美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
霍桑的英文简介
霍桑的英文简介霍桑的英文简介Nathaniel Hawthorne From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860sBornJuly 4, 1804(1804-07-04) Salem, Massachusetts, United StatesDiedMay 19,1864 (aged 59) Plymouth霍桑简介, New Hampshire, United StatesOccupationNovelist, Short story writer, Custom House worker, United States ConsulLiterary movementDark Romantici *** Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer。
Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne。
He later changed his name to "Hawthorne", adding a "w" to dissociate from relatives including John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials。
大学英美文学《霍桑》英文介绍
The Symbolic Meaning of the Four Characters’ Name
Hester: Hestier, Hastier, women’s name-Star Arthur Dimmesdale: →AD →Adultery; Dim+Stale=bad luck Roger Chillingworth: cool / chilly; Roger ≈rogue（无赖）;
•He rejected the Transcendentalists’ transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature. •Sin and evil can be passed from generation to generation, evil educated. •He had a negative attitude toward science.
The Plot
Seven years later, pearls grew into a beautiful girl, and Hester again won the respect of others. Chillingworth also found that adulterer, the minister, Dimmesdale who was constantly subjected to mental torture.
•Cruel •Devious
Chillingworth
The Maker of the Scarlet Letter
The main characters discussion
Pearl
•Beautiful •Pure
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
作品特点：
描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点， 这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的 理论的影响是分不开的。 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自 忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶和人的 劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同 情。
Roger Chillingworth
Chillingworth’s Revenge
He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise（伪装） himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester's anonymous lover.
Little Pearl, who's born with a false charge, grows up innocent and lively with no restraint. She is destined to live a happy life .
一个出生就被冠以无须有罪名的小珍珠，她天真活泼不畏
The Scarlet Letter
——character analysis
L
I
D
LOADING LOADING
Hester
A
Dimmesdale
G
Chillingworth
Peal
Hester Prynne
Hester Prynne
Crime(犯罪 →Atonement(赎罪 →Renascence(重生) ↓ ↓ Rebel or Compromise About women’s right and freedom
Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 简介
(1804-1864)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Early Life
July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts
After father’s death in 1808, he lived with mother’s
relatives His great-great- grandfather, John Hathorne, was a crucial judge in the Salem Witch Trails, John Hathorne never repented of his wrong actions, which
Hawthorne felt shame about.
Hathorne Hawthorne
In1819, Hawthorne was sent back to Salem for school, and he made the written homemade newspaper which included essays, poems, and news In 1821, Hawthorne was sent to Bowdoin College
White Mountains in Plymouth,
New Hampshire Hawthorne was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.
Reference
/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne /wiki/Sophia_Hawthorne
•Never really gets classified as a Transcendentalist.
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
thehouseofthesevengables带七个尖角阁的房子?1852
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）
Contents
Life Major works
Themes Writing styles
Life
• Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts • Family background: a family with a long Puritan tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children • Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.
