punctuation 英语标点的使用
unit 1 Punctuation
♣在报章标题中出现的引号，应为单引号(‘ ’):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!’
用一般现在时表示将来情况:
• 表示与安排、计划或与时刻表有关的动作： e.g. What time does the match begin? The plane takes off at 6:40 p.m. The meetings starts after lunch. She leaves at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.
第二种情况： 第二种情况：引用句属“无声对话”，加不加引号都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a beautiful morning 这句话是Curly 对自己说的，并没发出声音,不必加上引号) 2. “Oh, what a beautiful morning!” Curly said to himself. (加上引号也行)
• Quotation Marks 双引号 “” Punctuation: 第一种情况： 第一种情况：直接引用 Single Quotation Marks 单引号 ‘ ’ •
♣引号内的引用句为原句： 1. She said, “Hurry up.” 她说：“快点儿。” (注意中、英标点用法不同处) 2. “I can come today,” she said, “but not tomorrow.” 3. The sign changed from “Walk,” to “Don't walk,” to “Walk” again within 30 seconds. 4. “I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep,” she yawned. (这里的引用句结尾是逗 号，不可用句号喔) 5. They shouted," Congratulations!” through the door.
英语中的标点符号punctuations之分号和逗号
结构 ：月份+日期+，+年份
e.g.
The store opened on Sunday, October 5,1958.
P.s :如果没有具体日期只有月份和年份则不需要逗号。
The store opened on Sunday in October 1958.
Your work has been, frankly, awful.
7、当并列连词连接两个独立的句子时，一定要用这样的结构：
句子+，+并列连词+句子
e.g.
She wanted to purchase the car, but she could not afford it.
I lost my job, so I can’t afford to go to Europe this summer.
Jack Ma, a successful business man in China, recently wrote an autobiography.
6、使用插入语时要用逗号将插入语与主句分隔开
结构 ，插入语，
e.g.
The hotel，once we accidentally found it，was very nice.
C 当用连接副词（比如：moreover, nevertheless, however, otherwise, therefore, then, finally, likewise, and consequently）连接两个句子的时候可以使用分号或句号。
e.g.
I needed to go for a walk and get some fresh air; also, I needed to buythe latest newspaper.
托福英文写作的标点符号运用
托福英文写作的标点符号运用标点符号是辅助文字记录语言的符号，也是书面表达的重要组成部分。
托福写作的电子评分系统(E-rater)也把标点符号(punctuation)的使用列入了评分标准之一。
那么，今天，就让我们一起来学习一下英文写作中几种常用标点符号的正确使用吧英文写作的标点符号你真的用对了吗？！【逗号】Comma逗号主要用于分隔单词、短语、从句或是一些特殊语法结构，是我们在写作中最为常用的一种标点符号。
各位同学应该都很熟悉它的使用方式，但是还有几个问题要特别注意哦：1.非限制性定语从句中，一定要在从句前加逗号，which 才能指代一整个句子E.g.Some teachers may not be interested in teaching a class with more low-level students ,which might lead to unnecessary troubles.2.注意不要使用逗号来并列两个完整句子3.当用and 并列三个及三个以上单词或是短语的时候，在and 的前面需要加上逗号。
这种逗号被称为oxford comma ，主要作用是为了缓解句子中的歧义E.g.In order to prevent global warming,many countries are now trying to reduce their output of carbon dioxide,use renewable energy sources ,and increase green areas.-【冒号】Colon -冒号在英文写作中的主要用法与在中文写作中非常类似，主要有两种用途：1.对于冒号前面的内容进行列举，相当于including/such as...E.g.Three teachers reach the final :Catherine,Richard,James.2.对句子第一部分中无法理解的内容进行解释说明E.g.This is what I want to know :what are they doing there?-【分号】Semi-colon -分号在托福独立写作中使用得较为频繁，特别是在长句子的写作中。
英文标点Punctuation
Punctuation (1)Punctuation is device to help us read and understand a piece of writing. The principal punctuation marks are as follows:1. 句号full stop, period .2. 逗号comma ，3．连字符hyphen -4. 省略号apostrophe ’5. 分号semi-colon ；6．冒号colon ：7. 引号quotation marks “”‘’8. 问号question mark ？9．惊叹号exclamation mark ！10. 破折号dash ——11．括号brackets ( )12. 删节号dots …1. the full-stopA full stop is used to1) mark the end of all sentences except questions and exclamations;2) indicate an abbreviation, e.g. “Gt. Britain”, “W. Africa”, “U.A.S.”.When an abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence, one full stop is adequate. In the middle of a sentence, however, an abbreviation often has a full-stop followed by a comma (.,).2. the commaIt is used:1) to separate items in a series or list, but it is normally not used between the last twoitems.e.g. At the fruit store I bought apples, pears, oranges and bananas.2) before and, but, or, nor, for, yet and so when the word joins two coordinate clauses.e.g. He wanted to go to the party, but he had no time.3) to mark off sentences or clauses where a pause is needed in reading. This is almost always the case when an adverbial clause comes before a principal one.e.g. Though they hadn‟t been able to stay long, they all felt they had learnt a lot.4) to separate adjectives that describe the same noun.e.g. The tall, awkward giraffe got tangled in the long, winding vines.5) to mark off participial phrases, when a pause is required in reading.e.g. Seeing that his brother was hurt, George ran to help him.Stranded in the snow, I got cold feet.6) to set off short words and phrases, such as yes, no, well, oh, nevertheless, after all, at long last, all in all, etc.e.g. All in all, our landlady is a terrible person.At long last, we got our train tickets and started packing.7) with too when it means also.e.g. We old folks like to go to the movies once in a while, too.8）to separate words that might confuse the reader if they were read together.e.g. To begin with, diamonds are expensive.From you, flowers are welcome.Pairs of commas are used1) to set off parenthetical words or phrases like however, therefore, of course, forinstance, etc.e.g. You know, of course, the way to Beijing; I needn‟t, therefore, send you aroute map.This umbrella, by the way, is not mine.2) To set off an appositive.e.g. Mr Smith, the manager of the firm, was at the party.My grandfather, an