英文学术论文常用替换词
单词替换表
7月15日一战115（30+29+28+28)经验共享 (2012-09-02 22:24:14)转载▼
标签： 杂谈
像高分贴，很多考友很关注的都是学习技巧，对于考试怎么理解，亦或者来找模板的，不过其实无老师最为关注的还是这些高分考友的学习英语，而不是准备托福的方法，因为多年以来“高分=实力强”是一个颠扑不破的道理，因此这些高分考友是如何提升自己英语实力的，才是无老师最关心的。至于技巧这些东西，真的是汗牛充栋，太多太多了。今天分享的这篇考友的文章则是与众不同，虽然也有对于托福考试的理解，但是作者本身也花了很多的笔墨来描述自己是怎么学英语的，以及学习英语的心得。可以说很受启发，因此，无老师将两部分内容都转帖过来，但是出于私心，还是将英语的学习方法放在了前面，各位考友见笑了。^_^
key－>crucial/vital/consequential
old－>ancient
emphasis－>accentuate
devote to－>dedicate to
character－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality
expect－>anticipate
大家都很喜欢的sss听写我只试过几次，但听写时会光顾着听词不去抓意思，所以很快就放弃了……sss本身还是很好玩的，特别是播音员Sophie Bushwick的奇怪口音。
另一个对提高听力很有帮助的资源是大名鼎鼎的TED（Tech,Entertainment and Design)演讲系列。语速不一，口音不一，甚至法国口音也会来。听这个我倾向于抱着享受创意的心态去听而不要太纠结于听力提高，你会发现这个系列的演讲实在都太有趣了。去youtube还是youku这个见仁见智了。youtube是首发站，资源全，youku搬运过来的只是很小一部分，缺点就是没有字幕。如果是在youku看我还是推荐开始把字幕遮住，听不懂了再回过头来看。
托福写作同义词替换词(全)
73
emotion
≈ sentiment
74
enemy
≈ opponent/ foe
75
narrow minds
insular minds（狭隘的头脑或者观念）
76
a way to do sth.
an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.
92
[派生] harmful
detrimental (adj.)
93
[派生] be harmful to
≈ pose a threat to
94
bad luck
Misfortune
95
trouble
adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship
96
crime
offense/ criminal act
4
sadness
sorrow/ grief
5
danger
hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous
6
education
≈schooling（指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.
53
a thing that is necessary
a necessity
54
a thing that is new and interesting
paraphrase技巧例子
paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。
这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。
以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。
英语写作常用替换词
★形容词：1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated11. 流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive★动词：1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 认为：think = assert= hold = claim = argue8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten★名词：1. 影响：influence= impact2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard3. 污染：pollution = contamination4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race5. 老人：old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 责任：responsibility = obligation = duty = liability12. 能力：ability = capacity = power = skill13. 职业：job = career = employment = profession14. 娱乐：enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子：children = offspring = descendant= kid★短语：1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad,如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
英文简历中的常用词汇
英文简历中的常用词汇able 有才干的，能干的adaptable 习惯性强的active 主动的，活跃的aggressive 有进取心的ambitious 有雄心壮志的amiable 与蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有懂得力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办理认确实candid 正直的competent 能胜任的constructive 建设性的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富制造力的dedicated 有奉献精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的dutiful 尽职的well--educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的expressivity 善于表达faithful 守信的，忠诚的frank 直率的，真诚的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的humorous 有幽默impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的telligent 懂得力强的learned 熟知某门学问的logical 条理分明的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的objective 客观的precise 一丝不苟的punctual 严守时刻的realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的sensible 明白事理的sporting 光明正大的eady 踏实的systematic 有系统的rposeful 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温与的erate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的humorous 有幽默impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的telligent 懂得力强的learned 熟知某门学问的logical 条理分明的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的objective 客观的precise 一丝不苟的punctual 严守时刻的realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的sensible 明白事理的sporting 光明正大的eady 踏实的systematic 有系统的rposeful 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温与的erate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的个人资料常用词汇name 姓名in. 英寸pen name 笔名ft. 英尺alias 别名street 街Mr. 先生road 路Miss 小姐district 区Ms （小姐或者太太）house number 门牌Mrs. 太太lane 胡同，巷age 年龄height 身高bloodtype 血型weight 体重address 地址born 生于permanent address 永久住址birthday 生日province 省birthdate 出生日期city 市birthplace 出生地点county 县home phone 住宅电话prefecture 专区office phone 办公电话autonomous region 自治区business phone 办公电话nationality 民族；国籍current address 目前住址citizenship 国籍date of birth 出生日期native place 籍贯postal code 邮政编码duel citizenship 双重国籍marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚single 未婚divorced 离异separated 分居number of children 子女人数health condition 健康状况health 健康状况excellent （身体）极佳short-sighted 近视far-sighted 远视ID card 身份证date of availability 可到职时间membership 会员、资格president 会长vice-president 副会长director 理事standing director 常务理事society 学会association 协会secretary-general 秘书长research society 研究会工作经历常用词汇work experience 工作经历occupational history 工作经历professional history 职业经历specific experience 具体经历responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业achievements 工作成就，业绩administer 管理assist 辅助adapted to 习惯于accomplish 完成（任务等）appointed 被认命的adept in 善于analyze 分析authorized 委任的；核准的behave 表现break the record 