纳撒尼尔霍桑文学作家名人介绍人物PPT
04 人物评价 CHARACTER EVALUATION
代显梅 中国人民大学外国语学院副教授
纳撒尼尔·霍桑在19世纪上半叶美国的废奴运动、女权运动、禁 酒运动、公有制社会改革运动和美国内战中逆时代风潮而行，表 现出超越肤色、性别、种族、国家和阶级的人道主义关怀，他在 过去与现在、个人与社会的关系问题上坚守的理性主义原则，比 起当时在美国社会占领军地位的超验主义思想来更能穿透时空的 限制，为人们提供启示与借鉴。
04 人物评价 CHARACTER EVALUATION
麻蓉生
纳撒尼尔·霍桑文学的成功来源于他对于文学艺术的独特理解以 及运用，通过他的理解在作品中塑造了一个个生动、鲜明的人物 形象，并结合各种高超的写作手法赋予了人物不同的生命力。
——麻蓉生（忻州师范学院英文系副教授）
YOUR LOGO
A UNIVERSITY
01 作家简介 AUTHOR PROFILE
主要作品
霍桑被评价为一个生活的旁观者，这一人生态度决定了 他对人的内心、心理活动的兴趣和洞察力。他深受原罪 思想的影响，而且原罪代代相传，倡导人们以善行来洗 刷罪恶，净化心灵。 其代表作包括长篇小说《红字》，《七角楼房》，短篇 小说集《重讲一遍的故事》，《古宅青苔》，《雪影》 等。其中《红字》已成为世界文学经典，亨利·詹姆斯、 爱伦·坡、赫尔曼·麦尔维尔等文学大师都深受其影响。
纳撒尼பைடு நூலகம்·霍桑
Nathaniel Hawthorne，1804—1864，是美国心理分析小说的开创者 也是美国文学史上首位写作短篇小说的作家 被称为美国19世纪最伟大的浪漫主义小说家 霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆，幼年丧父，同寡母一道住到了位于萨莱 姆镇的外公家，自幼性格孤高自许，顾虑多疑，童年的不幸和生活氛围使他 内心有一种“痛苦的孤独感”，他对社会改革毫无兴趣，对资本主义经济迅 速发展无法理解。外公家笃信基督教的清教，霍桑受到了清教的影响。
从《胎记》看霍桑的人性观
从《胎记》看霍桑的人性观1. 引言1.1 背景介绍《胎记》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）所著的一篇短篇小说，被认为是霍桑最具代表性的作品之一。
小说讲述了一个男人与他贫困但心地善良的妻子之间的故事，男人因为妻子脸上的一处胎记而感到不满，并试图用一种神秘的方法将其消灭。
这部作品展现了霍桑对人性的深刻思考，揭示了人性的复杂性和脆弱性。
胎记在文学史上具有重要地位，它不仅是一部优秀的文学作品，更是对人性的深刻解读。
通过胎记中的人物形象和情节安排，霍桑展现了他对人性的独特见解，引发了人们对自身内心深处的反思。
胎记所蕴含的道德警示和思想启示也使其成为一部永不过时的经典之作。
在接下来的正文中，我们将对《胎记》中的人性描写、人性的多样性、人性的脆弱性、人性的复杂性以及胎记中的道德观进行深入分析，以揭示霍桑人性观的独特特点，探讨《胎记》对人性的启示，以及这部作品在当今社会中的现实意义。
通过对霍桑的作品进行深入探讨，我们或许能更好地理解人性的奥秘，以及如何在现实生活中应对各种复杂的人性问题。
1.2 作者简介霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）是19世纪美国著名作家，被认为是美国文学的奠基人之一。
他生于1804年，逝世于1864年，其一生大部分时间都在马萨诸塞州度过。
霍桑是一位深受浪漫主义和象征主义影响的作家，他的作品充满了对人性、罪恶和道德的探讨。
霍桑的作品常常揭示人性的复杂性和多样性。
他深刻地描绘了人类内心深处的黑暗和矛盾，对人性进行了深刻而丰富的揭示。
在他的作品中，人性往往被描绘成脆弱而复杂的存在，充满着各种矛盾和挣扎。
霍桑的作品《胎记》也是对人性的一次深刻探讨。
通过主人公乔治和艾琳娜的故事，霍桑揭示了人性的多样性和复杂性。
他通过描写人物的内心世界和行为举止，深刻地展示了人性的脆弱性和不完美性。
他还通过故事中的道德观念，探讨了人性与道德之间的关系，引发了人们对人性和道德的深刻思考。
霍桑英文简介
霍桑英文简介纳撒尼尔霍桑简介Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864), the pioneer of American psychoanalytic novels, is also the firstwriter in the history of American literature to write short stories, known as the 19th century American greatest romantic novelist.Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, childhood father died, with widowed mother lived inthe town of Salems grandfather, his childhood self-esteem, suspicious, childhood misfortune and life atmosphere to make him a heart Kind of painful loneliness, he was not interested in social reform,the rapid development of capitalist economy can not understand. The grandfather believed in Christian Puritanism and Hawthorne was influenced by Puritanism.In 1825, Hawthorne graduated from the Universityof Borden University, returned to Salem, created and published dozens of stories and short stories. In 1839,Hawthorne worked at the Boston Customs for more than two years, then entered the Brook Farm, touching transcendentalism, and met the representative of transcendentalism thought Emerson and Thoreau and others.Since then, Hawthorne went to Salem Customs office, Salem customs life for his creation of Scarlet Letter has a direct impact, The Scarlet Letter published his solid position in the American literary world, butalso to the future with a huge influences.Hawthorne was evaluated as a bystander of life,and this attitude of life determines his interest and insight in his inner and psychological activities. He was deeply influenced by the original sin thought, and the original sin was passed on from generation to generation, and the people were guided by good deedsto purify the evil and purify the mind.His masterpieces include the novel The Scarlet Letter, Hexagon Building, short story collectionrepeat the story again, ancient moss, snow shadow and so on. The Scarlet Letter has become the worldsliterary classics, Henry James, Ellen Poe, Herman Melville and other literary masters are deeply affected.纳撒尼尔霍桑人物经历HeresyThe direct influence on Hawthornes creativethinking is his understanding of family history and religion. Hawthornes ancestors from the England region of the family, generations are devout Calvin believers. The two generations of ancestors were the dignitaries of the Massachusetts political and religious unity. One is the first speaker of the Massachusetts Colonial Parliament, named William Hassan, notorious for participating in the persecution of the Whigs. The other is his uncle, named John Hassan, served as alocal judge. In 1692, in the town of Salem, Massachusetts took place in the history of the famous deceit. At that time the town of Salem popular with a similar epilepsy infectious diseases, it was falsely accused of this Department of witch trouble. In some Western countries there is a traditional idea that thewitch is the companion of the devil Satan, who have received a supernatural power from Satan, who specializes in the