说明文阅读专题

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中考说明文阅读专题训练精选10篇

说明文阅读专题中考语文说明文阅读专题复习：京剧阅读下面短文，完成题目。

①京剧又称平剧、京戏，中国戏曲三鼎甲“榜首”，已有200多年历史，享誉海内外，有“国剧”之称。

分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国。

它是由徽调（安徽的地方曲调）、汉调（武汉一带的曲调）为主融合昆曲、秦腔（陕西的地方曲调）和其他民间曲调特点发展而成的。

京剧唱腔以徽调的二黄和汉调西皮为主，所以京剧过去也称为“皮黄”。

②京剧的音乐基本上属于板腔体：西皮有导板（倒板）、慢板、原板、快三眼、二六、流水、快板、散板、摇板等板式；二黄除上述板式外，还有反西皮、反二黄、南梆子、四平调、吹腔等。

这些板式分别表现了不同感情。

一般来说，西皮适宜表现活泼昂扬的情感，二黄适宜表现苍凉深沉的情感，反西皮用于深切悲痛时，四平调、吹腔用于轻松愉快时，南梆子则多半用来表现少女柔情。

③京剧伴奏的乐器很多，主要有胡琴、二胡、南弦子、月琴、笛子、唢呐、管弦乐和打击乐器。

京剧表演歌舞并重，融合了大量武术技巧，多用虚拟动作，节奏感强，技术要求高，念白也具有音乐性，俗称“韵白”。

京剧在漫长的发展过程中，形成了中国戏曲“唱念做打”有机结合的独特艺术表演体系，对各地方剧种影响很大。

④京剧脚色（角色）根据男女老少、俊丑正邪分成生、旦、净、丑四大行当。

京剧中的“生”，一般指剧中扮演男子的演员，其中又可细分为“老生”（又称须生，一般为较年长的男子，例如京剧《伍子胥》中的伍子胥）、“小生”（青年男子，如京剧《白蛇传》中的许仙）和“武生”（男性武将，如京剧《长坂坡》中的赵云）；旦又分“正旦”（又叫青衣，一般为大家闺秀，如《武家坡》中的王宝钏）、“花旦”（一般为小家碧玉，如《红娘》中的红娘）、“老旦”（老年妇女，如《龙凤呈祥》中的吴国太）、“武旦”（有武功的妇女，如《穆桂英》中的杨排风）、“彩旦”（诙谐或邪恶的妇女，如媒婆之类）；净指品貌或性格特异的男子，又分为“武净”“文净”两大类，武净如张飞、李逵、黄盖等，文净如包公、曹操等；丑角（又称小花脸）是诙谐或邪恶的男子，也有文丑、武丑之别，文丑如《蒋干盗书》中的蒋干，武丑如《三岔口》中的刘利华等。

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，回答问题。

被误解的食品添加剂①说到食品添加剂，估计很多人会敬而远之，一些人对食品添加剂还存有根深蒂固的误解。

那么，我们对食品添加剂必须退避三舍吗？②事实上，食品添加剂只是众多添加剂中的一种。

添加剂还包括：饲料添加剂、药品添加剂、塑料添加剂、涂料添加剂、油墨添加剂、汽油添加剂等。

三聚氰胺是添加剂，但它是水泥添加剂，在水泥里面作为高效减水剂；也是塑料添加剂，在塑料里面作为阻燃剂；还可以作为涂料添加剂，在涂料里面作为甲醛吸收剂。

但是，三聚氰胺不是食品添加剂。

苏丹红、三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、吊白块在食品中都是非法添加物。

所以，正确认识食品添加剂，严厉打击食品非法添加行为，对维护食品安全是非常重要的。

③也许有人会好奇，为何一定要使用食品添加剂呢？其实，对于现代生活来说，食品添加剂不但重要而且必要。

因为，如果没有它们，我们的生活反倒会更加危险。

④目前全世界范围内，因食用致病微生物污染的食品引发疾病，是食品安全头号问题，所以如果不使用防腐剂和保鲜剂等食品添加剂的话，肉制品、烘烤食品、方便食品、水果，甚至酱油和醋等食物或调味品就很容易被致病微生物污染，从而危害人体健康。