打破纪录breakthrough 关键问题的解决control 操纵conduct 经营，处理cost 成本；费用create 制造demonstrate 证明，示范decrease 减少design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除enlarge 扩大enrich 使丰富exploit 开发（资源，产品）enliven 搞活establish 设立（公司等）；使开业evaluation 估价，评价execute 实行，实施expedite 加快；促进generate 产生good at 擅长于guide 指导；操纵improve 改进，提高initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新invest 投资integrate 使结合；使一体化justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）maintain 保持；维修modernize 使现代化negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名；被认命的overcome 克服perfect 使完善；改善perform 执行，履行profit 利润be promoted to 被提升为be proposed as 被提名（推荐）为realize 实现（目标）获得（利润）reconstruct 重建recorded 记载的refine 精练，精制registered 已注册的regenerate 更新，使再生replace 接替，替换retrieve 挽回revenue 收益，收入scientific 科学的，系统的self-dependence 自力更生serve 服务，供职settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低……效能simplify 简化，精简spread 传播，扩大standard 标准，规格supervises 监督，管理supply 供给，满足systematize 使系统化test 试验，检验well-trained 训练有素的valuable 有价值的target 目标，指标working model 劳动模范advanced worker 先进工作者介绍离职原因常用词汇for more specialized work 为更专门的工作for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作for wider experience 为扩大工作经验due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满sought a better job 找到了更好的工作to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作介绍业余爱好常用词汇hobbies 业余爱好play the guitar 弹吉他reading 阅读play chess 下棋play 话剧long distance running 长跑lay bridge 打桥牌collecting stamps 集邮play tennis 打网球jogging 慢跑sewing 缝纫travelling 旅游listening to symphony 听交响乐do some clay scultures 搞泥塑A Useful Glossary for Educational Background(教育程度常用词汇）education 学历educational history 学历educational background 教育程度curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包含specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）supervisor 论文导师pass 及格fail 不及格marks 分数examination 考试degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor(Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士graduate student 研究生abroad student 留学生abroad student 留学生undergraduate 大学肆业生government-supported student 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生graduate 毕业生guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）day-student 走读生简历中个人情况常用语:Position Desired:HR ManagerName: ******** Sex: Male/FemaleDate of birth:June2,1975 Address: *****Marital Status:Single/Married Post Code: 100001Height: 1.70M Weight: 50 kgPager: 191-2222222 Tel: 12321456Current AnnualSalary：50,000 RMB英文简历中介绍工作经验常用语■Dunphy & Reilly,Inc.Senior Internal AuditorConducted operational and financial audits of manufacturingsubsidiaries. Designed and implemented audit programs to test theefficiency of all aspects of accounting controls.Recommended changes and improvements to corporate anddivisional management.Trained and supervised staff auditors in all aspectsof accounting controls.Trained and supervised staff auditors in all aspectsof the audit engagement.Involved with corporate management in areas of acquisitionand corporate development.■DEVONSHIRE EQUIPMENT,INC,Loretto,PAStaff AuditorPlan,identify,and test controls;present findings and recommend actionsto management.Assist in the audits of New England,Northwest,NewJersey,Washington,D.C.,Southeast,and Great Lakes Districts and U.S.Areas General Ledger Group.■EMERSON ASSOCIATES,Wayne,NEoffice ManagerArrange logistics for office expansion and relocation.Establish office procedures and systems.Actuate/implement filing system,client billingsystem and bookkeeping.Order supplies;maintain inventory.Handle word processing and receptionist responsibilities.■Stevenson Data Systems,Los Angeles,CAComponents Evaluation EngineerResponsible for the characterization and evaluation of,and approvedvendors list for:Power supplies,oscillators,crystals,and programmablelogic used in desktop and laptop computers.Evaluated and recommendedquality componentsthat increased product profitability.Created and developed power supplytest plan used for evaluating third party power supplies.Interacted withvendors to resolve problems associated with components qualification. Technical advisor for Purchasing.Promoted to Engineerll.■Experience:1.Previous job____________________________________Position________________________________From______________to_______ 2.Present job________________________________________________________ Position________________________________From______________to________ Interests___________________________________________________________ Signature____________________________Date _________________________要求薪水常用语■My salary requirement is in the $100,000-$120,000range with appropriate benefits.I would be willingto relocate for the rightopportunity.■Thesalary required is 12,000 per month,living in the house.■I am quite willing to start with a small salary.■I am willing to serve on trial for some months at a smallsalary.■I got five thousand and five hundred per month.个人特长常用语:■Over eleven years of extensive computer/electronics experience.V ersedin both digital and analog electronicswith specific emphasis on computer hardware/software.Special expertise in system and componentwork supervisor responsible for installing/maintainingArcnet LAN system.Proficient in assembly and C programminglanguagesL.Excellent communication skills including written,verbal and interpersonal.