病理生理学英文名词解释(2)

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病理生理学名词解释

病理生理学名词解释

✧血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PO2):指物理溶解于血液中的氧所产生的张力。

✧血氧容量(oxygen binding capacity,CO2max):指100ml血液中得血红蛋白完全氧和后的最大带氧量,取决于血液中血红蛋白的量及其与O2结合的能力。

✧血氧含量(oxygen content,CO2):指100ml血液中实际含氧量,包括物理溶解的和与Hb结合的氧量。

✧血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation,SO2):指Hb结合氧的百分数,约等于血氧含量/血氧容量。

✧低张性缺氧(hypotonic hypoxia):动脉氧分压降低,动脉血氧含量降低,又称乏氧性缺氧;吸入氧分压过低、外呼吸功能障碍和静脉血分流是其主要原因。

✧血液性缺氧(hemic hypoxia):主要因为血红蛋白含量减少或性质改变引起的血氧含量降低,但动脉氧分压正常,故又称等张性缺氧(isotonic hypoxia),主要特点为血氧含量降低或血红蛋白氧亲和力过高。

✧循环性缺氧(circulatory hypoxia):是指因组织血流量减少引起的组织供氧不足,又称低血流性缺氧或低动力性缺氧(hypokinetic hypoxia)。

主要特点是动-静脉血氧含量差增大。

✧组织性缺氧(histogenous hypoxia):指组织、细胞对氧的利用障碍,故又称氧利用障碍性缺氧(dysoxidative hypoxia)。

线粒体功能和结构障碍是主要原因,主要特点是动-静脉血氧含量差减少。

✧低氧通气反应(hypoxia ventilation reation HVR):动脉血氧分压降低时呼吸加深加快,肺通气量增加✧氧中毒(oxygen intoxication):吸入氧分压过高、吸氧时间过长,可引起细胞损害、器官功能障碍,称为氧中毒。

✧低渗性脱水(hypotonic dehydration):体液容量减少,以失纳多于失水,血清钠浓度<130mmol/L、血浆渗透压<280mOsm/L为主要病理变化过程。

