病理生理学英文名词解释精选
病理生理学名词中英文对照
病理生理学名词中英文对照病理生理学pathophysiology脑死亡brain death临终关怀hospice care 水电解质代谢紊乱脱水dehydration低渗性脱水hypotonic dehydration 高渗性脱水hypertonic dehydration 等渗性脱水isotonic dehydration 水中毒water intoxication水肿edema全身性水肿anasarca 滤过分数filtration fraction潴留retention低钾血症hypokalemia反常性酸性尿paradoxical acidic urine 高钾血症hyperkalemia反常性碱性尿paradoxical alkaline urine酸碱平衡紊乱挥发酸volatile acid固定酸fixed acid标准碳酸氢盐standard bicarbonate,SB 实际碳酸氢盐actual bicarbonate,AB 缓冲碱buffer base，BB碱剩余base excess,BE 阴离子间隙anion gap，AG代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒lactic acidosis酮症酸中毒keto-acidosis呼吸性酸中毒respiratory acidosis慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy 代谢性碱中毒metabolic alkalosis盐水反应性碱中毒saline-responsive alkalosis盐水抵抗性碱中毒saline-resistant alkalosis呼吸性碱中毒respiratory alkalosis双重性酸碱失衡double acid-base disorders 缺氧缺氧hypoxia血氧分压partial pressure of oxygen，PO2 血氧容量oxygen binding capacity，CO2max 血氧含量oxygen content，CO2低张性缺氧hypotonic hypoxia乏养性缺氧hypoxic hypoxia发绀cyanosis血液型缺氧hemic hypoxia等张性缺氧isotonic hypoxia 碳氧血红蛋白carboxyhemoglobin，HbCO 高铁血红蛋白methemoglobin，HbFe3+OH 肠源性发绀enterogenous cyanosis循环性缺氧circulatory hypoxia低动力性缺氧hypokinetic hypoxia缺血性缺氧ischemic hypoxia组织性缺氧histogenous hypoxia氧利用障碍性缺氧dysoxidative hypoxia 高原肺水肿high altitude pulmonary edema周期性呼吸periodic breat发热发热fever 过热hyperthermia 视前区下丘脑前部preoptic anterior hypothalamus，POAH内毒素endotoxin，ET致热原pyrogen中杏仁核medial amygdaloid nucleus稽留期fastigium腹中隔ventral septal area，VSA前列腺素prostaglandin，PG热限febrile ceiling应激应激stress良性应激eustress 劣性应激distress 交感-肾上腺髓质系统sympathetic-adrenal medulla system去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine，NE应激性溃疡stress ulcer肠易激综合征irritable bowel syndrome，糖皮质激素glucocorticoid，GC蓝斑locus ceruleus 边缘系统limbic system室旁核paraventricular nucleus抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone，ADH 急性期反应蛋白acute phase protein，AP下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system，HPA缺血-再灌注损伤缺血-再灌注损伤ischemia-reperfusion injury，IRI缺血后适应postconditioning氧自由基oxygen free radical黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthine oxidase，XO黄嘌呤脱氢酶xanthine dehydrogenase，XD 呼吸爆发respiratory burst氧爆发oxygen burst 脂质过氧化lipid peroxidation钙超载calcium overload心肌顿抑myocardial stunning再灌注心律失常reperfusion arrhythmia 胀亡oncosis休克休克shock虚脱collapse脓毒性休克septic shock 过敏性休克anaphylactic shock脓毒症sepsis低血容量性休克hypovolemic shock 血管源性休克vasogenic shock微循环microcirculation一氧化氮nitric oxide，NO休克代偿期ischemic anoxia phase 休克失代偿期decompensatory stage 淤血性缺氧期stagnant anoxia phase 白细胞滚动rolling微循环衰竭期microcirculatory failure phase无复流现象no-reflow phenomenon全身炎症反应综合征systemic inflammatory response syndrome，SIRS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratorydistress syndrome，ARDS休克肺shock lung多器官功能障碍综合征mutilple organ dysfunction syndrome，MODS 抗凝血平衡紊乱纤溶酶原激活物plasminogen activator，PA弥漫性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulation，DIC裂体细胞schistocyte微血管病性溶血性贫血microangiopathic hemolytic anemia心功能不全心功能不全cardiac insufficiency心力衰竭heart failure前负荷preload容量负荷volume load后负荷afterload压力负荷pressure load低输出量性心力衰竭low output heart failure高输出量性心力衰竭high