而那些号称不添加防腐剂的食品，事实上更容易在开封后受到污染和变质，且无污染和无添加往往是商家为了迎合消费者心理而造出的噱头而已。

⑤有些人不喜欢使用食品添加剂的食物往往是带有一种传统的情结。

但食品添加剂并非现代食品工业的产物，而是和人类文明历史一样的悠久。

如油、盐、酱、醋以及点豆腐用的卤水，炸油条用的明矾和小苏打，都是食品添加剂，食品添加剂早就已经成为我们饮食中不可或缺的一部分。

⑥食品添加剂作为现代食品工业的重要组成部分，按规定使用对人体是无害的，且可以改善食品的品质和色、香、味，以及防腐、保鲜。

正是因为有了食品添加剂的发展，才有大量的方便食品供应，才给人们的生活带来极大的便利。

专题——说明文阅读

说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
（2022年） 1.国家速滑馆的独特魅力体现在哪四个方面？请根据材料一简要概括。（4分） 2.材料一中划线句主要用了什么说明方法？有何作用？(3分） 3．根据材料二，请分条概括二氧化碳跨临界直冷制冰的四个步骤，每条不超过15字。（3分）
说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
说明文专题解题技巧
2. 分类别：运用了分类别的说明方法，把……分成了……类，条理清晰地说明了……的特点。如：
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》在介绍新中国成立后我国石拱桥的发展时，就分“独拱石桥”和“双曲拱桥”两类一一加以说明。
3. 列数字：运用了列数字的说明方法，列举了……数字，具体准确具体地说明了……的特点。如：
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》中“江东桥修建于700多年前，有的石梁一块就有200来吨重，究竟是怎样安装上去的，至今还不完全知道”。
运用列数字的说明方法，列举了“200来吨”，具体准确地说明了石梁的重量，凸显了我国古代劳动人民的智慧。
说明文专题解题技巧
4. 作比较：运用了作比较的说明方法，把……和……作比较，突出强调地说明了……的特点。如：
说明文专题
说明文阅读
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聚焦泸州中考真题
目
录
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中考真题精讲精练
1
聚焦泸州中考真题
说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
（2021年） 1、请根据材料一中划线句的内容，为"天问一号"下定义。要求：内容完整，逻辑严密，不超过60字。(3分） 2．材料二的说明对象及其特点是什么？第④段为何要提及美国、俄罗斯和欧空局？请简要回答。(4分） 3．下列句中加点词可否删去？请简述理由。(3分）其实俄罗斯从苏联时代就开始探测火星了，前后差不多有20次，不过可惜的是一次都没有完全成功过。

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，完成下列小题。

鳖鱼是海洋系统的“整容师”①鳖鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。

可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。

听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢？②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击和吞食。

尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环镜下更加如此：一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。

但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等研究机构人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量捕杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。

鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如：眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。

因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。

③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。

这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经持续了一百多年。

研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。

结果发现，与罗沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾尺寸小4%。

④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鲨鱼使其数量减少，会造成一系列生态后果，小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。

⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。

那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。

⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，完成小题。

怎样才算认识一朵花（有删改）闫晗①近两年，博物学突然火起来，选带着各色识图软件，不知道花的名手不要紧，手机拍下一张照片，上传至软件，立即就合由现其学名，时代在进步，技术带来诸多使利。

可怎样才算真的认识一来花呢？②现在是个流行二手“知识胶囊”的时代，有人替你读书，替你思考，把简单粗暴的结果告诉你。

读了某篇书评，你就以为了解了整本书；听了几分钟电影解析，就有了与人聊天的谈资；别人的观点很新奇，你现被投喂得心满意足。

可是，你真的承它们建立连接，拥有它们了吗？（A）③植物和人一样，你记使一个人的名字就算了解他了吗？哪怕是生活在周围的熟人，有些也不过是点头之交。

他们的个性、喜好、热气腾腾的生活或是完解和苏且，我们都一无所知，有的只是相适时无关紧要的一句末破。

（B）④那些写植物写得好的文章，大都掺杂着人生体验和领悟，作者与那些花草有一些私人的故事，吴于童年、故乡、城市、风土人情，甚至友情和爱情。

这样才算认识和了解它们，跟它们拥有了一段与众不同的关系。

写美食的文章也一样，通过一种食物，我们想看到的往往是金、温暖、慰籍和自己的人生。

（C）⑤大数据带给我们很多信息，众多人的爱好、品位在商家那里有了判断，你被大多数人代表和选择了。

小学生都可以用大数据分析苏轼了，看上去根新潮。

可没有人能代替你的感受，个人的记忆博物馆是无法故平地、被量化的。

（D）⑥就像你与那些植物的关联，你与身边一个义一个人交换过的能量、拥有的故事、经历过的陪伴一样。

有无限的细节和微妙的感受，藏在某个地方。

可能表达不出来，但是你知道，它们真实存在着，而且无比重奏。

（1）结合第②段内容说说你对“二手‘知识胶囊’”的理解。

（2）根据要求答题。

①文章第①段有什么作用？②以下材料放在哪一处最合适？（填字母）为什么？材料：那些电影被剥离了配乐、光影的魔术，只第下一个同举的故事框架；那些名著的细节、人物对白你看不到，只有别人的印象和评价，而缺乏自己感性的、直观的经验。