病理生理学名词解释 pothophysiology definition

病理生理学名词解释 pothophysiology definition

Pathogenesis 发病学: the development of morbid conditions or of disease; more specifically the cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanisms occurring in the development of disease.Fever 发热: elevation of body temperature above the normal (37°C),which is caused by the set-point invrease due to pyrogens.Myocardial stunning 心肌顿抑: its refer to After a short period of myocardial ischemia Necrosis does not occur, But induced the structure, Metabolic and functional changes in the delayed recovery after reperfusion phenomenon, characterized by systolic dysfunction.Hepatic insufficiency 肝功能不全: a failure or partial failure of normal liver function, Various factors caused by liver damage severe damage to liver cells to metabolism, secretion, synthesis, detoxification and immune function in a serious obstacle, the body often jaundice, bleeding, secondary infection, renal dysfunction, encephalopathy.multiple organ dysfunction syndrome MODS 多器官功能障碍综合征: failure of two or more organ systems in a critically ill patient because of a complex and interrelated series of events. Following a significant insult.paradoxical alkaluria 反常性碱性尿: renal tubular acidosis –decrease HCO3 reabsorption or decrease H excretion, hyperkalemia lead to decrease renal H excretion so H in urine decreases, and the urine is alkaline instead of acidic.. paradoxical aciduria 反常性酸性尿: in alkalosis when hypokalemia occurs, renal tubular epithelium cells increase HCO3 reabsorption or increase H excretion so H in urine increases and the urine is acidic instead of alkaline. Autoinfusion 自身输液: Forcing the blood from the extremities, as by the application of a bandage or pressure device, to raise the blood pressure and fill vessels in the vital organs.Acute renal failure ARF急性肾功能衰竭:acute decline of renal function results in disturbances of homeostasis, characterized by azotemia, water electrolytes, acid-base imbalance, usually oliguria.Anion gap(AG) 阴离子间隙: The difference between the sum of cations and anions found in plasma or serum. Calcium overload 钙超载: the abnormal increase of intracellular calcium which causes cell injury.Calcium paradox 钙反常: the restoration of normal calcium concentration followed by transient no calcium perfusion my induce lethal cell injury.Conscious disorder 意识障碍: parenchymal mental disorder in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain a warness of self and environmental to respond tp environmental stimuli.Cyanosis 发绀: a bluish coloration of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by concentration of HB in capillaries>50 g/L.Dead space like ventilation死腔样通气: partial alveolar hypofusion without corresponding decrease of ventilation in pulmonary embolism, DIC, pulmonary arteritis.Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC弥散性血管内凝血:a pathologic syndrome characterized by the disturbance of the balance of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic processes, extensive activation of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis causes diffusing formation of microthrombus and bleeding.Eccentric hypertrophy离心性肥大:Hypertrophic growth of the walls of a hollow organ, especially the heart, in which the overall size and volume are enlarged.Edema 水肿: an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body, resulting in swelling. endogenous pyrogen 内生致热源:the pyrogenic cytokines which can increase the set-point of body temperature released by EP- releasing cells.false neurotransmitter 假性神经递质: a biological amine that can be stored in presynaptic vesicles but that has little or no effect on postsynaptic receptors when released into the synaptic cleft.functional shunt 功能性分流: COPD—ventilation decreases with normal blood flow ---- V/Q<0.84 . the process of venous blood flowing through these units have not been totally arterialized and mixes into arterial blood.heart failure心力衰竭:is the inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow and generate a cardiac putput sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body.hemic hypoxia 血液性缺氧:tissue hypoxia which is caused by HB decrease, degeneration or intoxication, blood becomes depleted of oxygen-carrying chemicals.hypotonic hypoxia低张性缺氧: hypoxia which is caused by decreased PaO2 so HB cant be saturated by O2, CaO2 decrease, O2 supply decrease atmospheric and respiratory hypoxia.Circulatory hypoxia循环性缺氧: hypoxia which caused by decreased blood flow, O2 supply decrease ischemic andcongestive hypoxia.Histogenous hypoxia 组织性缺氧: hypoxia which caused by O2 utilization trouble, ATP↓.hepatic encephalopathy肝性脑病: neuropsychiatric syndrome secondary to severe hepatic disease, Hepatic coma is the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy.hyperthermia 过热: greatly increased body temperature without set-point upwards, thermoregulation is out of control or in barrier.hypertonic dehydration高渗性脱水:the condition with water loss>sodium loss which causes Serum sodium concentration>150mmol/L and the osmotic pressure higher than 310mmol/L.hypotonic dehydration 低渗性脱水:the condition with sodium loss>water loss which causes Serum sodium concentration<135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure lower than 280mmol/L.hypoxia缺氧:the pathological process of the metabolic, functional and structural abnormal changes of tissue cells because they cant obtain enough oxygen or cant fully utilize oxygen.ischemia reperfusion injury 缺血再灌注损伤:reperfusion injury refers to damage to tissue caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after period of ischemia.respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒:Acidosis that is caused by retention of CO2, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrease in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate.restrictive hypoventilation限制性通气不足: alveolar hypoventilation caused by restrictive expansion of the lung (impaired activity of respiratory muscle, decreased compliance of thorax, decreased compliance of lungs, thorax fluidify or pneumothorax).hyperpolarized blocking 超极化阻滞:when neuromuscular irritability is decreased, the muscle will response less readily to neural stimulation.depolarization block去极化阻滞: Paralysis of skeletal muscle associated with loss of polarity of the motor end plate, as occurs following administration of succinylcholine.no-reflow phenomenon 无复流现象:is the failure of blood to reperfuse an ischemic area after the physical obstruction has been removed or bypassed.compensatory antiinflammatory response syndrome CARS代偿性抗炎反应综合征:heper-inflammatory (SIRS) of the immune system with overshooting release of pro-inflammatory mediators may be followed by an anti-inflammatory response characterized by paralysis of immune competence.pathological process病理过程:a process in which some common regular alterations of function, metabolism and structure take place in many difference diseases, e.g. fever, shock etc.microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 微血管病性溶血性贫血:The fragmentation of red blood cells because of narrowing or obstruction of small blood vessels. Induced by some chronic or sbacute DIC because of mechanical injury of red blood cells blocked in the capillaries.health健康: indicates not only without any evidence of disease but also a state of complete well-beingphysically psychologicallyand socially.Disease致病: is refereed as aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents. Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克: shock resulting from inadequate cardiac function, as from myocardial infarction or mechanical obstruction; characteristics include hypovolemia, hypotension, cold skin, weak pulse, and confusion. cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全: inability of the heart to perform its function properly; heart failure.休克shock: a condition of acute circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of circulating fluid, lead tissue perfusion reduced greatly, severe dysfunction of vital organs, cell damage and eventurally death. trade-off hypothesis矫枉失衡学说:argued that pathogens would tend to evolve toward ever decreasing virulence because the death of the host (or even serious disability) is ultimately harmful to the pathogen living inside.stress 应激: nonspecific response to variety of stimuli, mainly with the activation of sympathetic adrenal medulla and hypothalamus pituitary adrenocortical axis.General adaption syndrome 全身适应综合征: an expression for prolonged stress which finally leads to homeostasis disorder and disease.systemic inflammatory response syndrome全身炎症反应综合症:uncontrolled systemic inflammatory responsefollowing severe trauma, infection, shock ,burns etc, self continuous amplification and destruction.Equal pressure point 等压点:the point along airway where the intra-airway pressure equals tp the extra-airway pressure.。