output heart failure心室重塑ventricular remodeling离心性肥大eccentric hypertrophy颈静脉充盈engorgement of neck vein 肺水肿pulmonary edema 呼吸困难dyspnea劳力性呼吸困难dyspnea on exertion 向心性肥大concentric hypertrophy 心性哮喘cardiac asthma夜间阵发性呼吸困难paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea端坐呼吸orthopnea肺功能不全呼吸衰竭respiratory failure低氧血症型呼吸衰竭hypoxemic respiratory failure伴有高碳酸血症性低氧血症呼吸衰竭hypercapnic respiratory failure限制性通气不足restrictive hypoventilation 阻塞性通气不足obstructive hypoventilation 吸气性呼吸困难inspiratory dyspnea 呼气性呼吸困难expiratory dyspnea弥散障碍diffusion impairment通气与血流比例失调ventilation-perfusion imbalance功能性分流functional shunt静脉血掺杂venous admixture死腔样通气dead space like ventilation 解剖分流anatomic shunt 真性分流true shunt急性呼吸窘迫综合症acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS 慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD CO2麻醉carbon dioxide narcosis肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy肝功能不全肝功能不全hepatic insufficiency肝功能衰竭hepatic failure肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy，HE 肝昏迷hepatic coma 扑翼样震颤asterixis氨中毒学说ammonia intoxication hypothesis假性神经递质学说false neurotransmitter hypothesis苯乙醇胺phenylethanolamine 羟苯乙醇胺octpamine 氨基酸失衡学说amino acid imbalance hypothesis芳香族氨基酸aromatic amino acid，AAA 支链氨基酸branched chain amino，BCAA GABA 学说GABA hypothesis肝肾综合症hepatorenal syndrome，HRS肾功能不全肾功能不全renal insufficiency 肾功能衰竭renal failure急性肾功能衰竭acute renal failure，ARF 慢性肾功能不全chronic renal failure，CRF 尿毒症uremia肾前性急性肾功能衰竭prerenal failure 功能性肾功能衰竭functional renal failure 肾前性氮质血症prerenal azotemia肾性急性肾功能衰竭intrarenal failure器质性肾功能衰竭parenchymal renal failure肾小管细胞和间质细胞损伤学说tubular and interstitial cells lesion hypothesis 急性肾小管坏死acute tubular necrosis，ATN肾后性急性肾功能衰竭postrenal failure 肾后性氮质血症postrenal azotemia少尿oliguria无尿anuria 多尿polyuria氮质血症azotemia健存肾单位假说intant nephron hypothesis 矫枉失衡学说trade-off hypothesis肾小球过度滤过假说glomerular hyperfiltration hypothesis夜尿nocturia等渗尿isothenuria低渗尿hyposthenuria血浆氮质尿blood urea nitrogen，BUN 高磷血症hyperphosphatemia高钾血症hyperkalemia肾性骨营养不良renal osteodystrophy 肾性高血压renal hypertension钠依赖性高血压sodium-dependent hypertension 肾素依赖性高血压renin-dependent hypertension 肾性贫血renal anemia终末期肾功能衰竭end-stage renal failure，ESRF 尿毒症性脑病uremic encephalopathy尿素霜urea cream。
病理生理学英文名词解释精选
1.DiseaseDisease is referred as an aberrant manifestation of homeostatic disturbances caused by harmful agents.2.Causative factor / pathogenic causeCausative factor or pathogenic cause is referred as the factor that can cause a disease and determine its specificity.3.HypoxiaHypoxia can be defined as a deficiency in either oxygen delivery or its utilization at the tissue level or the deficiency of both, which can lead to changes in function, metabolism and even structure of the body.4.CyanosisCyanosis refers to the violaceous color of skin and mucous membranes which occurs as the deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the blood in capillaries becomes greater than 5g/dl.5.Hemic hypoxiaHemic hypoxia refers to hypoxia resulting from a low carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood caused by an altered