architect, used to work in Lanzhou.3) To set off non-restrictive clausese.g. Mr Smith, who is seventy-five years old, is well-preserved.Uncle John, who is a vegetarian, is my favorite relative.Punctuation (2)1． The Hyphen1) the hyphen is used to make compound words, e.g. well-dressed, bad-tempered.2) Use a hyphen when you spell out a number between twenty and one hundred,e.g. fifty-five; seventy-six3) Use a hyphen when you run out of room at the end of a line and need to continuea word on the next line.e.g. You shouldn‟t be surprised if they ask you to sing impromptu. (you cannotseparate a word any way you like. When you are in doubt, consult a dictionary.)2． The apostrophe1) the apostrophe indicates possession. The general rule is to add an apostropheand “s” to the word required, e.g. wife‟s, Smith‟s, man‟sif there is already an “s” at the end of the word, do not add a second one, unless the word is singular, e.g. wives‟, ladies‟, mistress‟s, Jones‟s2) The apostrophe also indicates the omission of letters, e.g. can‟t, and it‟s (for“cannot” and “it is”)3) Occasionally, an apostrophe is used when the first two figures of the number of ayear are left out.It was in ‟82 (=1982).3． SemicolonA semicolon is stronger than a comma and weaker than a fullstop. It is used1) to separate co-ordinate clauses when a conjunction is not used.e.g. It rained last night; there are puddles everywhere this morning.When the weather grows warmer, the mercury rises in the thermometer; whenit grows colder, the mercury falls.2) With words like therefore, however, nevertheless, otherwise, besides, also,andsometimes so. These words are sometimes used to join sentences.As they are stronger than conjunctions like and, they need a stronger punctuation mark.e.g. You must take more exercise; otherwise you will get too heavy.4． The ColonThe colon introduces an explanation or an example. It is used1) to show that what follows is a fuller explanation of what has been stated.e.g. John is clumsy: he falls over his own feet.2) before a list of items, especially when the list comes after the words as follows orthe following.e.g. On your way home, please drop by the store and bring me the following: apound of sugar, three turnips and a dozen eggs.3) to introduce quotations.In the words of Francis Bacon: “Reading makes a full man.”Punctuation (3)1. Quotation Marks1) Quotation marks (“”) are used to enclose direct speech, e.g.He said, “The first Europeans to come to West Africa were the Portuguese.”“The first Europeans to come to West Africa were the Portuguese,” he said.Note that the full-stop, exclamation mark, question mark and comma come inside the end quotation marks. Note also that a comma is used before the quotation marks in a direct quotation and that the first word in a direct quotation is capitalized.2) Use single quotation marks (…‟) for a direct quotation within a quotation.e.g. The teacher said, “Remember the words of Cervantes: …Every man shouldlook before he leaps.‟”2. The Question MarkAs a general rule, use a question mark after any kind of direct question, including requests beginning with “Will you…?” etc., and after expressions like “isn‟t it?”e.g. Won‟t you come with us?Why did he forget about his manners?3. The Exclamation MarkThe exclamation mark indicates surprise (either pleasant or unpleasant), enthusiasm, or loud speech. Note especially its use after exclamations like “Oh!”, “Ah!”, etc., and after exclamatory sentences without a main verb like the following:e.g. What a glorious day!How annoying!4. The DashA dash is used to indicate that the thought is interrupted or unfinished.e.g. They gave him a new camera for Christmas --- and a film to go with it.You will start on $11,000 a year --- quite a good salary.5. BracketsUse brackets for words which give explanatory information that is not absolutely essential.e.g. Modern history (from 1789 to the present) is my favorite subject.6. DotsDots may indicate the omission of certain words, or a long pause, during which the reader may be intended to think for himself about what has been said, and draw his own conclusions.。
英文标点符号用法规范
标点符号用法 PUNCTUATION本文参考《微软技术出版物文体手册第三版》，所述标点符号的用法仅限于对帮助文档、网站文档、营销软文、客服回贴、界面文字等技术文档的写作过程中标点符号的使用方法进行规范。
如有疑问，请参照原书。
欢迎补充、修正。
目录句号和点号（Period . ）.............................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
逗号（Comma , ）........................................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。
撇号（Apostrophe ’ ） ................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
冒号（Colon : ）........................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
分号（Semicolon ; ） ................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
引号（Quotation Marks “ ” ‘’）.................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
括号（Parentheses () ）.............................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
Manuscript Form and Punctuation(英语标点符号用法)
The last word of a page should not be divided. It should be written on the next page. Division of words at the ends of several consecutive lines should be avoided.