■IBM:WordPerfect,Word for Windows;Maclntosh:Microsoft Word,FileMaker.■A T&T and Compaq PC's with Samna program;data entry,CRT,typing(55wpm)■Maclntosh:Pagemaker,Word.IBM and Macintosh.Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Word.■Maclntosh:Pagemaker,Word.IBM:WordPerfect,Excel and rBase.■Proficientin Microsoft Word,WordPerfect,Lotus 1-2-3,and Quark.Working knowledge of the French language.■Typing(60 wpm),Shorthand(60-70 wpm),WANG Word Processing,knowledge ofother word processing systems.Fluency in German,good verbal and writtencommunications skills.■Systems:Lexitron,PTS100,IBM Personal ComputerSoftware:WordStar,Accounting Plus,Symphony,Lotus1-2-3,WordPerfect,DOS,Microsoft Word■At school I won a scholarship and the first prize in speech contest.■I have received an ordinary English education,and have a slightknowledge of Spanish.I took a Spanish course in college.■I can write shorthand at the rate of 120 words per minute,andtypewriting at 55 words English.■At school I won a scholarship and the first prize in speech contest.英文求职信个人能力说明英文coverletter在表述了自己申请职位的原因之后通常要针对招聘方的要求或者qualification表述自己什么能力能与之匹配，继而胜任这一工作。
英语作文高级词汇替换
英语作文高级词汇替换As the world becomes more interconnected, theimportance of international cooperation has become increasingly apparent. In order to tackle global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and terrorism, countries must work together to find solutions. This requires a willingness to compromise, respect for different perspectives, and a commitment to common goals.One of the key benefits of international cooperation is the sharing of knowledge and resources. By working together, countries can pool their expertise and resources to develop more effective solutions. For example, in the fight against climate change, countries can share best practices for reducing emissions and invest in clean energy technologies. Similarly, in the fight against poverty, countries canshare knowledge about successful social programs andprovide financial assistance to those in need.Another benefit of international cooperation is thepromotion of peace and stability. By working together, countries can resolve conflicts peacefully and prevent the escalation of violence. For example, through diplomatic channels and international organizations such as the United Nations, countries can negotiate peace agreements and provide humanitarian aid to those affected by conflict.However, international cooperation is not without its challenges. One of the biggest obstacles is the issue of sovereignty. Countries are often reluctant to cede control over their own affairs to international organizations or other countries. Additionally, there are often disagreements over how to address global issues, with different countries having different priorities and perspectives.Despite these challenges, the benefits of international cooperation far outweigh the costs. In today's interconnected world, no country can solve global challenges alone. By working together, countries can achieve more than they ever could on their own. It is therefore essential that we continue to promoteinternational cooperation and work towards a more peaceful and prosperous world for all.。
常用的SCI替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。
）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, demension, sphere 替换aspet.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate,suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。
英文科技论文写作近义词替换词大全
英文科技论文写作近义词替换词大全Part 1AA band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of 一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体Aim.n=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约Appreciation=interest 欣赏As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而As well as=and和As well=too也Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保BBe similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地CCalculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Complain=illness 病症Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concern v. =about 与……有关Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Condition=regulate 调节Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Concern = care关心Consist of=comprise由什么组成Concur with sb=agree with sb 同意某人Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染Contend=assert=cliam断言Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为Crop up=crop out=come up 出现DDegenerated=underdeveloped退化Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Deadly=fateful 致命的Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distort reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的Distinction=difference=nuance 不同之处Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Distinguish=tell辨别Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点EEat=feed 喂食，进食Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Establish=find out=figure out=work out查明Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Entire=whole 全部Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）FFail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Far from=not at all根本不Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape=mould形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油HHold=harbor=embrace拥有Halt=stop=hamper(v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier(n.) 