affinity of Hb for oxygen or a decrease in the amount of Hb in the blood.nterogenous cyanosisWhen pickled vegetables containing nitrate are consumed in large amounts, the reabsorbed nitrate reacts with HbFe2+to form HbFe3+OH. The color of skin becomes coffee color. This phenomenon is called enterogenous cyanosis.schemic hypoxiaThe deficiency of blood perfusion to tissues caused by decreased arterial pressure or obstruction of arteries is called ischemic hypoxia.8.FeverFever is a complicated pathological process characterized by a regulated elevation of core body temperature, in which the hypothalamic set point is temporarily reset at an elevated temperature in response to pyretic substances.yrogenic activatorsFever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and non-microbial pyretic substances, which are collectively called pyrogenic activators.10.Endogenous pyrogensEndogenous pyrogens are described as cytokines inducing fever, which are produced and released by EP cells, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.It is defined as a systemic nonspecific response of the body to environmental demands or pressures made upon it.12.StressorThe stimulus that provokes a stress response is referred to as stressor.13.ShockShock is a pathological process caused by various drastic etiological factors, which is characterized by microcirculation failure resulting from decreased effective circulatory blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion with the results of cellular metabolism impediment and dysfunction of multiple vital organ.uto blood transfusionAt the early stage of shock, vessel constriction because of release of a large amount of vasoconstrictors may mobilize the stored blood to participate in the circulation, which is considered as compensation of venous return.uto fluid transfusionAt the early stage of shock, significant decrease of hydrostatic pressure in capillary may drive fluid to shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment, and as a result, the plasma volume can be partly restored as a compensatory response isseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)DIC is a pathological process caused by disturbance of the kinetic balance between coagulation and anticoagulation systems (including fibrinolytic system). Etiologic factors activate extensive intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis. Theclinical features of DIC are bleeding, shock, organ dysfunction and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.17.Heart failureHeart failure is a pathological process in which the systolic or/ and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body.18.High-output failureHigh-output failure indicates that the cardiac output may be supra- normal but inadequate owing to excessive metabolic needs. The causes of high-output heart failure include severe anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, etc.schemia- reperfusion injuryThe restoration of blood flow after transient ischemia may be associated with further reversible or irreversible cell damage, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury or reperfusion injury.20.Calcium overloadCalcium overload refers to that intracellular content of calcium is increased abnormally during ischemia and reperfusion, which results in the disorder of cellular structure and function.21.