专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

冲刺2024年中考英语必考题型终极预测（山东专用）专题05 阅读理解（说明文）15篇（2023·山东济宁·统考二模）“I’ll finish my homework before playing video games.”“Your dress looks beautiful.”“I won’t spend all the money on snacks.”All lies! Most of us have told a lie at one time or another. However, scientists found that lying can harm your brain (大脑). It may stop you from doing other important tasks.When you tell the truth, your brain doesn’t have to do any extra (额外的) work. But lying takes much more work.Imagine you’re late to class. The teacher asks why and you decide to lie. So you say: “I picked up a book from the library.” Your teacher asks, “The book I assigned (布置) last time?” Then you must decide how to answer the question. If you say yes, the teacher might ask to see the book. So you might say: “No.” Now you have to think of a book title. You need to make sure it’s a book the library actually has. See? When you lie, your brain works a lot more to keep the lie from falling apart.You just gave your brain a lot of extra work. An area called the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) does the work. It’s the part in charge of short memory. That area also takes care of planning, problem-solving and self-control.Using too much brainpower to lie means there’s less available for other things-like solve math problems. Lying is even harder for young people. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until age 25. So when young people are busy with lying, they’ll have a harder time doing other things, like making study plans or eating a healthy diet. So think twice before lying next time!1．What did the scientists find out about telling lies?A．It happens quite often.B．Most students have done it.C．It is bad for people’s brains.D．It’s an important way to protect oneself.2．What happens to your brain when you lie?A．It works more slowly.B．It has to do some extra work.C．It often says yes to others.D．It becomes better at answering questions.3．According to the story, why is it harder for people under 25 to tell lies?A．Because they are not clever enough.B．Because they have too much brainpower.C．Because they don’t have fully grown brains.D．Because they are still learning how to talk to other people.4．What is the best title of the passage?A．More lies, more work B．Lies make us healthyC．Lies grow with age D．Lies are difficult（2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模）A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs l.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?If you answered 10 cents, you are not alone—most people give the same answer（the answer is wrong）. It’s an example of how we often depend on intuitive responses（直觉反应）—answers we feel are true. People give answers that “pop into their mind,” says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer…is right or wrong.”The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake（虚假的）news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify”—in other words, to stop and check what you know.In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but they did not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate（评等级）their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they didn’t understand it.The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said the scientists could full y explain how it works. The volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding of it, Sloman says.According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion（接触传染）. This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics（政治）. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman Bays, “then you are going to start thinking that you understand, too.”So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train persons to check everything that they encounter（遇到）,” Sloman admitted. “It is just too human to believe what you are told.”However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argued, especially in online communities.Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview—but perhaps not all of them are true.“We should check things and not just take them at face value,” Sloman said, “Make sure if it is true before you believe.”5．The writer uses the example of the bat and ball question to show that ________.A．people often forget skills that they have learned at schoolB．there is often more than one possible answer to a questionC．many people give quick responses without thinking carefullyD．people sometimes are too careless to get the right answers6．How much does the ball cost?A．5 cent.B．10 cent.C．15 cent.D．20 cent.7．More volunteers said they could understand helium rain after ________.A．some of the volunteers explained it to themB．Sloman and his colleague showed them how it worksC．they heard that scientists could explain it confidentlyD．they examined the conclusion carefully by themselves8．What does the writer probably agree?A．It is important to do an experiment based on scientific research.B．The second group of volunteers are more confident than the first.C．People can be cheated easily because of too much fake news.D．People should be trained to check before they believe something.（2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模）If you are joining in chat room conversations, or writing e-mails with net pals（网友）, you are one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking” online—many of them are talking at the same time.It’s fast: trying talking to six people once. It’s easy: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste valuable timetelling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB（=be right back）will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI（=pardon me for jumping in）.Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request（要求）to know your pal’s age, sex（性别）and location（地点）. You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF（=on the floor）, or LOL（=laughing out loud）, or join the two into ROTFL（=rolling on the floor laughing）.And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG（=got to go）or TTYL（=talk to you later）.People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital （大写字母）letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation（标点）is going too.9．The sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanations” means ________.A．people should use words properlyB．people should communicate in a funny wayC．