Manuscript Form and Punctuation
I. Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement 1) When we write an essay to be read by the teacher, we should write on every other line so that there will be room for corrections. It is necessary to leave a margin of about two centimeters at the top and the bottom of the page, and one of a centimeter and a half on the right and left side.
if the quoted sentence is put before the subject
and verb of saying, it ends with a comma, and
the verb of saying is followed by a full stop;
if the quoted words are a phrase instead of a corase is treated as part of the whole sentence.
English_Punctuation(英文标点符号之使用)
The ground was covered with crocuses, yellow, white and violet.
草地上开满了藏红花，有黄色，白色还有紫色的。 (3) 用在同位语之前 Now, here comes the Secretary-General of Communist Party of China, Chairman, and president of the Central Military Committee, Hu Jintao. 现在出场的是中共中央总书记，国家主席，中央军委主席，胡锦涛。 （4）用在分词短语或者状语之后 用在分词短语或者状语之后 Having been denied by ten persons, the sales man need to recollect his courage. 已经被十个人拒绝了，这个销售人员需要重拾信心。 In the late afternoon, the “Niggers” come to pick up the greens on the ground. 黄昏的时候，黑人开始到街上去捡菜叶。 (5) 用在有关联词连接的两个句子之间 The hero is dead, but his name lives. 英雄虽亡，英明尤存。 英雄虽亡，英明尤存。 Finally the farmer workers get their salary, though it was deemed impossible. 最后，农民工拿到了工资， 最后，农民工拿到了工资，虽然这曾经被视为不大可能
Question Mark-问号 问号
5. Question Mark 问号 (?) 用于提问，用于疑问句之后 Who is the greatest dramatist in English history? 谁是英国历史上最伟大的剧作家？ How can you put up with his prejudice for so many years? 你怎么能忍受他的偏见这么多年？
Week 3-Punctuation
大学英语写作中,与语法知识有关的标点错 误主要有: (1) 把非限制性定语从句(non -restrictive attributive clause) 理解成限制性定语从句 (restrictive attributive clause) 而忽略用逗 点。如: Faulty： We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.
从句意来看,上句是一个非限制性定语从句, 故应在shop 后加逗点,把that 相应改成 which 即: Revised： We were led into a nearest fabric shop , which was divided into two parts.
(2) 不论状语从句在整个句子中处于何种位 置,一概以逗点隔开。 Faulty：We will go there , if it is fine tomorrow. 状语从句可置于句首或句末。置于句首时, 一般要用标点隔开;而置于句末时,则无需与 主句隔开,故 以上句子应改为: Revised：If it is fine tomorrow , we will go there. 或 We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.
此外,英文中的省略号其实是三个句号的并 列,许多学生由于受中文影响常错误地把英 文省略号写成六点。
(2) 冒号错误。
冒号是中英文兼有的标点符号。在汉语中, 冒号是表示提示性话语之后的停顿,常用在 “说、道、讲、问、唱、回答、喊、吼” 等动词的后边,以标明下面的话是谁说的。 此用法影响下列英文句子标点:
punctuation标点符号用法1
The comma (,)1)A comma is used to join coordinate clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor or yet):I study French, and he studies English.Hurry up, or we’ll miss the train.He couldn’t do it himself, nor could he find any one to do it for him.2)A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including a prepositional and a participial phrase placed before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence: When the rain stopped, we continued to work in the fields.Being so poor, they couldn’t afford to send me to school.With so little money, he doesn’t know what to buy.3) A comma is used after an adverb used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. Fortunately, we are able to offer a large discount on bulk orders.We are not, unfortunately, in the position to offer you the job as accounts clerk.4) Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence:Mary, George and myself all supported the idea.We had a long, hard but interesting journey.5)A comma is used to set off nonrestrictive clauses and phrases:She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.Mr. Wang, the new director of the company, will soon announce his plans for reforms. 6) Commas set off parenthetical elements:The machines you have supplied us, I’m glad to tell you, work very well.People, old and young, came out to welcome him.提示：将非主要信息和句子其他部分分开。
Punctuation英语写作(标点)
Use commas with caution
When two or more independent clauses are placed in a sentence without any conjunction, use a semicolon (;) instead of a comma.