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a hard-controlling systemic inflammatory cascade caused by severe infectious or non-infectious factors. It leads to disorders of microcirculatory perfusion of organs and finally to secondary organ dysfunction.22.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is defined as a progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or systems resulting from an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.nion gap (AG)It is the deference between the concentrations of unmeasured anion (UA) and unmeasured cation (UC) in plasma (AG=UA-UC). The AG value can be obtained by calculating the difference between plasma concentration of major measuredcation (Na +) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of major measured anions (Cl - and HCO 3-), that is, AG = [Na +] - ([Cl -]+ [HCO 3-]). Its normal range is 12±2 mmol/L.24.EdemaEdema means that excessive fluid accumulates in interstitial compartment and some cavities in the body.25.Brain deathBrain death is a state of permanent irreversible cessation of whole brain activity. At that time, the function of the patient's body as a whole body has stopped forever.。
《病理生理学》名词解释
《病理生理学》名词解释APP(acute phase protein)：急性期蛋白，人和动物血浆中的某些蛋白质在感染、炎症、创伤、烧伤、手术等应激原的刺激下迅速增高。
Hypoxia：缺氧，当组织得不到充足的氧，或不能充分利用氧时，组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程。
apoptosis：细胞凋亡，指在体内外因素诱导下，由基因严格调控而发生的自主性细胞有序死亡。
G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）：又称七次跨膜受体，是一类与G蛋白偶联，并通过其转导信号的肽类膜蛋白受体的统称。
SIRS：全身炎症反应综合征，指感染与非感染因素作用于机体而引起的一种难以控制的全身性瀑布式炎症反应综合征。
DIC：弥漫性血管内凝血，指的是在各种致病因子作用下，机体凝血系统被激活，以广泛性的微血栓形成和凝血功能障碍为主要特征的病理过程。
AD：即阿尔茨（ci）海默病，又称老年痴呆症，是一种以进行性痴呆（记忆减退、认知障碍及人格改变）为临床特征，以大脑皮质和海马区域出现细胞外老年斑、细胞内神经纤维缠结为病理特征的神经退行性疾病。
胰岛素抵抗：指机体对一定量胰岛素的生物效应减低，主要是对胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取和代谢能力的减低。
主要表现为胰岛素敏感组织（肌肉、肝脏、脂肪组啊织）对胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢作用不敏感。
钙超载：各种原因引起的细胞内 Ca2+含量异常增多并导致细胞结构损伤和功能代谢障碍的现象。
心脏前负荷：又称为容量负荷，是指心脏收缩之前遇到的负荷，实际上是心室舒张容量或心室舒张末期室壁张力的压力。
慢性呼吸衰竭：由于一些慢性的肺部疾患， COPD等而引起的氧分压下降伴有或不伴有二氧化碳分压上升，并伴有一系列生理功能和代谢紊乱的综合症。
血管源性休克：由于外周血管扩张，血管容量扩带来血液分布异常，大量血淤滞在小血管内，使有效循环血量下降引起的休克氧含量：是指100 ml血液中实际含有的氧量，主要取决于血氧分压和血氧容量。
细胞信号传导：通过受体感受信息分子的刺激，再经复杂的信号转导系统的转换，从而影响细胞生物学功能的过程称为细胞信号转导。
病理生理学名词解释
病理生理学名词解释1.病理生理学(pathophysiology)：一门研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的科学，重点研究疾病中功能和代谢的变化。
2.病理过程：指多种疾病中可能出现的、共同的、成套的功能、代谢和结构的异常变化。
3.循证医学（EBM）：指一切医学研究与决策均应以可靠的科学成果为依据，循证医学是以证据为基础，实践为核心的医学。
4.健康(health)：不仅是没有疾病和病痛，而且是躯体上、精神上和社会上处于完好状态。
5.疾病(disease)：机体在一定的条件下受病因损害作用后，因机体自稳调节紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程。
6.病因：指作用于机体的众多因素中，能引起疾病并赋予该病特征的因素。
7.完全康复(rehabilitation)：指疾病时所发生的损伤性变化完全消失，机体的自稳调节恢复正常。
8.不完全康复：指疾病时的损伤性变化得到控制，但基本病理变化尚未完全消失，经机体代偿后功能代谢恢复，主要症状消失，有时可留后遗症。
