美国文学 霍桑 NEW 12 Hawthorne
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美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Evil exists in the human heart • Everyone possesses some evil secret • Everyone seems to cover up his innermost evil • Evil seems to be man’s birthmark • Sin will eventually get punished • Evil educates • Overweening intellect—source of evil
Major works
• 1837-1842: Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 • 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》 • 1850: The Scarlet Letter《红字》 • 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 《带七个尖角阁的房子》 • 1852: The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
Early life influences on Hawthorne
• Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House. • Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692. • Belief in the existence of the devil. • Belief in determinism宿命论.
5. Allegory(寓言)
◇ Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary. eg. Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》
Major works
• 1837-1842: Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 • 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》 • 1850: The Scarlet Letter《红字》 • 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 《带七个尖角阁的房子》 • 1852: The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
Early life influences on Hawthorne
• Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House. • Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692. • Belief in the existence of the devil. • Belief in determinism宿命论.
5. Allegory(寓言)
◇ Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary. eg. Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》
美国著名小说家霍桑简介
美国著名小说家霍桑简介霍桑是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。
下面小编就带大家一起来详细了解下吧。
霍桑人物简介纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804年7月4日-1864年5月19日)美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。
爱伦·坡称他的小说“属于艺术的最高层次，一种服从于非常崇高级别的天才的艺术。
”其代表作是以殖民时期新英格兰生活为背景的长篇小说《红字》(1850)。
探讨了有关罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。
霍桑人物生平霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇。
他的祖辈为著名的1692年塞勒姆驱巫案的三名法官之一。
父亲是个船长，在霍桑四岁的时候死于海上，霍桑在母亲抚养下长大。
1821年霍桑在亲戚资助下进入缅因州的博多因学院，在学校中他与朗费罗与富兰克林·皮尔斯成为好友。
1824年大学毕业，霍桑回到故乡，开始写作。
完成一些短篇故事之后，他开始尝试把自己在博多因学院的经验写成小说，这就是长篇小说《范肖》(Fanshawe)，于1828年不署名发表，但是没有引起注意。
霍桑将没有卖出去的小说全部付之一炬。
1836年霍桑在海关任职。
1837年他出版了两卷本短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》(Twice-ToldTales)，开始正式署上自己的名字。
其中《教长的黑纱》(The Minister's Black Veil，1836一篇最为人称道。
1841年霍桑曾参加超验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。
1842年7月9日他结婚，婚姻非常美满。
两人到马萨诸塞州的康科德村老牧师住宅居住三年，期间霍桑完成短篇小说集《古宅青苔》(又译《古屋青苔》[Mosses from an Old Manse，1846]) 。
其中的短篇小说《小伙子布朗》(Young Goodman Brown，1835)、《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》(Rappaccini's Daughter，1844)很受欢迎。
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
作品特点：
描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点， 这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的 理论的影响是分不开的。 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自 忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶和人的 劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同 情。
Roger Chillingworth
Chillingworth’s Revenge
He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise（伪装） himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester's anonymous lover.
Little Pearl, who's born with a false charge, grows up innocent and lively with no restraint. She is destined to live a happy life .
一个出生就被冠以无须有罪名的小珍珠，她天真活泼不畏
The Scarlet Letter
——character analysis
L
I
D
LOADING LOADING
Hester
A
Dimmesdale
G
Chillingworth
Peal
Hester Prynne
Hester Prynne
Crime(犯罪 →Atonement(赎罪 →Renascence(重生) ↓ ↓ Rebel or Compromise About women’s right and freedom
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
nister’s Black Veil
分析胡珀教长带黑面纱的原因： 1. 始终是个迷,也许像故事暗示的那样，他曾经犯下某 种罪孽，为给自己赎罪而带上黑面纱。 2. 为芸芸教众们赎罪。世间所有的人都带有与生俱来 的罪孽，而且每个人都设法隐藏它，因此是不可饶恕 的。 3. 他的清教主义的罪恶观使他的双眼蒙上一层黑纱。 4. 以一种似乎自相矛盾的方式抗议人们缺乏坦率、存 有隔膜、缺乏同情心及友爱之心。
Masterpiece The Scarlet Letter
1850 《红字》 Novel The House of the Seven Gables 1851 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 Novel The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》
Children’s book True Stories from History and Biography 1851 《真实的历史和人物传奇故事》 Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的书》 Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林传说》 Collection of short stories The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪影和其它重讲一遍故事》 1852 Novel The Marble Faun 1860《玉石雕像》 Novel Our Old Home 1863《我们的老家》
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
(1804-1864)
纳撒尼尔· 霍桑
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A 19th century American
novelist and short story writer.
