英语语言学morphology

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语言学导论-第3章Morphology

语言学导论-第3章Morphology

(Note: receive, submit, permit, … one morpheme)

Free Morpheme 自由词素
Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes
E.g.: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc.
feature: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible Open classto add) Closed class e.g.: Pro, (function words) 开放性词类 Prep, Conj, Art.封闭性词类
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Those socks are inexpensive. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist. She quickly closed the book. The alphabetization went well. Jim needs the newer copy.
e.g. brunch breakfast+ lunch smog smoke+ fog motel motor+ hotel
newscast
news + broadcast
telex
teleprinter + exchange
bit
binary + digit
Reaganomics
Connection: Sound & Meaning

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
• Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form
• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” • Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour • Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. • All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Undress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. • Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)

英语语言学概论Morphology形态学

英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Functional morphemes: prepositions, conjunct 虚词
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Bound morphemes(粘着词素): those that can not occur alone as separate words.-ful, -less, re- de, tele-vis-ion, un-happy
• blackboard=black+board • disagree=dis +agree • 2 meaningful: can not be further
divided without destroying its meaning • cap+tain, man+age==manage
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学, 词法学)
Internal structures of words and rules of word formation
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
careful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpen Impossible, incorrect, improper, illegal, report, import export transport support porter respect inspect expect suspect prospect boys girls toys books tables bottles working, thinking speaking, cutting, hitting the, to,for,bird, leg, air, captain. suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).

英语语言学概论morphology

英语语言学概论morphology
徐州工程学院教案
年至年第学期第周星期
课题名称(含教材章节):Morphology
教学目的和要求:本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。通过本章的学习,了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
教学重点:语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)。
教学难点:直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
教学内容(要点)
Definition of Morphology
Morpheme
Classification of Morpheme
Word formation
IC analysis
徐州工程学院教案纸
5. Orthographic change (拼写变化): Changes at the graphic level