people online can express themselves in a simple wayD．people should know what time it is when they are talking10．If you get 17/F/NY as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ________.A．you are talking to 17 girls who are from New YorkB．you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in New YorkC．the people you are talking to is a 17-foot tall New York girlD．the people on the other end is 17 from New York and he is fine11．Which of the following is a way to save online time?A．People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.B．Many people draw pictures instead of typing letters.C．People never use the “shift” key as it takes more time.D．People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.（2023·山东德州·统考三模）Many of us don’t pay much attention to the importance of eye care. It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can surely be healthy. That is why our eyes should be given a lot of care. Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like not enough food, genes (基因) and aging (老化). Televisions, computers and reading are also the causes of having poor eyesight. If you work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while. Something dirty can cause redness and they will make you feel uncomfortable. It is bad for your eyes, too. If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes by using cold water. You must also try your best to protect your eyes from harmful things. For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from ultraviolet rays.Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight. Remember that vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes. Try to eat food groups that have these vitamins. And you should do eye exercises because exercise protects your eyesight, too. If a person exercises regularly(定期地) and eats the right kind of food, his eyes will stay in good condition for a long time.All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes. Being happy all the time can be helpful to a person’s eyesight, too. In a word, eye care is very important, no matter how old a person is.12．________ is the most important way to protect our eyes.A．Natural eye care B．Taking medicineC．Seeing the doctor D．Being happy all the time13．All the following causes can lead to bad eyesight except ________.A．age B．height C．reading D．computers14．. What should you do if you have to work in front of the computer?A．Eat healthy foods.B．Clean the eyes by using cold water.C．Wear a pair of sunglasses.D．Have a rest after working for a while.A．沙尘B．闪电C．紫外线D．超声波16．Which is the best title of the passage?A．Ways of Eye Care B．Ways of Eye ExercisesC．Ways of Being Happy D．Ways of Being Healthy（2023·山东泰安·统考二模）The red beans grow in southern land;How many loads（枝条）in spring the trees?Collect them till full is your hand;They would recall sweet memories.Love is a popular theme in Chinese poems. What symbols do you think best stand for love? The heart, rose or chocolate? This time we are going to look at a classic Chinese poem, Love Seeds. It was written by Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei who had a different understanding of the symbol of love.In the first two lines, the poet expresses his feelings of missing his friend, who lives in southern China, by describing the growth of red beans in spring. In classic Chinese poems, poets prefer to express feelings in an indirect or symbolic way. When describing the natural environment or showing some symbols, Chinese poets always mean more than what’s described on the surface.In Chinese culture, red beans are seen as “love seeds”, which have a strong cultural meaning. Because they are often hard, come in a heart shape, and can be stored for a long time, those beans have long been used as a symbol of love and loyalty（忠诚）between lovers.In the last two lines, the poet wishes his faraway friend to collect as many red beans as possible, as the beans will bring back his friend’s memories to the poet.Instead of showing love to others by directly saying “I miss you” or using flowery language, this short poem can make readers feel deep love.17．What’s the Chinese title of the poem Love Seeds?A．《相思》B．《梅花》C．《赋别》D．《春晓》18．In classic Chinese poems, poets express feelings in _______ ways.A．direct B．straight C．symbolic D．short19．How many features（特点）of the red beans are mentioned by the writer?A．One.B．Two.C．Three.D．Four.20．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Wang Wei is a great poet from Song Dynasty.B．Wang Wei lived in southern China when writing this poem.C．Wang Wei thinks red beans are seen as “love seeds” because of their color.D．Wang Wei thinks red beans will bring back his friend’s memories to him.（2023·山东聊城·统考三模）Since humans sent the first satellite (卫星) to space in the 1950s, scientists have been studying an important topic: how to grow food in space if humans will one day live there.A recent experiment at the Tiangong space station makes a big step forward. Chinese astronauts have successfully grown rice seedlings (幼苗) during the Shenzhou XIV mission. “The rice seedlings are growing very well,” said Zheng Huiqiong, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since the rice experiment began on July 29, the seedlings of the tall shoot rice variety (高杆水稻品种) have reached a height of 30 centimeters. The seedlings of the short shoot rice variety have grown to 5 centimeters, China Daily reported on Aug 30.While there have been other rice experiments in space, this one is the first of its kind to produce the complete life cycle of a plant—it begins with a seed and ends with a mature (成熟) plant producing new seeds.Such food-growing experiments are not just for astronauts. They can also solve food problems on Earth. By sending seeds to space, we can create mutated (突变的) seeds, thanks to microgravity (微重力), lack of air and cosmic rays (宇宙射线). The seeds can then produce yields (产量) on Earth.According to Yao Tong, an engineer from Hainan Aerospace Engineering Breeding Research Center, 30 percent of strawberries sold in Beijing are “space strawberries”, which are as big as eggs. The center has also produced “space tomatoes” with yields increased by 30 percent, and “space bananas” with a growth shortened from 13 months to 9 months.21．How high did the tall shoot rice variety grow for the first month?A．5cm.B．25cm.C．30cm.D．35cm.22．The underlined word “forward” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________” in Chinese.A．