Jim tells Mary I will not join the party. Jim tells Mary, “I will not join the party.” Injured and abandoned by their traveling companions, they had little hope of survival in the desert. Injured, and abandoned by their traveling companions, they had little hope of survival in the desert. Tomorrow will be overcast and rainy at times. Tomorrow will be overcast, and rainy at times.
The comma (,)
Use a comma in a date whose order is month, day, and year.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, and died on April 4, 1968.
But if the order is day, month, and year, or month and year, you don‟t need any comma.
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e.g. 1) She said, “We have decided to take the examination.” 2) “We have decided to take the examination,” she said. 3) “We have decided,” she said, “to take the examination.”
comma period semicolon colon question mark exclamation mark quotation marks parentheses brackets dash hyphen apostrophe virgule ellipsis marks
The Usage of Comma
e.g. 1) Wang Ling, who is the best singer of the class, will teach us to sing the song. 2) Dr. Li, the new chairman of the department, will speak at the meeting. 3) An old lady, nodding and smiling, invited us in.
e.g. 1) The little girl likes to sing, to dance, and to act. 2) She buys bread, butter, vegetables, and many other things from this supermarket.
e.g. 1) Your work, I’m sorry to say, is not satisfactory. 2) The director, in fact, has done very little thing. 1) The delegation will arrive on January 5, 2003. *She was born on 24 May 1979. 1) 1,000 2) 319,087 3) 23,654,085
Why do we punctuate sentences?
Read the following passage without punctuation. I would like to apply for a job with your company for two years I have been employed as a sales clerk for the Jones store I sold nothing that I did not take pride in I am sure it will be the same if I work for you
The Usage of Period
Used to end declarative sentences, requests or mild orders Used in abbreviations
e.g. 1) Every student should learn to use the punctuation marks. 2) Learn to use the punctuation marks. 3) They asked how the semicolon should be used. Mr. Mrs. Dr. M.A. a.m. U.S.A.
e.g. 1) No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned. 2) If she married that man, her parents would be unhappy; if she left him, she herself would be unhappy. 1) The trip was not very well planned or prepared; therefore, it was not a pleasant one. 2) She planned to go with them on the trip; however, her son’s sudden illness prevented her from leaving )
brackets dash ellipsis mark hyphen virgule
[ ] — … /
Do you know how many kinds of punctuation marks there are?
What are the functions of Punctuation?
The Usage of Semicolon
Used to separate the coordinate clauses (并列 并列 连词) 句)without any conjunctions (连词 连词 Used ahead of the conjunctive adverbs (连接副 连接副 词) Used with conjunctions when the clauses have internal punctuation Used to separate the parallel items which contain comma already
To terminate and separate
To connect and separate
To introduce
, : — , — () []
. ! ? , ; -
Connecting two separate ideas Connecting two or more words
Introducing parallel examples
e.g. 1) When the bell rang, the teacher dismissed the class. 2) In the ancient palace, they saw the throne where emperors used to sit. 3) Born and brought up in the South, she is not used to eating wheat. 4) The audience, interested in the topic, asked the speaker many questions. *You will be unable to finish the work in time if you don’t start at once. *He found the document in one of the drawers of his desk.
e.g. 1) Unfortunately, Wang couldn’t come; and his absence made things difficult for us. 2) Before he came, we had expected him to help us; but when he was with us, he didn’t do much. 1) On the committee are quite a few well-known people: for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau of Culture.
Enclosing additional information
To enclose
Inserting and enclosing additional material Enclosing the direct speech or the quoted words
“ ”/ ‘ ’
The Detailed Usage of Punctuation Marks
e.g.
1) He asked the question in a loud voice, but no one answered. 2) We were tired, and we decided to have a rest. 3) Come early, or you’ll miss the show.
A Conclusion
Punctuation exists to help us make sense of the words we read or write.
The Punctuation Marks
comma full stop/period semicolon colon question mark exclamation mark quotation marks apostrophe parentheses
Look at how much easier it is to read with what happens when we change the position of punctuation the punctuation marks.