病理生理学名词解释完整版

病理生理学名词解释完整版

1、健康( health )不仅仅是指没有疾病和病痛( infirmity ),而且应该是躯体、心理及社会适应方面所处的一种完好( complete well-being )状态。

2、基本病理过程:简称病理过程是指在多种疾病中都可以出现的共同的、成套的功能、代谢和结构的变化。

如发热、水肿等。

同一疾病可以有不同的病理过程,不同的疾病可以有相同的病理过程。

3、疾病( disease )是指机体在一定原因作用下,自稳调节机制发生紊乱而出现的异常生命活动过程。

4、病理生理学( pathophysiology )是一门侧重从功能和代谢角度,阐明疾病发生、发展和转归规律的学科。

5、疾病发生的原因,简称病因( etiology agents ),是指作用于机体引起疾病并赋予该疾病特征性的因素。

6、脑死亡( brain death )是指以脑干或脑干以上全脑不可逆转的永久性地功能丧失,使得机体作为一个整体功能的永久停止。

脑死亡的诊断标准有:① 不可逆的昏迷和大脑无反应性; ② 呼吸停止,人工呼吸 15 分钟仍无自主呼吸; ③ 瞳孔散大及固定; ④ 颅神经反射(瞳孔反射,角膜反射,咳嗽反射,吞咽反射等)消失; ⑤ 脑电波消失; ⑥ 脑血液循环完全 停止。

水和电解质代谢紊乱习题:名词解释1.体液:机体中各种有机物和无机物大多以水为溶剂形成的溶液称为体液。

2.电解质:体液中的各种无机盐,一些低分子有机物以离子状态溶于体液中。

3.跨细胞液(第三间隙液):胃肠液、汗液、尿液、脑脊液、关节囊液等属细胞外液的特殊部分,形成过程中需消耗能量,约占体重的2%。

4.胶体渗透压:血浆中蛋白质所产生的渗透压。

5.晶体渗透压:血浆中除蛋白质以外的物质即晶体物质所产生的渗透压。

6.高钠血症:血清钠浓度高于145mmol/L。

7.低钠血症:血清钠浓度低于135mmol/L。

8.脱水:各种原因引起的体液容量明显减少。

9.高渗性脱水:失水多于失钠、血清钠浓度大于150mmol/L,血浆渗透压大于310mmol/L,即伴有细胞外液减少的高钠血症。

2023年最全考博病理生理学名词解释带英文

2023年最全考博病理生理学名词解释带英文

病理生理学(Pathologic Physiology或Pathophysiology),是基础医学理论学科之一,它同时还肩负着基础医学课程到临床课程之间的桥梁作用。

它的任务是研究疾病发生的因素和条件,研究整个疾病过程中的患病机体的机能、代谢的动态变化及其发生机理,从而揭示疾病发生、发展和转归的规律,阐明疾病的本质,为疾病的防治提供理论基础。

