2016年重庆大学英语语言文学考研
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.
2. The author’s attitude toward examinations is A. detestable.
校训：耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家
B. approval. C. critical. D. indifferent.
3. The fate of students is decided by A. education. B. institutions. C. examinations. D. students themselves.
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生英语考试试卷
ad if命封线密A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institut e for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.11. freshly baked bread 12. visible level 13. impulse buying14. screen 15. discounts16.No17. Not given18. No 19. Yes 20. YesPart II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)中国房价问题近年来一直是社会热门话题。
2016年重庆大学翻译真题回忆版
就算我这般清心寡欲，心诚意洁。外边那浮躁的社会也没能放过我， 作协找我谈话，文联请我汇报思想，我一一回避，把电话线拔了，连 通往我妈那套单元房的小门，都上了锁，轻易不过去看。
我妈不干了！眼看我两礼拜没过去摘菜叶子，心想孩子还像不像话了， 没工作不说，连摘菜叶子都想赖过去。我妈过来找我做思想工作。
做好今年政府工作，要把握好以下三点。第一，稳定和完善宏观经济 政策。继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，更加注重预调微 调，更加注重定向调控，用好增量，盘活存量，重点支持薄弱环节。 以微观活力支撑宏观稳定，以供给创新带动需求扩大，以结构调整促 进总量平衡，确保经济运行在合理区间。
积极的财政政策要加力增效。今年拟安排财政赤字 1.62 万亿元，比 去年增加 2700 亿元，赤字率从去年的 2.1%提高到 2.3%。其中，中央 财政赤字 1.12 万亿元，增加 1700 亿元；地方财政赤字 5000 亿元， 增加 1000 亿元。处理好债务管理与稳增长的关系，创新和完善地方 政府举债融资机制。适当发行专项。保障符合条件的在建项目后续融 资，防范和化解风险隐患。优化财政支出结构，大力盘活存量资金， 提高使用效率。继续实行结构性减税和普遍性降费，进一步减轻企业 特别是小微企业负担。
2016 年重庆大学英语翻译基础真题
翻译硕士英语真题 回忆版
1. Phrases Translation （每个 1 分，共 30 分）
snailpaper eavesdropping frenemy soft perpetrator friendvertising deep bro talk DINKWAD
肇事逃逸 自拍 民告官 南水北调 新闻联播 点赞狂人 埃博拉病毒 一带一路
[考研类试卷]2016年重庆大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2016年重庆大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识
真题试卷
一、名词解释
1 莫言
2 四书五经
3 《史记》
4 柴可夫斯基
5 楚汉之争
6 《圣经》
7 法国大革命
8 村上春树
9 《百年孤独》
10 新常态
11 希区柯克
12 禅宗
13 蝴蝶效应
14 印象派
15 甘地
16 宫崎骏
17 贝聿铭
18 亚当.斯密
19 《南京条约》
20 西西弗斯
二、议论文写作
21 请根据下面的话题自拟题目写一篇议论文，宇数不少于1 500字。
(70分)
目前中国一方面老龄化社会加速和大学生就业困难，另一方面是国家连续放开二胎政策和人们生育动机不足，试分析这些社会现象及其关系、成因并提出建议。
《重庆大学633文学综合2012-2017年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (2)重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (3)重庆大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (4)重庆大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (7)重庆大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（回忆版） (9)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (10)重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (10)重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (23)重庆大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (36)重庆大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (56)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：633科目名称：文学综合总分：150分特别提醒：所有答题一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题上的不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、《山海经》2、《九歌》3、扬雄四赋4、元嘉三大家二、简答题（每题15分，共75分）1、简述文学史研究的几个层面。
2、简述上古神话的思维特征。
3、简述《史记》对后世的影响。
4、简述魏晋南北朝时期文学自觉的标志。
5、简述曹植诗歌受到后人推崇的原因。
三、论述题（共25分）1、结合具体作品，论述李商隐对唐诗发展的推进。
四、评论题（共30分）在下列几部作品中，请选择其中一部写一篇评论，字数不少于500字。
1、《漱玉词》2、《剑南诗稿》3、《废都》4、《白鹿原》5、《俄狄浦斯王》重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：633科目名称：文学综合总分：150分特别提醒：所有答题一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题上的不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、互文性2、意图谬误3、超保护原则4、文化唯物主义5、《新青年》6、京派7、《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》8、朦胧诗二、简答题（每题10分，共70分）1、在索绪尔语言学理论中，“能指”和“所指”指的是什么，两者构成了怎样的关系？2、什么是叙述的“聚焦”？3、什么是“述行语”和“述愿语”，两者的关系如何？4、鲁迅笔下的阿Q形象的主要特征是什么？5、“革命文学论争”时各派的主要主张是什么？6、什么是“赵树理方向”？7、什么是“寻根文学”？三、论述题（每题共20分，共40分）1、为什么随着文学研究的兴起，文学经典的地位发生了动摇？试从理论分析和现实状况两个方面加以论述。