spread of diseases and the killing of babies and so on. The town of Salem is the place where the Calvinist forces are strong, and the Calvin sects have struggled with the Whigs to compete for religious power in order to eliminate the heresy. The case involved a wide range, more than 200 people were arrested, 150 people were imprisoned, more than 10 people were hanged, in fact, this is a religious persecution, many of the victims were innocent residents. Hawthornes uncle, John, acted as a judge in the event and was known for his religious fanaticalness and cruelty.Hawthornes understanding of the history of the whole family, especially his study of the ancestors of the 17th century from England to the North American colonial continent and later fortune research and research made him a more comprehensive understanding of the familys development history and Social status of the New England region in the 19th century. At thattime the society was at the beginning of the rapid development of the capitalist economy, and the social structure had undergone major changes and adjustments. In his view, the progress of technology and the use of the machine not only can not improve the moral character of society, but people into a deeper sin whirlpool, a evil wizard. For which he was in front of what happened to be more do not understand. He had come into contact with transcendentalism and had participated in the brooks of the transgressors, but he looked at the activities of Emerson and others with indifference, and even opposed it. Hawthorne was not interested in any social reform program, and even cautious about the major problems of American society at that time. His conservative attitude and the lack of understanding of society are reflected in his deep-rooted Puritan religious consciousness. The intense religious factional struggle in the society and the moral values involved in this struggle had had a significant impact on Hawthornes work. And in many of his works, Hawthorne directly or indirectly attackedthe Galvin religion against the religious fanaticism and the destruction of human religious precepts. Butin the depths of his thought still with a strong religious concept of good and evil to see the world,he can not understand, due to the development of capitalism caused by the new social contradictions united into an abstract evil.In his view, all social problems, thecontradictions between people, the phenomenon of crime and so on are not the root of social material life,but because of the worlds inherent evil caused. Thisis the influence of the idea of original sin and the inner fall in the doctrine of Calvinism on Hawthornes thought. According to Hawthornes point of view, if you want to solve all social problems need to start from the evil, must be from the internal mining. Therefore, in his view, all abstract, mysterious evil are theroot cause of social problems.Family influenceIn Hawthornes family, two ancestors are important administrative officials in the Massachusetts colonies.Nathaniel Hawthornes first generation of ancestors William Hawthorne came from England in 1963 to Massachusetts, in this early colony, William Hawthorne is a prominent figure.Hawthorne disagreed with the behavior of his ancestors, the atrocities committed by his ancestors, was so ashamed of Hawthornes understanding of religion than the average person, and he hated his ancestral practice. The second generation of ancestors John Hawthorne was involved in the trial of the 1692 statement of the messy Salem deceit, which is one of the three judges, Hawthorne that the behavior of ancestors is a sin, a shame , This event to the young Hawthorne left a deep scars, Hawthorne on his ancestral behavior felt deep self-blame, this remorse so that he in his last name Hawthorne added a w To become FHawthorne to show that he is different from the sinful ancestors.Humanistic influence1825 - 1837, spent 12 years in his hometown had a significant impact on Hawthorne becoming a writer. Inhis hometown, Hawthorne was keen to explore thehistory of his hometown. He had read every book in the local library, and he was familiar with the ancient history of the town of Salem, especially the witchcraft. He studied the historical literature about England and engaged in novel creation. Most of his works are based on the brutal religious domination of the colonial period as the background, describing the peoples spiritual world, ideological contradictions and religious oppression under the tragic experience.Hawthorne saw the religious fanaticism and religious doctrine to bring the impact of people, he saw the religious destruction of human nature. In this area of Massachusetts, religion is very closely linked to peoples lives, and