向前B．向后C．向左D．向右23．How does the current (现在) rice experiment differ from other experiments?A．It goes through a complete life cycle.B．Its seedlings are growing very well.C．It uses completely new rice varieties.D．Its seedlings have successfully come up.24．Why do we grow food in space?a. To feed astronauts.b. To study microgravity.c. To increase yields on Earth.d. To research on cosmic rays.A．a b B．b c C．b d D．a c25．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A．People are afraid of food.B．Space planting is benefiting us.C．People will never run out of food.D．Space planting has disadvantages.（2023·山东济宁·济宁学院附属中学校考二模）In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western host sometimes look rude (粗鲁的) in the eyes of Chinese guests.In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest, and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask. “Is it OK if I smoke?” But, don’t be surprised if they say “No, you can’t smoke.” In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they do not allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your house, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.26．When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often ________.A．buys some fruit B．wants some gifts C．feels like a god D．takes a cup of tea27．If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?A．It’s OK if you smoke here.B．Sorry, you can’t smoke here.C．Let’s smoke together.D．Smoking is a bad habit.28．What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “adapt to” in the passage?A．think back to B．keep close to C．look forward to D．get used to29．What is the main idea of this passage?A．Foreigners should learn from Chinese.B．People should understand cultural differences.C．Western hosts are always nice to guests.D．Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.（2023·山东日照·校考一模）Superfast Writing Robot Tech company has made a powerful robot that can write novels.Type in “A cat wants to go to space” and ask the robot to write a bedtime story. Just one second later, you’ll get the story of Max, who clawed his way past many difficulties to sing among the stars.This robot writer is real. It’s called ChatGPT. US company OpenAI developed it to generate (生成) human-like texts. It can translate languages, talk with people and write songs, poems and even jokes. It’s one of the most powerful AI of its kind, with the complete writing range (范围) of a real person!People around the world have tried ChatGPT and posted their results on social media. Some used it to write history papers, some asked it to take notes of presentations, and some even got advice on how to interact (互动) with people at a party, reported The Atlantic.The power of ChatGPT lies in its speed and understanding of difficult matters. We may spend hours researching, understanding and writing an article on the theory of evolution. But ChatGPT can produce a well-written one in seconds. Another good thing about it is that if you ask dark, harmful questions, such as how to make weapons (武器), it will not give you an answer. ChatGPT comes along at a time when AI is becoming increasingly able to do creative tasks. The materials they create are difficult to distinguish (区分) from those made by humans. This causes many ethical (道德的) issues, such as the issue of copyright (版权) and the real meaning of art. Since the system is largely trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up on the Internet’s biases and stereotypes (刻板印象) about certain groups. These are all the things that depend on humans to solve.30．The writer uses “the story of the cat” as an example to ________.A．show what creative work ChatGPT can doB．introduce a cat that wants to go to spaceC．introduce a series of bedtime booksD．show how many stories ChatGPT can create31．ChatGPT can do the following things except ________.A．making up human-like texts B．singing songs to peopleC．writing songs，poems and even jokes D．producing a good article in seconds32．The underlined word “biases” in Para.5 means “________”.A．印象B．傲慢C．意见D．偏见33．Which is RIGHT according to the passage?A．US company OpenAI developed ChatGPT to generate animal-like texts.B．Nobody asked ChatGPT for help about how to interact with people at a party.C．ChatGPT can spend seconds writing a good article about the theory of evolution.D．ChatGPT is so perfect that there is nothing wrong with it.34．The last paragraph is mainly about ________.A．how people will feel about writing in the futureB．what problems AI writing can causeC．the reasons why people dislike AI writingD．human efforts in developing AI writing（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）Have you ever imagined going inside of a video game? That dream may soon become real. It’s called the “metaverse（元字宙）”.The metaverse is a shared virtual（虚拟的）3D world. The word is made up of “meta”, which means beyond, and “verse” which refers to “universe”. The word first appeared in a science fiction book called Snow Crash in 1992. In this story, people wear virtual reality（VR）headsets to see and join the metaverse.Now, what happens in the book is becoming a reality. Wearing a VR headset, you can meet other people wherever they are. You also can work and play with them. It will feel real because the technology can simulate（模拟）our senses: vision, hearing, touch and even smell.“The metaverse is about creating another reality, another world, which is as rich as the real world. So, what can you do inside the metaverse? Your location will no longer matter, ” says VOA News. It means that in the metaverse, people will be connected at all times. You can meet friends from other countries and go on a virtual beach vacationtogether. You can go to the beach on the moon, or anywhere else you can imagine. Can’t find a friend to play basketball? Jump into the metaverse and find some friends to play with or go to a concert!Cathy Hackl, an expert in metaverse technology, said her son’s first concert was inside a video game. “Although it happened in a video game, it didn’t make it less real for him, ” she said.Perhaps the metaverse will change our idea of what is real.35．Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.A．how to join the metaverseB．what happened in the book Snow CrashC．where the word “metaverse” comes fromD．when the book Snow Crash came out36．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.A．VR headsets B．