英语语言学分支

英语语言学分支

英语语言学分支语言学是研究语言的科学,包括多个分支,每个分支关注语言的不同方面。

以下是一些主要的英语语言学分支:1. 音韵学(Phonetics and Phonology):研究语音的产生、传播和接收,以及语音单位在语言中的组合和分布。

音韵学关注语音的物理性质和声学特征。

2. 形态学(Morphology):研究语言中的词的内部结构和形态变化。

形态学关注单词如何形成,以及单词内部构建的规则。

3. 句法学(Syntax):研究句子的结构,包括词与词之间的关系,以及句子的组成方式。

句法学关注语法规则是如何用来生成合乎语法规范的句子的。

4. 语义学(Semantics):研究词和句子的意义。

语义学关注语言中词汇和句法单位的意义,以及它们如何组合形成合适的语言表达。

5. 语用学(Pragmatics):研究语言使用的上下文依赖性和语境中的语言交际。

语用学关注说话者和听话者之间的信息传递,以及言语行为在特定情境中的作用。

6. 社会语言学(Sociolinguistics):研究语言和社会之间的关系。

社会语言学关注方言、语言变异、语言政策等与社会因素相关的语言现象。

7. 心理语言学(Psycholinguistics):研究语言的心理过程,包括语言习得、语言记忆、语言理解等。

心理语言学关注语言在认知过程中的作用。

8. 历史语言学(Historical Linguistics):研究语言的历史演变和变化。

历史语言学关注语言家族、语言演化、语言接触等方面的变化。

9. 比较语言学(Comparative Linguistics):研究不同语言之间的相似性和差异。

比较语言学关注语言之间的语法结构、词汇和语音的比较。

这些分支共同构成了语言学的广阔领域,每个分支都有其独特的研究对象和方法。

morphology名词解释

morphology名词解释

morphology名词解释Morphology是语言学的一个重要分支,主要研究词形变化及其规律。

通俗地说,它关注的是词汇的构成和变化规则。

在语言学中,Morphology与其他语言层次如音韵学、句法学、语义学等密不可分。

一、Morphology的含义及分类Morphology来源于希腊文,意为“形态学”。

传统上,Morphology可以分为屈折语言和孤立语言。

屈折语言是指通过词形变化来表达语法变化的语言,例如德语、拉丁语、日语等。

而孤立语言则是指没有词形变化而通过词序和上下文来表达语法关系的语言,例如汉语、越南语、泰语等。

二、Morphology的研究方法Morphology的研究方法有两种:归纳法和演绎法。

归纳法是通过大量的数据来发现规律,从而得到结论;演绎法则是通过已知的规律推导出新的结论。

此外,Morphology的研究方法也包括对比分析、实证研究等。

三、Morphology的重要性Morphology在语言学中占有重要地位。

它不仅可以协助我们理解语言,还可以帮助我们分析语言的结构和变化规律。

在语言教学中,Morphology也具有重要的应用价值。

它可以帮助学生更好地掌握语法规则,提高语言表达能力,同时也可以帮助学者更好地创造新词汇和语法结构。

四、Morphology的研究对象Morphology研究的主要对象是单词及其构成形式。

单词是语言的基本单位,是形式与意义相结合的最小单位。

在不同的语言中,单词的构成形式可能包括前缀、后缀、词根、词缀、复合词等。

五、Morphology的研究内容Morphology研究的主要内容包括词素结构、词形变化和词汇的构成规则。

词素是单词的最小单位,它是具有一定语义的字或字组合。

词素结构指的是一个单词内部各个词素的组成方式。

词形变化是指单词在不同语法环境下形态的变化,例如英语的时态、语态、比较级等。

词汇构成规则是指单词的构成方式以及单词之间的关系,例如英语中的复合词、派生词等。

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Verb Compounds
noun+verb:day-dream,sun-bathe verb+verb:sleep-walk
adjective+verb:white-wash
adv+v:overcome,outgrow,uphold(支持)
能产性规则不能任意派生新词, 构词的形态规则处于变化之中, 可能变弱,消失,也可能变成能 产性规则。
Derivation(派生词)
• Derivation is an affixational process that rms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.
Productive Prefix
• re-, pre-, non-, un-, de-, anti-, dis-, In/im/il/ir-, be-, mis-, auto-, self-,-post-, tele-, super-, en-…
Productive Suffix
adj.后缀:-er, -ness, -ese, ism, -ist,-ics… n.后缀:-able, -ish, -less, -ic… v.后缀:-ise/ize, -ify…
• The morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. • They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. • 1). Numbers: tables, apples. • 2). Tense: talk, talks, talking, talked. • 3). John’s
3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
• Derivational morphemes(派生语素): • The morphemes which are added to the stem to create a word. They may change the meaning or grammatical class of words. • Black-blacken computercomputerize • Affection-affectionate alcoholalcoholic
3.8Compounding(
复合词)
Words are formed by putting two words together. Compounds have strict patterns : the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
Noun Compounds
n+n v+n adj+n Ving+n pron+n adv+n v+adv adv+v n+prep+n bank-note,newspaper,cellphone pickpocket,break-water(防波堤) forehead,greenhouse,blackboard hiding-place,reading-room he-goat,she-wolf overcoat,inland break-in,breakdown,breakup output,overflow editor-in-chief,father-in-law,mother-in-law
Inflectional morphemes(屈折语素)
3.6 Morphological rules of word formation(构词词素音 位规则)
• A: kroup, rearn, slarm • B: slowly, clearly, quickly • The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. • Productive morphological rules (能产 性词素规则)
Some Common Rules
• • • • • • un+adj.=not+adj. re+v.=v.+again dis+adj.=not+adj. in/im/il/ir+adj.=not+adj anti+n.=being against/opposite to+n. v.+able=able to be+v.-ed
They are planning to computerize their entire accounting system. It is wet today. Cathy found it exciting to drive on the elevated road.
To has only a grammatical “meaning” as an infinitive(不定式标记), and, it, as a morpheme, is required by the syntactic rules of the language. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes.
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj:red-hot,bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green,over-sensitive adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
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