religion permeates all aspects of life, and religion is even equivalent to law, with supreme authority and effect, but on the other hand, the harsh rule of Puritanism and fanatical Religious worship is to some extent a cruel trampling of human dignity.Salem is a place where the Calvin Puritan atmosphere is very strong, because here is relatively backward, science is not developed, so the local peoples ignorance, this place has a lot of magical folklore and fairy tales, while people advocate Hypnosis, witchcraft activities spread here, the introduction of Calvin Puritanism in North America had a great impact on Hawthorne, it greatly affected the way Hawthorne recognized the world.Hawthornes era of life Although the Puritan thought is no longer the leading force of New England, but Puritanism on the American life and ideological influence is far-reaching, Hawthornes character and Puritanism thought milk blend, puritanism thought His way of thinking and the attitude of the problem, inevitably make Hawthorne from the perspective of Puritanism to observe people and the world, Hawthorne has a deep thinking and understanding of Puritanism, he was some active in Puritan Of the factors are positive attitude, such as the early American Puritans who have the pioneering spirit, perseverance of thespirit, which is in the body of Hester Prynne is reflected. But on the other hand, the asceticism in Puritanism and the oppression of Puritanism against humanity are what the authors do not agree with and criticize. From the historical understanding of the United States, Hawthorne can profoundly grasp the Puritanisms history of the United States , But therule and norms of Yan Xun can in some way make people lose their original nature, and Hawthorne is well versed in the influence of Puritanism on people, and The Puritanism has a clear understanding and thinking, although the Puritan rule is no longer strict, but some eternal topics such as the relationship between man and God and the relationship between man and religion, human nature in the good and evil andpeoples morality Criteria are the subject of concern and concern.Hawthornes life is the American Renaissance, the19th century European romantic thoughts across the sea, came to North America this land, coupled with theNorth American colonial puritanism thought strong,romantic and local clear The combination ofdoctrinalism creates a transcendentalist philosophythat has had a significant impact on the later US. Transcendentalism is an important ideological movement in the United States. The period of Americanliterature in the transcendentalism is called the American Renaissance. Transcendentalism is an ideological and cultural liberation movement with religious colors. Literature and culture have had a significant impact, with profound philosophicalthinking as the background, emphasizing the supreme spirit of the spirit and the absolute perception ofthe traditional religion to refute, the representative of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Ralph FWaldo FEmerson), Henry Davav Thoreau.Before and after 1841, the wave of transcendentalism swept through Boston and its neighboring areas, and Hawthorne was influenced by transcendentalism. Transcendentalism believed that there was an ideal transcendentalist entity in the universe, Experience, people can be intuition to grasp,people can understand the truth through intuition, within a certain range of people is God, they are a new round of religious reflection and criticism, they abandon the Calvin sect God as the center Point of view, against rationality, advocating intuition, to promote the humanistic spirit, advocate individual liberation, emphasizing the value of individuals, this trend on the society at that time had a great impact, especially for Europes dominant theological ideas, transcendentalism The liberation of American ideology and culture, but also affected the American literature, an indispensable part of American literature.Although Hawthorne is not transcendentalist fanatical followers, but his relationship with Emerson and Thoreau are very close, in their daily lives,their contacts are pleasant.Creation periodIn 1837, Hawthornes first short story collection repeat the story again to bring him some fame.After 1845, Hawthorne entered the creation of the mature period, in 1846 launched the second short storyancient house moss, but the book only to bring him a modest income. Hawthorne once again seek the help of political friends, get a government office, any Salem customs inspector, served for three years to give up the work. In 1848 the presidential general, different political parties came to power, then replaced a large number of government officials, Hawthorne