分析胡珀教长带黑面纱的原因： 1. 始终是个迷,也许像故事暗示的那样，他曾经犯下某 种罪孽，为给自己赎罪而带上黑面纱。 2. 为芸芸教众们赎罪。世间所有的人都带有与生俱来 的罪孽，而且每个人都设法隐藏它，因此是不可饶恕 的。 3. 他的清教主义的罪恶观使他的双眼蒙上一层黑纱。 4. 以一种似乎自相矛盾的方式抗议人们缺乏坦率、存 有隔膜、缺乏同情心及友爱之心。
Masterpiece The Scarlet Letter
1850 《红字》 Novel The House of the Seven Gables 1851 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 Novel The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》
Children’s book True Stories from History and Biography 1851 《真实的历史和人物传奇故事》 Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的书》 Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林传说》 Collection of short stories The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪影和其它重讲一遍故事》 1852 Novel The Marble Faun 1860《玉石雕像》 Novel Our Old Home 1863《我们的老家》
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
(1804-1864)
纳撒尼尔· 霍桑
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A 19th century American
novelist and short story writer.
美国文学霍桑_NEW_12Hawthorne精品PPT课件
Education
Bowdoin College (1821-1825) Friends: H. W. Longfellow & Franklin
Pierce Graduating 18th of 38 students
Career
1825-1827: Salem (reading and writing ) 1839-1840: Boston Customs House 1842: getting married and living at the Old Manse 1846-1849: Salem Customs House Buying “Wayside” 1853-1857: United States Consul at Liverpool 1857-59: Rome and Florence 1860: returning to America 1864: death
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Novelist Short Story Writer Central Figure of
American Renaissance
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body
Men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life —Encyclopedia Britannica
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
thehouseofthesevengables带七个尖角阁的房子?1852
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）
Contents
Life Major works
Themes Writing styles
Life
• Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts • Family background: a family with a long Puritan tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children • Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.
霍桑Nathaniel-Hawthorne
Psychological and physical struggle
About human’s nature and sociality
eg. When Hester tells him Chillingworth is her husband, he is not brave to face and overcome it, but to sink down on the ground, and burry his face in his hands, he throws his burden upon Hester. “I am powerless to go! ….Lost as my own soul is, I would still do what I may for other human souls! I dare not quit my post…
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时期的美洲为背景，围绕 着四个主人公之间的爱恨、善恶、惩罚与报复而展 开，同时揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代的美国社 会法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。
the scarlet letter
main characters:
Hester Prynne 海斯特· 白兰(a woman with the scarlet letter A on her dress）
father:died when he was only four mother:relied on relatives in rearing the
children a family with long puritan tradition brought up by his uncle he graduated from bowdoin college in 1842
《红字》主要情节
《红字》主要情节自18世纪以来，《红字》一书便成为了美国文学的经典之作。
作为一部关于爱情、罪恶和道德观念的小说，《红字》的主要情节扣人心弦，引人入胜。
本文将围绕着《红字》主要情节，逐步展开论述。
在《红字》中，故事发生在17世纪的新英格兰。
书中的主人公哈莉特·普林切特（Hester Prynne）因丧夫而被迫与别人婚外情生下了一个女婴。
由于婚外情这一罪行，哈莉特被迫佩戴着一个鲜红的字母“A”，代表着她是一名通奸者。
这个字母成为了故事中的重要象征，代表着强加于哈莉特身上的羞辱和社会的道德规范。
随着故事的展开，哈莉特的丈夫罗杰（Roger）回到了新英格兰，并化名乔治·君斯科特（Roger Chillingworth）。
君斯科特发誓要找出通奸的罪魁祸首，并对其展开报复。
他发现了婚外情的真相，但为了不暴露自己的身份，他没有让人们知道他与哈莉特的关系。
君斯科特的复仇心理以及他对哈莉特的控制和压迫，为故事注入了更加扣人心弦的紧张氛围。
与此同时，故事中出现了亨芮·皮金斯（Arthur Dimmesdale），一位年轻有为的牧师。
他与哈莉特有着秘密的情感纠葛，但他并未公开承认。
亨芮内心的挣扎以及对自己矛盾道德观念的呈现，给读者带来了更多的思考。
他的弱点和内疚与君斯科特的邪恶相对照，为整个故事增添了层次。
在故事的高潮部分，君斯科特百般摧残亨芮，试图揭露他的秘密。
亨芮的身体和心灵都遭受了极大的折磨，但他始终没有公开承认自己的罪行。
直到最后，他在公众面前坦白了自己的错误，向众人展示了他胸前的红字“A”。
这个场景极具震撼力，引发了众人的震惊和同情。
《红字》最后的情节围绕着哈莉特、君斯科特和亨芮的命运展开。
哈莉特的坚强和宽容、君斯科特的邪恶和病态以及亨芮的内疚和救赎，交织在一起，构成了小说的高潮部分。
通过《红字》这一主要情节，作者霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）对于个人的罪行、道德观念以及社会对于罪犯的惩罚方式进行了深刻的思考和揭示。
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Style