阻碍IIdentical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明Identify=recognize鉴别In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应Interpret=illustrate解释Introduce to=import to引入KKey (a.)=important=significant=crucial=essential=play a vital/ an important part/role in重要的，关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Link-up=connection 联系MMaster=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明NNature=character=characteristics本质、特点Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多OOwing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……PPattern=format形式，模式Pattern=design图案Pore over=study 研究Poisonous=toxic 有毒的Portray=describe描写塑造(v.)Portrait=description描写塑造(n.)Preserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed=spawn 激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害QQuestionnaire=survey 问卷调查RReadily=easily=accessible 容易地Reflect=consider考虑Relate to=understand=appreciate理解Rely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Residue=remains=relics=relicts=ruins剩余物、废墟Resemble=like=as像SShow=reflect表现Significance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 想当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的TTake to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于Toxic=poisonous 有毒的UUnbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍VVirtue=advantage=strength 优点好处WWork out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出Part 21解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize 3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative, essential9认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition14消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 15导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19 保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20急剧的：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably 21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23发生：Happen, occur, take place24原因：Reason, factor, cause25发展：Development, advance, progress26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly 34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another anglePart 31. Concern with = relate to 与有关2. grow= increase= riseconcentrate on = focus on3. Under the title=name achievement =success4. tend to do sth = plane to do sth/ want to do sth5. be associated with = be connected with = be linked to 与……有关联6. approach = method = way = key intensely= extremely = very7. establish= found = set up establishment = organization8. offer sb sth =supply sb with sth =provide sb with sth= grant9. argument= disagreementwork = materpiece 著作10. contract = agreement合同，合约no= without = have no 没有11. chaos = mess 混乱monument= landmark里程碑12. help sb with = assist sb in doing sth=reach a hand to sb帮助某人作某事13. draw from = take fromleading = outstanding14. competitor= rival recognize as = look/assume asPart 41. dislike=distaste2. test = examine3. effect= impact=influencefrom…to = range from…to…4. ignore = neglectas per=according to5. unfold= carry on be reluctant to do=reject=refuse6. before = prior to7. predict = estimate =anticipateobey= abide by = comply with8. account for= explain= elucidate=illustrate in essence = in fact=indeed9. discrepancy=difference=shade forgo=give up10. context =environment=sircumstance=situation11. radical different=extremely different put another way=in other words12. sort out= find out= figure out plausible = reasonable12. fear=worrypollute = contaminate13. predict= anticipate=forecastoverstate = exaggerate14. in great number of = in _____ number ofactually=indeed15. disappear= extinct灭绝seem to do =assume to do16. solve = cope with=deal with解决accelerate = speed up17. impact = effect =influenceresponse to = react to18. opinion poll= survey reason = factor 原因、因素19. entitle= name overwhelming=dominant20. field =domain 学科领域oppose=against21. for example=such as=for instance=sayaltruistic=non-selfish22. lead to=result in 导致extremely=seriously 严重地23. perception = view 观点、看法association=society协会24. encounter with = face=confront面对postpone to=delay25. pressing=urgent紧急、急迫measure=solution=method解决方法26. key=crucial =significant=importmant关键、重要27. but=yet enormous importance=great/significant28. launch=startderive from = get from29. revert to= get back todistinction=identity30. immense =greatin the domain of=in the field of31. couple with = along withamass dollar=accumulate dollar32. essential feature = principleseize=grasp33. innovative=fresh drab=dull/single34. entirely=totallybe restricted to=be limited to35. needs=demand36. dub=call=name reflex=reaction/response37. result from=originate frombe critical for = be important to38. demanding=difficultretune=adjust39. seek for =search foroutlook=view40. figure out = find outtrack=follow41. in response to=respond to = react to42. prominence=importance revolution=invention43. in