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。
重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷 研究生B类
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。
研究生英语阅读教程答案-重庆大学出版社 Unit4 Language and literature
Unit 4 Language & Literature课后练习答案Passage ALiterature as ExperimentKEYS TO EXERCISESⅠ. Reading Comprehension1. D2. A3. B4. C5. C6. D7. A8. B9. B 10. A II. Vocabulary1-5ACABC 6-10DBCDB 11-15BCDBC 16-20ADBCDIII. Word Bank1. A anticipated2. H concentrate on3. I lies with4. C about to5. J interpretation6. E with respect to7. D illustrate8. F carried out9. G attempts to 10. B similar toIV. Cloze1-5BADAC 6-10ACCBD 11-15BACADIV. Translation1. Thought experiments have a long pedigree in science. They are best characterized ashypothetical experiments which we can imagine, but which we are not able to carry out.2. Nowadays, we are familiar with the ways in which literature draws on science. We canappreciate that science is useful to literature in all sorts of ways.3. The novel works because it’s well written and its logic, although bizarre and complicated, does obey rules that the reader is able to follow.4. There are differences between literature and science. Some of these differences lie with the readers.5. In the thought experiment in science, the experimenter is aiming for a clear result, even if the result is simp ly to show the absurdity of other people’s work.6. Noah Webster thought that a common language would bring people together and help create a new identity. Webster's dictionary, now in its 11th edition, adopted the Americanized spellings familiar today. It also documented new words that were uniquely American. An American Dictionary of the English Language took 18 years to complete and Webster learned 26 other languages in order to research the etymology of its 70,000 entries.V. Discussion(略)作为实验的文学对于文学和科学互不相关，以及它们对世界的描述是相互对立的这一观点现在被广范地认为是一种陈词滥调，而且描述不够准确。
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2016年重庆大学英语语言文学考研
以下内容由凯程老师搜集整理，供考研的同学们参考。
更多考研辅导班的详细内容，请咨询凯程老师。
一、重庆大学英语语言文学考研考什么？
研究生入学考试分为初试和复试。
考试科目需要查看招生专业目录，根据报考的学院与专业了解初试科目，如重庆大学土英语语言文学专业的初试科目为：
①101 思想政治理论
②242俄语（二外）或243日语（二外）或244德语（二外）或245法语（二外）
③615基础英语
④814 英语翻译与写作
复试科目：
①外语听力、口语；
②专业综合面试；
③专业笔试：
01和02 方向--英美文学，
03和04 方向--
英语语言学理论基础知识。
加试科目：
1、英美文化；
2、高级听力。
二、重庆大学英语语言文学考研有哪些研究方向？
不同学院专业的研究方向有所不同，以重庆大学英语语言文学为例，专业的研究方向为：
01 英美文学
02 比较文学
03 跨文化交际
04 翻译研究
三、重庆大学英语语言文学考研参考书目有哪些？
《大学俄语简明教程》（第二外语用）张宝钤、钱晓慧，高教出版社
243 日语（二外）
《标准日本语》（新版）初级1、2册，中级第1册（前15课），人民教育出版社
244 德语（二外）
《德语》（上下）吴永岸、华宗德，上海外语教育出版社
245 法语（二外）
《简明法语教程》（上下）孙辉
615 基础英语
《高级英语》(1、2) 张汉熙，外语教学与研究出版社
《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上下）朱永涛，高等教育出版社，2005，高校英语专业现行“精读”类课程高年级教材
814 英语翻译与写作
《英语写作手册》（英文版），丁往道，外研社，2004
《英汉翻译教程》张培基，上海外语教育出版，2008
《实用翻译教程》冯庆华，上海外语教育出版社，2008
四、英语语言文学考研院校有哪些推荐？
北京大学、北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学、南京大学、厦门大学。
五、重庆大学英语语言文学考研就业方向如何？
重庆大学英语语言文学专业的人才可以到教育、外事、外贸、科技翻译、新闻出版、广播影视、涉外企业、旅游公关、企事业等部门或单位从事英语教学、培训、科研、口译、笔译等与英语有关的工作。