1、水肿(edema):体液在组织间隙或体腔积聚过多,称为水肿2、代谢性碱中毒(metabolic alkalosis):由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性增长,继而引起H2CO3含量改变,使NaHCO3/H2CO3>20/1,血浆pH升高的病理改变。

3、代谢性酸中毒(metabolic acidosis):由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性减少,继而引起H2CO3含量改变,使NaHCO3/ H2CO3<20/1,血浆PH值下降的病理过程。

4、呼吸性碱中毒(respiratory alkalosis):由于血浆中H2CO3原发性减少,使血浆NaHCO3/H2CO3增长,血浆pH 值升高的病理过程。

5、呼吸性酸中毒(respiratory acidosis):由于血浆中H2CO3原发性增长,使NaHCO3/H2减少,血浆pH值下降的病理过程。

6、缺氧(hypoxia):是指因组织的氧气供应局限性或用氧障碍,而导致组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程。

缺氧是临床各种疾病中极常见的一类病理过程,脑、心脏等生命重要器官缺氧也是导致机体死亡的重要因素。

并且,由于动脉血氧含量明显减少导致组织供氧局限性,又称为低氧血症(hypoxemia )。

7、发热(fever):由于致热原的作用,使体温调节中枢的调定点上移,而引起的调节性体温升高称为发热。

8、应激(stress):机体在受到各种因素刺激时,所出现的非特异性全身反映称为应激。

9、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC):在某些致病因素作用下,使体内凝血系统激活,从而引起微血管内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集,形成弥散性微血栓,并继而引起凝血因子损耗、纤溶系统激活和多发性微血栓栓塞的综合病症。

《病理生理学》名词解释

《病理生理学》名词解释

《病理生理学》名词解释APP(acute phase protein):急性期蛋白,人和动物血浆中的某些蛋白质在感染、炎症、创伤、烧伤、手术等应激原的刺激下迅速增高。

Hypoxia:缺氧,当组织得不到充足的氧,或不能充分利用氧时,组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程。

apoptosis:细胞凋亡,指在体内外因素诱导下,由基因严格调控而发生的自主性细胞有序死亡。

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR):又称七次跨膜受体,是一类与G蛋白偶联,并通过其转导信号的肽类膜蛋白受体的统称。

SIRS:全身炎症反应综合征,指感染与非感染因素作用于机体而引起的一种难以控制的全身性瀑布式炎症反应综合征。

DIC:弥漫性血管内凝血,指的是在各种致病因子作用下,机体凝血系统被激活,以广泛性的微血栓形成和凝血功能障碍为主要特征的病理过程。

AD:即阿尔茨(ci)海默病,又称老年痴呆症,是一种以进行性痴呆(记忆减退、认知障碍及人格改变)为临床特征,以大脑皮质和海马区域出现细胞外老年斑、细胞内神经纤维缠结为病理特征的神经退行性疾病。

胰岛素抵抗:指机体对一定量胰岛素的生物效应减低,主要是对胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取和代谢能力的减低。

主要表现为胰岛素敏感组织(肌肉、肝脏、脂肪组啊织)对胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢作用不敏感。

钙超载:各种原因引起的细胞内 Ca2+含量异常增多并导致细胞结构损伤和功能代谢障碍的现象。

心脏前负荷:又称为容量负荷,是指心脏收缩之前遇到的负荷,实际上是心室舒张容量或心室舒张末期室壁张力的压力。

慢性呼吸衰竭:由于一些慢性的肺部疾患, COPD等而引起的氧分压下降伴有或不伴有二氧化碳分压上升,并伴有一系列生理功能和代谢紊乱的综合症。

血管源性休克:由于外周血管扩张,血管容量扩带来血液分布异常,大量血淤滞在小血管内,使有效循环血量下降引起的休克氧含量:是指100 ml血液中实际含有的氧量,主要取决于血氧分压和血氧容量。