other people C．our senses D．video games37．What is Cathy Hackl’s attitude toward the metaverse? ________A．The technology still needs to be developed.B．It is not good for kids to join the metaverse.C．The metaverse will hardly change our lives.D．The metaverse is a different kind of reality.38．Which can be the best title for this passage? ________A．A Virtual 3 D Movie B．Metaverse Is HappeningC．Metaverse in the Books D．Snow Crash（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）Two teams of scientists in Denmark and in the United Kingdom came up with the same question at about theTesting for eDNA isn’t a new idea, but most of the time, scientists look for eDNA in water. Neither team knew that the other group was working on a similar experiment. One collected samples from different locations at Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo, and the other did at Hamerton Zoo Park in the UK. The scientists used slightly different methods to collect their samples. But basically, both teams used vacuums（真空吸尘器）and fans to collect tiny bits of DNA．In the laboratory, comparing their samples with examples of DNA from different animals, the scientists were able to identify many different animals at the zoos.The scientists chose to test in zoos because they had rare animals not naturally found in the area. Each team only discovered about the other experiment after they had written a paper about their own results. The two decided to combine（合并）their results and publish a paper together.Both teams are excited about the ways this new method could be used in the wild. The researchers believe the method could help scientists a lot. Scientists have been looking for better ways to track endangered animals without interfering（干扰）with them. If researchers know where animals live, they can do a better job of protecting them. The next step is to figure out how to take this method into nature.39．What can we learn about “eDNA” from the passage?A．It’s only floating in the air.B．It’s created by some researchers.C．It isn’t found in the water.D．It’s left in the environment.40．What is the RIGHT order for scientists to do the experiment?a.Collect very tiny bits of DNA from the air.b.Tell what kinds of plants and animals are in the zoos.c.Enter Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo with vacuums and fans.pare the samples with others in the laboratory.A．a-b-d-c B．d-b-c-a C．c-a-d-b D．b-a-c-d41．Which of the following is TRUE about the two teams of scientists?A．They used quite different methods.B．They knew exactly what they were doing at first.C．They competed against each other.D．They worked together to publish a paper.42．What’s the purpose of writing the last paragraph?A．To advise scientists to use new ways to do the experiment.B．To tell us the work of both teams is meaningful.C．To mention that the method of both teams isn’t perfect.D．To call people to protect endangered animals.（2023·山东日照·校考二模）The sun is so important that it makes life on our planet possible. But how does the sun do that? It’s the sun’s energy.Energy from the sun is called solar energy（太阳能）. It comes in the form of light or heat. People have used solar energy for thousands of years. The sun’s energy can be used to heat water and even food. If you own a magnifying glass, your parents have probably warned you not to leave it in the sun. Solar energy can actually make the magnifying glass burn objects underneath it causing a fire. This type of energy from the sun is called solar thermal （热的）energy.We can also turn the sun’s light into electricity. This is done with solar panels（板）. Solar panels are made up of a material called silicon（硅）. The silicon is heated and formed into very thin wafers（晶片）. When the sunlight hits the solar panel, the electrons in the silicon move and flow through wires（电线）. Using this technology, we can run a calculator and even power cars.But what happens on cloudy days? The electrons in the silicon will stop moving, which means the electricity can’t flow. But this doesn’t mean that solar energy can only be used on sunny days. People can use the batteries（电池）which are attached to（附着于）solar panels to store the electricity. So the stored electricity can be used to power cars at night or on cloudy days.Did you know that solar energy is not as expensive as it used to be? In fact, in the last few years, solar panels have become much more affordable for people to use. Since the sun gives off more energy in one second than peoplehave used, imagine what we could do if we used the sun’s energy to power our planet.43．What is the energy from the sun?A．Solar energy.B．Wind energy.C．Magnifying glass. D．Batteries.44．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?A．How to use solar thermal energy.B．How to turn sunlight into electricity with solar panels.C．How to store electricity with batteries.D．How to power our planet.45．What can we use to power cars at night according to the 4th paragraph?A．Thin wafers.B．The moonlight.C．The stored electricity.D．Solar thermal energy.46．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A．Solar panels are made up of silicon.B．Solar energy can be used for heating food.C．People have used solar energy for thousands of years.D．It costs more to use solar energy than before.（2023·山东日照·校考二模）Think about what is happening in many families: Kids come home, jump onto the sofa, get lost in the world of the TV screen and become couch potatoes. Now, a new law is making parents take responsibility for family education to help shape their children’s future.Called the Law on Family Education Promotion（《家庭教育促进法》）, it is the first of its kind in China and came into effect on January 1st, 2022. It encourages parents and guardians to educate their children properly.The law stops parents and guardians from placing too much pressure on their children. Parents and guardians should allow children enough time to study, rest, play and exercise, and make sure they don’t become addicted（上瘾的）to the Internet. They should treat all children, whether boys or girls, healthy or disabled, the same way and should never use violence（暴力）towards children.For children of migrant workers in rural areas, they may be left alone while their parents go to work in cities. The law asks local governments to keep a close eye on such families, and help the parents get jobs locally so that they can be more responsible for their children’s education.。