is also one of them. He experienced a heart and body suffering,and finally calm down, began to create his most famous novel Scarlet Letter.In 1850, the Scarlet Letter made him famous. The Scarlet Letter is the first symbolist novel in the history of American literature. Since the novelfocuses on Hawthornes creative personality and experience, he was immediately criticized by thecritics as the greatest writer born in this century. Scarlet income so that he out of poverty, Hawthornebid farewell to his hometown, his family moved to Massachusetts, West Burke County Lennox. In the Lennox, Hawthornes creation began to peak, masterpiece gush.1851 completed the seven sharp angle of the house is the description of the family history of the decline of the novel. In 1851 also published a short story collection Snow Shadow.In 1852, for the classmate Franklin Pierce campaign president, launched biography: Franklin Pierce Biography, the works received by Pierce appreciation. Franklin Pierce was elected president, appointed Hawthorne as US Consul General in Liverpool, England.1853 published fairy tale chaotic grove story, the two fairy tale has become the classic American childrens literature.Hawthorne during his tenure (1853-1857), he fully understood the British customs, the road impression into the British notes (Hawthorne after the death of the notes published by his wife), and essays our home (Published in 1863). In 1858, he traveled to France and Italy, written as French and Italian notes, the novel jade statue (published in 1860). Jade statue toItaly as the background, is Hawthorne created the last complete novel.。
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3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
◇ Human beings are born to be lonely.They defend their pride and selfishness for different reasons. A character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.
Major works
• 1837-1842: Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 • 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》 • 1850: The Scarlet Letter《红字》 • 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 《带七个尖角阁的房子》 • 1852: The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
Themes
1. Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”） 2. Morality and Sin（道德 & 罪恶） 3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
1.Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”）
◇ Human beings are evil-natured and sinful， and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.
5. Allegory(寓言)
◇ Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary. eg. Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》
Thank you !
Early life influences on Hawthorne
• Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House. • Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692. • Belief in the existence of the devil. • Belief in determinism宿命论.
3. Psycho-analysis
◇ Psychological truth was more important than actual truth. ◇ Explored the complexity of human psychology through the characters’ inner struggle
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
Puritanism 清教主义
• Puritans came from the Established Church of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. • They were so called because they wished to purify the forms and rituals of the Church. • Though it was pilgrims that first came to New England, yet Puritanism soon became the dominant faith with its rather gloomy outlook on life. • The Puritans held that man lived to suffer and he must toil mightily for the glory of God. • Their doctrine was widely known for its extremely rigid and strict morality. (original sins ,predestination,limited atonement)
Writing Styles
1. Dark Romanticism 2. Symbolism 3. Psycho-analysis 4. Ambiguity 5. Allegory(寓言) 6. Visual Description（视觉描写）
1. Dark Romanticism
◇ His works belong to dark romanticism, with cautionary tales(警示性故事) that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. ◇ Supernatural
Features of his works
• Setting ： Puritan New England
• Themes ： Evil & Sin
• Idea ： "Black vision" toward human beings
• Technique
： symbolism
Black Vision :
4. Ambiguity
◇ It’s a deliberate poetic device (language feature): to signify two or more distinct references, or express two or more diverse attitudes or feelings by using a single word or expression. eg. She didn't take his tip.
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in Thee) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）
Contents
Life Major works
Themes Writing styles
Life
• Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts • Family background: a family with a long Puritan tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children • Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.