细胞信号传导:通过受体感受信息分子的刺激,再经复杂的信号转导系统的转换,从而影响细胞生物学功能的过程称为细胞信号转导。

病理生理学重点名词解释

病理生理学重点名词解释

病理生理学重点名词解释1.疾病(disease)是指机体在一定原因作用下,自稳调节机制发生紊乱而出现的异常生命活动过程。

2.病理生理学(pathophysiology)是一门侧重从功能和代谢角度,阐明疾病发生、发展和转归规律的学科。

药物靶标(drug target)是指任何药物进入人体后都是通过作用于特定组织细胞内的特定分子而生效的。

这种药物作用的特定分子称为药物靶标。

病理过程(pathologic process)是指不同器官、系统在许多不同疾病中可能出现的共同的、成套的功能代谢的变化。

病因(etiology agents)是指作用于机体引起疾病并赋予该疾病特征性的因素。

先天因素(congenital factors)并不是指遗传物质的改变,而是指那些对发育中的胚胎可能引起损害的因素。

其结果是致使胎儿出生时就已患病。

该类疾病称为先天性疾病。

疾病发生的条件(predisposing factors)是指在病因作用于机体的前提下,影响疾病发生发展的各种体内外因素。

诱发因素(precipitating factor)是指能够促进和加强某一疾病原因作用的条件因素称为诱发因素,简称诱因。

危险因素(dangerous factor)指某些可促进疾病发生的因素,但尚未阐明是否是该疾病的原因还是条件。

发病学(pathogenesis)主要研究病因如何作用于机体并导致疾病。

具体地,它主要涉及疾病发生的基本机制和疾病发生、发展、转归的普遍规律。

完全康复(complete recovery)是指病因去除后,患病机体的损伤和抗损伤反应完全消失、形态结构损伤完全修复、机体功能和代谢完全恢复到正常状态,以及临床症状和体征完全消退。

不完全康复(incomplete recovery)是指原始病因消除后,患病机体的损伤性变化得以控制,但机体内仍存在病理变化,只是机体通过代偿反应维持相对正常的生命活动。

死亡(death)是指机体生命的终结;是指机体作为一个整体(organism as a whole)的机能永久性的停止,而整体的死亡而并不意味着各器官组织同时都发生死亡。

病理生理学名词解释 (2)

病理生理学名词解释 (2)

病理生理学名词解释(重医09检验小晶整理,ghost码字)▲乏氧性缺氧(hypoxic hypoxia):又称低张性缺氧,以动脉血氧分压降低为基本特征得缺氧。

▲发绀(cyanosis):当毛细血管血液中脱氧血红蛋白得平均浓度超过5g/dL时,皮肤与粘膜呈青紫色,称为发绀。

▲肠源性青紫:就是指食用大量含硝酸盐得食物后,经肠道细菌将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,经吸收后导致得高铁血红蛋白血症。

高铁血红蛋白呈棕褐色,故亚硝酸盐中毒患者得皮肤,粘膜呈咖啡色,病人出现恶心、头痛、心悸等症状。

此高铁血红蛋白症又称为肠源性青紫。

▲休克(shock):休克就是多病因、多发病环节,有多种体液因子参与,以机体循环系统,尤其就是微循环功能紊乱、组织细胞灌注不足为主要特征,并可能导致多器官功能障碍甚至衰竭等严重后果得复杂得全身调节紊乱性病理过程。

▲高排-低阻型休克:总外周阻力降低,心排出量增高,血压稍降低,脉压可增大,皮肤血管扩张或动-静脉吻合分支开放,血流增多使皮肤温度升高,又称为暖休克,多见于感染性休克早期。

▲低排-高阻型休克:心排出量降低,总外周阻力增高,平均动脉压降低可不明显,但脉压明显缩小,皮肤血管收缩,血流减少使皮肤温度降低,又称为冷休克,常见于低血容量性休克与心源性休克。

▲自身输血:静脉系统属容量血管,可容纳总血量得60%~70%,肌性微静脉与小静脉收缩,肝脾储血库紧缩可迅速而短暂地减少血管床容积,增加回心血量,这种代偿称为“自身输血”,就是休克时增加回心血量得“第一道防线”。

▲自身输液:微动脉、后微动脉与毛细血管前括约肌比微静脉对儿茶酚胺更为敏感,导致毛细血管前阻力大于后阻力,毛细血管中流体静压下降,促使组织液回流进入血管,起到“自身输液”得作用,就是休克时增加回心血量得“第二道防线”。