(语文)语文说明文阅读专题训练练习题及答案及解析

（语文）语文说明文阅读专题训练练习题及答案及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，回答问题。

你“吃”过牡丹花吗①提起牡丹，就会想起“唯有牡丹真国色，花开时节动京城”。

然而，记者日前在河北省秦皇岛市的一片农田里看到了一种可以“吃”的牡丹：油用牡丹。

它的根﹣﹣丹皮是一味传统的中药材，种子可以加工成食用牡丹籽油，牡丹花蕊可以加工成牡丹花蕊茶。

②我国油用牡丹专家、国家林业局油用牡丹工程技术研究中心技术委员会主任李育材介绍说，油用牡丹是我国所独有的、土生土长的、原生态的灌木，共有9个种、1个亚种和1个变种，全部原产于我国，广泛分布于我国20多个省区。

③2006年，中国林科院检测出了牡丹籽油的各项成分。

检测结果表明，牡丹籽油中各种对人体健康有益的元素含量较高，是一种高端食用油。

菏泽随之进行了小规模、专业化的实验性生产并取得了成功。

2010年4月，国家林业局在菏泽组织召开了50多位专家参加的发展油用牡丹的专题论证会，参会专家一致认为山东菏泽市发展油用牡丹基地前景广阔，效益可观。

2011年3月，在进行了多项安全试验的基础上，由国家卫生部发布了关于批准牡丹籽油作为新资源食品的公告。

④牡丹籽油含不饱和脂肪酸高达92.26%，特别是其中的亚麻酸含量达40%以上。

亚麻酸是构成人体脑细胞和组织细胞的重要成分，是人体不可缺少的自身不能合成又不能替代的多不饱和脂肪酸，有“血液营养素”“维生素F”和“植物脑黄金”之称。

与其他油料作物相比，油用牡丹具有产量高、出油率高、油质好、适应性广等特点。

⑤2011年8月，李育材牵头在山东菏泽和河南洛阳率先搞起了试点栽培及综合开发利用，全面拉开了我国油用牡丹发展的序幕。

⑥截至2014年底，全国已种植油用牡丹122.48万亩，年产牡丹籽1 612.59万公斤，牡丹籽油加工企业49家，吸纳就业23.63万人。

⑦目前，以油用牡丹为原料，已开发出高档食用油、高档化妆品、保健品、药物、日用品五大类数十种产品，有的已经投入市场，受到消费者欢迎。

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说明文阅读专题一、基础知识巩固1．下面各组词语中加点字的读音，完全正确的一项是（）A．凫．水（fú）屹．立（yì）欺侮．（wǔ）行．辈（háng）B．脑畔．（pàn）糜．子（méi）蓦．然（mù）羁．绊（jī）C．冗．杂（rǒng）晦．暗（huì）戛．然（gā）恬．静（tián）D．斡．旋（wò）幽悄．（qiāo）锵．然（qiāng）怅惘．（wǎng）2．下列词语中没有错别字的一项是（）A．行辈迁徙肆无忌弹惊心动魄B．帷幕脂肪戛然而止海枯石乱C．羁绊沙砾叹为观止目空一切D．家眷次第人情事故草长莺飞3.下列句子中加点词语使用有误的一项是（）A 为了逃避法律制裁，这些贩黄窝点曾一度销声匿迹，待风声一过，又如雨后春笋般出现了。

B 总理的话高屋建瓴，对中美贸易谈判具有重要的指导意义。

C 我们这些十七八岁的中学生，正值豆蔻年华，要努力学习才是。

D 他一心想向上爬，这次被上司破格提拔，他感激涕零地流下眼泪。

4．下列各句中，没有语病的一句是（）A.椐专家分析，造成这次撞沉日本实习船的悲剧是美国潜艇在没有认真确认水面是否安全的情况下突然上浮。

B.权威人士强调：最近国内接连发生特大爆炸事件，全国人民必须提高意识，尽量防止此类事件不再发生。

C.参加互联网技术学习的学员，因为文化程度悬殊，有博士研究生、硕士研究生，也有大学本科生、专科生，还有一些中学生。

D.3月29日，西南航空公司主要航线的团队折扣机票在两个小时之内连续两次降价，此举引起有关民航部门的注意。

5．给下面句子排序，最恰当的一项是（）①首先应该敬畏它们，就像敬畏我们自己一样。

②再也不应该把其他生物仅仅看作我们的美味佳肴。

③我们再也不应该把宇宙的其他部分看作只是我们征服的对象。

④而首先应该把它们看作是与我们平等的生命。

⑤看作是宇宙之美的展示者⑥看作是宇宙智慧的创造物A.③④⑥②⑤①B.③②④⑥⑤①C.①③②④⑥⑤D.①③④⑥②⑤6．下列表述不正确的一项是（）A.《桃花源记》是东晋文人陶渊明的代表作之一，他是东晋末至南朝宋初期伟大的诗人、辞赋家。

他是中国第一位田园诗人，被称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”，有《陶渊明集》。

B．《小石潭记》是唐朝诗人柳宗元的作品。

记叙了作者游玩的整个过程，以优美的语言描写了“小石潭”的景色，含蓄地抒发了作者被贬后无法排遣的忧伤凄苦的感情。

C．《核舟记》是魏学洢所写的说明文言文，出自清代张潮编辑的《虞初新志》。

本文使用从中间到两头，先整体后局部，从正面到背面的空间顺序和总—分—总的叙述顺序介绍了“核舟”的形象，表现了作者对王叔远精湛技术的赞美和对民间艺术的赞扬。

D．《诗经》是中国最早的一部民歌总集，收录了从西周到春秋时期的诗歌，共305篇，内容上分为风、雅、颂三个部分，赋、比、兴是其基本手法。

7．根据提示填空。

(8分)(1)悠哉悠哉，_____________。

(《关雎》)(2)_____________，白露未晞。

(《蒹葭》)(3) 唯有牡丹真国色，_______________。

（刘禹锡《赏牡丹》）(4) ______________，暗香浮动月黄昏。

(林逋《山园小梅》)(5)佁然不动，____________，____________。

(柳宗元《小石潭记》)(6)诗人借了谚语来暗喻自己有出来做一番事业的愿望诗句是：______________，_______________。

（孟浩然《望洞庭湖赠丞相》）二、说明文阅读1、说明文的类型：事物、事理说明文（从内容角度，根据说明的对象和目的）。

事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象；事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。

因为说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理，一般是一个名词或名词短语，可以从两个方面入手：一看文题二看首尾段。

事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。

事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……的……(对象加内容)2、说明文的语言：平实、生动说明文（语言表达角度）。

3、说明方法：一般回答三个字，要掌握几种常见的说明方法，会分析在文中的作用：①．举例子：通过举xx的例子，具体真切地说明了事物的××特点。

②．分类别：对xx分门别类的进行条理的说明，条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。

对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。

使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。

③．列数字：列举xx的具体数字，具体而准确地说明该事物的××特点。

使说明更有说服力。

④．作比较：将xx和xx做对比，突出强调了被说明对象的××特点（地位、影响等）。

⑤．下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑥．打比方：打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。

生动形象地说明该事物的××特点，增强了文章的趣味性。

⑦．画图表：使读者一目了然，非常直观形象地说明的事物的××特点。

⑧．作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

下定义与作诠释的区别是：定义要求完整，而诠释并不要求完整，对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

可以颠倒。

⑨．摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体生动形象。

⑩．引资料：能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。

用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力，如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。

