in this category;eg. landlord; bedroom; icy-cold;2) two words in different categories, compound in the class of second or final word;eg. pickpocket; headstrong; blackboard; swearwordcompound with preposition, nonpreposition part decideseg. undertake; uplift; overtake; oversee; overdoseexceptions: blackout ( n.) ; head-on (adv.);3) compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequence;e.g. 'blackbird & black 'bird;'washing machine'greenhouse & green 'house;red 'coat &'redcoat4) meaning of a compound not necessarily the sum of the meaning of its partsmeaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meaning of individual partseg. reading room; a falling star; a looking glass (窥镜)meanings of compounds do not relate to the meanings of the individual parts at alleg. bigwig(要人,大亨); greenhorns (生手,不懂世故的人)highbrow(知识分子,自命不凡的人)/lowbrow(教养浅薄的人);turncoat变节者Conversion 转类构词(a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or removing any part of it)Eg. a walk---to walk; a play---to playincrease (n.)--- increase (v.)conduct (n.) --- conduct (v.)I have no knowledge of the political dos and don’tsBackformation 反向构词(a reverse process of affixation. The word is not formed by adding a morpheme to a stem but by assuming a part of the stem as a suffix and removing it)Eg. editor --- edit; beggar --- begtelevision – televise; enthusiasm--- enthuseBorrowing外来语构词(adopting foreign words)--- loan-words借词(retaining their original phonetic or even written forms)eg. bungalow (Hindi); spaghetti (Italian);veranda (Portuguese 阳台)bok choy (Chinese baice); alcohol (Arabic)--- loan-translation or calques(直译,译借) 仿造词( a direct translation of the foreign word into English)eg. superman ---Ubermensch (German)Kongfu (Chinese)Clipping缩略构词( a reduction process in which a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often used in informal speech)Eg. ad--- advertisement; lab---laboratoryfan---fanatic; flu---influenza;math---mathematicsBlending混合构词(join the beginning of the first word to the end of the other words)Eg. smog (smoke + fog)brunch (breakfast + lunch)motel (motor + hotel)telecast (television + broadcast)Acronym首字构词(string together the initial letters of the words in a phrase, typically the names of technical apparatus and institutions, sometimes, the phrasal origin is lost )Eg. radar (radio detecting and ranging)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)Coinage 创新构词(invention of totally new terms, least common, often brand names)eg. xerox; nylon; kleenex(面巾纸)ConclusionsMorphological rules provide means for forming new words, or coin new words (eg. hair spray, tea ceremony, space walk, etc.)Morphological rules may be productive or less productive (un-Rule) ;may become less productive with the passage of time (ity-Rule)。
Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table,room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
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3.1 What is morphology?
simple
adj. just adj. quality n. identity n. beauty n.
—— —— —— —— ——
simplify v. justify v. qualify v. identify v. beautify v.
为自由词素是因为它们可以作为单词 独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自 由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单 词来使用。
能单独出现独立成词的是自由词素。
所有的单词素词都是自由词素，如 dog, nation, close等。
除了可以作为独立的单词使用以外，
它们也可以和其它词素相结合构成单 词。
组成部分都是自由语素的多词素词叫
复合词，如 babysit, godfather, sunflower, blackbird等。
helper — help-er timetable — time-table quicken — quick-en roommate --- room-mate disabled — dis-able-ed assistant — assist-ant carelessly — care-less-ly frightening — fright-en-ing
open class and Байду номын сангаасlosed class
Open
class words: 开放类词 new words can be regularly added indefinite in number content words nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Words
are not formed at random, rather they are formed according to certain rules. aim of morphology is, thus, to find out these rules.
The
morphology:
the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
形态学：研究词的内部结构以及构词规则
3.2 morpheme （词素）
Words
are further analyzable, i.e., words can be broken down into even smaller components.
Here
Some
words in English consist of only one morpheme, such as man, desk, sun, run, eat, dark.
consist of two or even more morphemes, such as manly, purify, darken, dissatisfaction and undesirability.
Others
3.2.2 types of morphemes
1)
free morphemes 自由词素 free morphemes : independent units of meaning which can be used freely all by themselves
自由词素有着完整的语义，它们被称
Morphemes
单词不是语义的最小单位，因为有些单词可 以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。语义的 最小单位是词素。
词素表达的意义有两种：词汇意义和语法意
义。
teaches
: teach + -es; played: play + -ed; raining: rain + -ing
–es, -ed, -ing are morphemes, because they are not further analyzable and they convey grammatical meaning.
class words: 封闭类词 consisting of relatively few words; new words are usually not added to them grammatical or functional words conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
e.g. boyish, incorrect, unselfishness, internationalism cats, sitting, reads, jumped, cooler, biggest, teacher’s
morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language ；the basic unit in the study of morphology convey two kinds of meaning: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
3.3 word formation 3.3.1 derivation / affixation 派生 3.3.2 compounding 复合 3.3.3 conversion 转类 3.3.4 blending 拼缀法 3.3.5 coinage / invention 新创造词语 3.3.6 clipping 截断法 3.3.6 abbreviation 缩略法 3.3.7 back-formation 逆构法 3.3.8 borrowing 借词
Chapter Three Morphology
3.1
morphology
3.1.1 open class and closed class 3.1.2 What is morphology?
3.2
morpheme
3.2.1 morpheme 3.2.2 types of morphemes 3.2.3 morphological rules