relation to= in association withsociety = association44. treatise=workfeature=characteristics45. commercial exploitation =commercializedo with=due to=because of46. objective = impersonal=impartialfoster=develop47. account=explanation=illustrationsubstantial=consider=enough48. be acknowledged=be realizedpilot program=trial program49. configuration=structurephenomenal=surprising50. make stride=make progressregardless of=despite of51. perpetuate=keep=maintainaccess to sth=get sth52. vital importance=extremely important53. rest=depositartificial=manmade54. make a comeback=return=re-enterbig=popular55. ignite=trigger a field of=a domain of56. encompass=unifyimply=indicate57. breakthrough=milestonearound the corner=is coming58. materialize=realizetide=trend59. agency=organizationreckon=deem60. approach=methodspot=find out61. boost=promoteprospect=future62. feature=portray elusive=pessimistic63. match up to sth=equal with impressive=great64. impact=effect=influencefragile=vulnerable65. indigenous people=native peopletend to=look after66. undermine=destroy=damageinevitable=unavoidable67. renaissance=revive for instance=for example68. operate=run69. failure=incidentrare=unusually70. tension=pressurecompression=pressure71. prime=get ready to doinclusion=impurity72. occur=happenanalyze=closely examine73. detect=examine74. trigger=produceinduce=encourage75. regardless=in spite of considerable=substantial76. important =crucial77. opinon=perspective, standpoint78. fame=prestige79. relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)80. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do somethings/he does not want to),compel81. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)82. Lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her83. small=minuscule(very small), minute84. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)85. hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly86. difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)87. show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)88. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it89. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)90. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)91. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will neverchange or be changed)92. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)93. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)94. respect=esteem95. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)96. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)97. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)98. nowadays=currently99. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing) 100. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)101. difficult=formidable102. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)103. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money) 104. approximately将近-nearly, almost105. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)106. scholarship=fellowship107. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)108. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists ofmany different kinds of things)109. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)110. despite=not withstanding(FORMAL)111. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)112. sharp=acute(severe and intense)113. unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen114. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)115. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned) 116. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)117. of=necessary to118. without=free from119. about=concerning=related to120. 在…方面:in …ways=in …aspects/respects/perspectives121. 用…方法：in…ways=in…fashion=in …manner122. rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off123. poor = needy = impoverished124. good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous125. bad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable126. healthy = robust = sound = wholesome127. surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous128. energetic = dynamic = vigourous =animated129. 难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny130. 不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidable 131. 重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital132. =be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality133. 巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable134. 正确的（correct）=仔细的(careful)=arduous=assiduous 135. 有道理的：reasonable=rational and plausible136. 吸引人的：attractive=inviting and appealing137. 足够的：adequate and sufficient138. 日常：daily = day-to-day = everyday139. improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize140. solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 141. destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate142. develop = cultivate = foster = nurture143. encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur144. complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve145. destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize146. influence= impact147. danger = perils =hazards148. human beings= mankind = humane race149. old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 150. teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers151. education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing152. young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents153. responsibility = obligation = duty = liability154. 