▲功能性肾衰竭:急性肾功能衰竭时,若及时恢复有效循环血量,肾灌流得以恢复,肾功能即立刻恢复称为功能性肾衰竭。

▲器质性肾衰竭:急性肾功能衰竭时,若休克持续时间延长,或不恰当地使用缩血管药,使即使通过治疗恢复了正常得肾血流量,也难以使肾功能在短时间内恢复正常,只有在肾小管上皮修复再生后肾功能才能恢复,称为器质性肾衰竭。

病理生理学名词解释

病理生理学名词解释

病理生理学1.病理生理学(pathophysiology):研究疾病发生的原因和条件,研究疾病全过程中患病体的机能、代谢的动态变化及其机制,从而揭示疾病发生、发展和转归的规律,阐明疾病的本质,为疾病的防治提供理论依据的科学2.脑死亡(brain death):是指全脑机能永久性丧失,即机体作为一个整体的功能永久停止。

因此,脑死亡成了近年来判断死亡的一个重要标志。

3.病理过程(pathological process):指不同疾病过程中共同的、成套的功能、代谢和形态结构的变化。

4.疾病:指机体在一定条件下由病因与机体相互作用而产生的一个损伤与抗损伤因素斗争的有规律过程,体内有一系列功能、代谢和形态的改变,临床出现许多不同的症状与体征,机体与外环境间的协调发生障碍。

5.诱因(precipitating factor):能加强病因的作用或促进疾病发生的因素6.低容量性高钠血症(hypovolemic hypernatremia)又称高渗性脱水,其特征是失水多于失钠,血清钠浓度>150ml/L,血浆渗透压>310mmol/L。

7.低容量性低钠血症(hypovolemic hyponatremia)又称低渗性脱水,其特征是失钠多于失水,细胞外液渗透压低于280mmol/L,血清钠浓度低于130mmol/L。

8.水中毒(water intoxication):血清钠浓度低于130mmol/L,血浆渗透压低于280mmol/L,但体钠总量正常,患者有水潴留使体液量明显增多,故称水中毒。

9.水肿(edema):是过多的液体在组织间隙或体腔中积聚的一种常见病理过程。

10.阴离子间隙(anion gap AG):是指血浆中未测定的阴离子量与未测定的阳离子量的差值。

10.缺氧(hypoxia):凡因氧供应不足或用氧障碍,导致组织代谢、功能及形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程称为缺氧。

11.氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen, PO2):物理溶解的O2 产生的张力(氧张力)12.氧容量(oxygen binding capacity):为100ml血液中的血红蛋白被氧充分饱和时的最大带氧量。

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病理生理学英文名词解释(2)
病理生理学英文名词解释精选
11.Stress
It is defined as a systemic nonspecific response of the body to environmental demands or pressures made upon it.
12.Stressor
The stimulus that provokes a stress response is referred to as stressor.
13.Shock
Shock is a pathological process caused by various drastic etiological factors, which is characterized by microcirculation failure resulting from decreased effective circulatory blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion with the results of cellular metabolism impediment and dysfunction of multiple vital organ.
14.Auto blood transfusion
At the early stage of shock, vessel constriction because of release of a large amount of vasoconstrictors may mobilize the stored blood to participate in the circulation, which is considered as compensation of venous return.
15.Auto fluid transfusion
At the early stage of shock, significant decrease of hydrostatic pressure in capillary may drive fluid to shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment, and as a result, the plasma volume can be partly restored as a compensatory response
16.Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
DIC is a pathological process caused by disturbance of the kinetic balance between coagulation and anticoagulation
systems (including fibrinolytic system). Etiologic factors activate extensive intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis. The clinical features of DIC are bleeding, shock, organ dysfunction and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
17.Heart failure
Heart failure is a pathological process in which the systolic or/ and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
18.High-output failure
High-output failure indicates that the cardiac output may be supra- normal but inadequate owing to excessive metabolic needs. The causes of high-output heart failure include severe anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, etc.
《病理生理学英文名词解释精选》。

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