引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。

4、说明顺序：时间顺序（程序顺序）、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。

在答题时可答得具体些。

空间顺序（从上到下，从里到外，总到分，外到内，前到后，左到右，整体到局部，都可反之等，常用方位词如介绍建筑物或实体）。

逻辑顺序（先结果后原因，层层递进，现象到本质，因到果，果到因，主到次，浅入深，个别到一般等，常用表因果、表事理顺序的词，如“因为、所以”“首先、其次”）。

时间顺序则是说明事物发展、演变，例如介绍工作程序的文章。

掌握答题格式：本文使用了的说明顺序对加以说明，使说明更有条理性，便于读者理解。

（第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。

如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。

）5、说明对象：指文章说明的主要人或事物（一般不必答人或事物的特点）。

6、说明文的结构常见的形式有：“总——分”式（或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总）、并列式、递进式等。

分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语7、中心句：出现的位置开头或结尾，有时在句中。

判断，多为概括性较强的句子。

叙述句、描写句、阐释句、疑问句一般不宜作中心句。

其他文体文章也如此。

概括文段的中心句。

对策：（1）思考该段说明的内容，不仅要注意主要的，还要注意次要的。

（2）紧扣表秩序的词语，如“首先”“其次”“还有”等词语，参照上下段落的中心句的句式进行概括。

8、说明语言类型1、加点字词有何作用？抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。

对策：答：准确/生动形象/ 地说明了事物“……”的特征/事理。

类型2、能否替换为另一个词语？并说明理由。

对策：答：（1）不可以。

（2）原词的意思或内容。

（3）所换词语的意思或内容。

（4）换了后意思有何改变，与不符合实际。

类型3、限制性词语能否删去？对策：答：（1）表态（删还是不删）。

（2）定性。

如：“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞；“大约”“可能”“左右”等表估计，“多”“有余”等表数量。

（3）若删去，原来什么样的意思就变成了什么样的意思了，不符合实际，太绝对了。

（4）xx词体现了语言的准确性、周密性、科学性类型4、从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句，并体会。

类型5：指代——“这些条件”、“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么。

对策：一般指的就是代词前面的那句话，找最近的一句话。

有时要注意可能不是整句话，而是其中的一部分。

9、常见考点：1、对说明对象及说明特征理解。

2、对说明方法辨识与理解。

3、对说明顺序的分析与理解。

4、对文章段落结构特点的分析。

5、对文意、层意、段意的概括。

6、对关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用的评析。

7、对说明语言准确性的体会。

例题（一）说明文阅读（12分）阅读下面的文章，完成13—15题。

又冷又干燥的南极，风景也是很特别①南极的自然条件太特殊：这里极度严寒，年平均气温-25℃；内陆地区甚至达到-60℃，比北极冷很多；这里又很干燥，空气湿度堪比撒哈拉沙漠；这里常常狂风肆虐，有地球上少见的12级以上大风，最怕的是“白化天气”——大风卷起地表的雪粒，遮天蔽日，能见度只有几米，人完全不能在户外活动，会被大风吹走，穿得再多也会飞速失温；这里还有长达半年的黑夜和太阳总是低垂的白天……在这片不适宜人类生活的大陆上工作，南极科考队员要经受非凡的艰险，却也能看到常人无缘得见的瑰丽风景。

②南极大冰盖极其特殊，它虽然集中了全球70%的淡水，但是严苛的自然条件却拒绝了几乎所有生物，更吞噬过不少勇敢的人类生命。

迄今为止，虽然南极已经有70多个科学考察站，但位于内陆冰盖之上的，也不过寥寥数个。

冰盖雪原总体看似平坦，实际上地表却很崎岖，冰雪被风吹出各种奇特的造型。

③大冰盖之上放眼四望，白茫茫的一片：有时360度都是平直地平线；有时又一个坡连着一个坡，高高低低，让人晕头转向。

脚下的冰雪，有时坑坑洼洼却硬似铁石，雪地车一小时只能走三五公里；有时平整光滑却格外松软，人走过去，突然塌下一片，露出下面无底的蓝色冰洞……④南极大陆四面环海，科学家通常把南纬60度以上、环绕南极的海域称为“南大洋”或“南极海”，国际学界往往也把它视为第五大洋，与太平洋、北冰洋、印度洋和大西洋并列。

南大洋贯通南极一圈，影响大气环流，导致南极地区比北极更冷。

每年冬天，南大洋有上千万平方公里的海域冰封，让南极洲的冰雪面积比夏天增加一倍之多。

从中国极地科考船“雪龙号”的甲板望向前方，如同一片白茫茫的冰原，看不出半点海水的痕迹。

虽然前方是海，但是科考船并不能乘风破浪。

⑤即使在夏季，海里依然有大量的冰，足够高大的称“冰山”。

人类记录过的最大冰山，宽40公里、长350公里，相当于半个海南岛。

在南极海域，冰山和岛屿远看还真是不好分辨。

冰山虽然硕大无比，却能快速移动。

南极考察队员们有时会发现，昨天还阻住前路的冰山，一宿大风之后就漂走了，让人怀疑是神仙帮忙搬运的。

⑥除了大冰山，南极有时还会形成奇特的荷叶状浮冰。

形成这种冰，一般．．都需要水面比较平静、同时气温又非常低。

一片片白色的浮冰如浮萍般漂在海面上，因为相互摩擦，冰块失去菱角，又因低温继续凝结，最后形成椭圆、近似薄饼的形状，被称为“荷叶冰”。