因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant155. 联系：relationship(relate A to B) =connection(connect A to B ) =association(associate A to B)156. 优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=merit = favorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirableaspects/respects/perspectives157.disadvantage=detriment=inferiority=defect=deficiency=unfavorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives158. enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment159. children = offspring = descendant = kidPart 51. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of6. 对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to=be advantageous to=be conducive to7. 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for =be detrimental to =be disadvantageous to =be pernicious to8. 集中精力于：focus on= concentrate on= concentrate/ fix/ focus one’s attention ondevote oneself todedicate oneself tocommit oneself toengage oneself inemploy oneself in9. 认为：think = argue, assert, contend, claim, maintain, notehold the viewpoint thathold the standpoint thathold the perspective thatharbour an idea/opinion thatembrace a view that10. 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose =be opposed to =become hostile to11. 支持：support=take sides with =advocate =lend support to =sing high praise of12. 导致：lead to=trigger =result in, bring about, contribute to=give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for13. (归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to)14. 发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve)=A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce 名词promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement=B 不及物动词rocket, boom, flourish, prosper 15. 有：负面含义：suffer, run high risk of正面含义：boast, embrace16. 中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of17. 破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct=B endanger, threaten=C impair, decimate, deteriorate=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon18. 阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain=B obstacle, barricade=C smother, curb=D hinder, impede19. 下结论：make a conclusion= draw a conclusion that= reach a conclusion that= arrive at a conclusion that= hammer a conclusion that= crystallize a conclusion that20. 使用：use=employ, apply, adopt,=resort to21. innovate/ invent22. attend to/ take care of23. balanced/ equitable24. virtual (love)/ simulate25. small-scale小范围/ marginal边缘处的26. dialect方言accent腔调27. look like/ resemble28. chronic长期的,慢性的long-term长期的29. on-line /net/ cyber30. solely/ merely/ only31. deplete开采完，耗尽/ exhaust32. category-categorize/ class-classify?。
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1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。
）Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.if not most:即使不是大多数5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some.a slice of:一片，一份6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
harbor v/n庇护；怀有7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。
28. interaction 替换communication.29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth.30. as an example 替换for example, for instance.31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible.32. regarding / concerning 替换about.33. crucial /paramount 替换important.34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）.35. assiduous 替换hard-working.36. arduous 替换difficult.37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）.38. demonstrate / manifest 替换show.39. invariably 替换always.40. perilous / hazardous替换dangerous.41. formidable 替换difficult.42. quintessential 替换typical（举例时常用，例如：a quintessential example should be cited that=for example; for instance）.43. distinguished 替换famous.44. feasible 替换possible.45. consequently, accordingly替换so.46. 通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……47. 最常见的引述别人观点的词汇Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct selection. (不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。
)Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and good genes selection—state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; That is, the preferences themselves are not under direct selection.(在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state 比show 更加中立些。
)Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable. (suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。
)Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color. (argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。
)According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females. (根据…)Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group. (带有小小的强调)48.常见的连接词有，However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。
比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……。