Romance fiction Long visual descriptions Formal dialogues (human emotion) Character’s inner struggle Symbolism and allegory Flowing and almost feminine Ambiguity
Sophia Peabody
“I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the… jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts”
“the genial atmosphere which a literary man requires in order to ripen the best harvest of his mind”
Interest in history and antiquity
“to recall what was valuable in the past” “connect a bygone time with the very Present” “a new territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other”
Romance
Predestined form of American narrative “Poverty of materials” Puritan prudence Treating physical passions obliquely Avoiding violating the human heart Telling the truth and satirizing and yet not offending
Trial of an accused witch in Salem
Examination of Sarah Good by Judges Hathorne and Corwin
What evil spirit have you familiarity with? None. Have you made no contract with the devil? No. Why do you hurt these children? I do not hurt them. I scorn it. Who do you imploy then to do it? I imploy no body. What creature do you imploy then? No creature. I am falsely accused.
Aesthetics
The Marble Faun; The Scarlet Letter; The House of Seven Gables
Poverty of Materials Interest in history and antiquity Romance
Sources
“there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight”
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
Time: May-October of 1692 One of the darkest times in American history of religious tolerance Among the last outbreaks of the persecution of accused witches Reasons: an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational strife, teenage boredom, and personal jealousies
The Scarlet Letter
Summary Major Themes Features
Summary
Hester is being led to the scaffold, where she is to be publicly shamed for having committed adultery. Hester is forced to wear the letter A on her gown at all times. She has stitched a large scarlet A onto her dress with gold thread, giving the letter an air of elegance. Hester carries Pearl, her daughter, with her. On the scaffold she is asked to reveal the name of Pearl's father, but she refuses. In the crowd Hester recognizes her husband from Amsterdam, Roger Chillingworth. Chillingworth visits Hester after she is returned to the prison. He tells her that he will find out who the man was, and he will read the truth on the man's heart. Chillingworth then forces her to promise never to reveal his true identity as her cuckolded husband. Hester moves into a cottage bordering the woods. She and Pearl live there in relative solitude. Hester earns her money by doing stitchwork for local dignitaries, but she often spends her time helping the poor and sick. Pearl grows up to be wild, even refusing to obey her mother.
Black Vision
Evil exists in the human heart Everyone possesses some evil secret Everyone seems to cover up his innerost evil Evil seems to be man’s birthmark Sin will eventually get punished Evil educates Overweening intellect—source of evil
Life Story Literary Characteristics The Scarlet Letter
Life Story
Childhood Education Career
Childhood
Birth: Salem, Massachusetts; July 4, 1804 Prominent ancestors: colonial magistrate (Quakers) judge (Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692) father: sea captain dying in 1808 Leading a secluded life
Literary Characteristics
Major Works Black Vision Aesthetics Style
Literary Career
1828: Fanshawe 1832: "My Kinsman, Major Molineux“ 1837: Twice-Told Tales 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 1850: The Scarlet Letter 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 1852: The Blithedale Romance 1852: The Life of Franklin Pierce 1860: The Marble Faun 1863: Our Old Home
Quakers
One of a religious sect founded by George Fox whose teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body Men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life —Encyclopedia Britannica