9.死亡(death)：指机体作为一个整体的功能永久停止。
10.脑死亡(brain death)：目前一般以枕骨大孔以上全脑死亡作为脑死亡的标准。
11.低渗性脱水(hypotonic dehydration)：失钠多于失水，血清Na+浓度<130mmol/L，血浆渗透压<280mmol/L，伴有细胞外液量的减少，又称低容量性低钠血症(hypovolemic hyponatremia)。
12.高渗性脱水(hypertonic dehydration)：失水多于失钠，血清Na+浓度>150mmol/L，血浆渗透压>310mmol/L，细胞外液量和细胞内液量均减少，又称低容量性高钠血症 (hypovolemic hypernatremia)。
13.脱水热：严重高渗性脱水时，尤其是小儿，从皮肤蒸发的水分减少，使散热受到影响，从而导致体温升高，称之为脱水热。
病理生理学名词解释
病理生理学名词解释【病理生理学pathophysiology】是一门研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的科学。
.【基本病理过程fundamental pathological process】或称病理过程（pathological process)。
多种疾病中可能出现的、共同的、成套的功能、代谢和结构的变化。
如水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱、缺氧，发热，弥散性血管内凝血，休克，炎症，细胞增殖和凋亡障碍。
【综合征syndrome】体内几个主要系统的某些疾病在发生、发展过程中（到晚期）可能出现的一些常见而共同的病理过程，临床上称其综合征。
【健康】不仅是没有疾病和病痛，而且是躯体上、精神和社会交往上均处于完好状态。
【疾病disease】机体在一定的条件下受病因损害作用后，因机体自稳调节紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程。
【脑死亡brain death】枕骨大孔以上（大脑两半球和脑干）脑功能的全部、永久性停止。
【跨细胞液(第三间隙液)】胃肠道消化液、脑脊液、关节囊液等（胃肠道、颅腔、关节囊、胸膜腔、腹膜腔等中的特殊分泌液）。
【阴离子间隙AG】血浆中未测定的阴离子与未测定的阳离子的差值。
【标准碳酸氢盐SB】在38℃，血红蛋白完全氧合的条件下，用PCO2为5.32kPa（40mmHg）的气体平衡后所测得的血浆HCO3浓度。
【高渗性脱水hypertonic dehydration】低容量性高钠血症(hypovolemic hypernatremia)。
特点是失水＞失钠，血清[Na+] >150 mmol/L ，血浆渗透压＞310 mmol/L，ECF和ICF均减少。
【低渗性脱水Hypotonic dehydration】低容量性低钠血症（hypovolemic hyponatremia) 特点是：失钠＞失水，血清[Na+] <130 mmol/L ，血浆渗透压< 280 mmol/L，伴有ECF减少。
病理生理学名词解释
病理生理学名词解释1. 病理生理学(pathophysiology) ：一门研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的科学，重点研究疾病中功能和代的变化。
2. 病理过程：指多种疾病中可能出现的、共同的、成套的功能、代和结构的异常变化。
3. 循证医学(EBM：指一切医学研究与决策均应以可靠的科学成果为依据，循证医学是以证据为基础，实践为核心的医学。
4. 健康(health) ：不仅是没有疾病和病痛，而且是躯体上、精神上和社会上处于完好状态。
5. 疾病(disease):机体在一定的条件下受病因损害作用后，因机体自稳调节紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程。
6. 病因:指作用于机体的众多因素中，能引起疾病并赋予该病特征的因素。
7. 完全康复(rehabilitation) :指疾病时所发生的损伤性变化完全消失，机体的自稳调节恢复正常。
8. 不完全康复:指疾病时的损伤性变化得到控制，但基本病理变化尚未完全消失，经机体代偿后功能代恢复，主要症状消失，有时可留后遗症。
9. 死亡(death)：指机体作为一个整体的功能永久停止。
10. 脑死亡(brain death) :目前一般以枕骨大孔以上全脑死亡作为脑死亡的标准。
11. 低渗性脱水(hypotonic dehydration) ：失钠多于失水，血清Na+浓度＜130mmol/L,血浆渗透压＜280mmol/L,伴有细胞外液量的减少，又称低容量性低钠血症(hypovolemic hyponatremia) 。
12. 高渗性脱水(hypertonic dehydration) ：失水多于失钠，血清Na+ 浓度＞150mmol/L,血浆渗透压＞310mmol/L，细胞外液量和细胞液量均减少，又称低容量性高钠血症(hypovolemic hypernatremia) 。
13. 脱水热：严重高渗性脱水时，尤其是小儿，从皮肤蒸发的水分减少，使散热受到影响，从而导致体温升高，称之为脱水热。
病理生理学名词解释
病理生理学名词解释1. 病理生理学（Pathophysiology）：病理生理学是指研究疾病产生与发展的本质特征、机制及临床表现，诊断和治疗等与生物学和医学相关的领域。
2. 病理学（Pathology）：病理学是研究疾病的本质、发生、发展、演变、诊断、预后及预防等问题的一门学科。
3. 生理学（Physiology）：生理学是研究生物体各个器官、系统及其调节机制的功能活动、相互关系和整体功能的一门学科。
4. 机能障碍（Dysfunction）：机能障碍是指生物体在正常情况下应有的功能不能正常发挥、或者发挥异常的状态。
5. 病因（Etiology）：病因是导致疾病发生的原因，包括各种内因和外因。
6. 生理病理（Physiopathology）：生理病理是指正常生理条件下某种机能的失调状态。
7. 病理变化（Pathological changes）：疾病所引起的形态学、组织学和生化学改变。
8. 免疫病理学（Immunopathology）：免疫病理学是指研究机体对病原体、自身组织或异位物质等的免疫反应引起的疾病的产生和发展过程的学科。
9. 缺血再灌注损伤（Ischemia-reperfusion injury）：缺血再灌注损伤是指因缺血引起的组织或器官损伤，在再灌注后加重或恶化的伤害过程。
10. 氧化应激（Oxidative stress）：氧化应激是指氧化代谢和抗氧化系统失衡，导致自由基、氧化物和抗氧化剂之间的失衡状态。
11. 炎症（Inflammation）：炎症是指机体对外界刺激作出的一种非特异性的生物反应，包括血管扩张、渗出、炎症细胞浸润、组织修复等过程。
12. 组织修复（Tissue repair）：组织修复是指在组织损伤后，机体通过不同机制的反应来恢复损伤的组织结构和功能。
13. 管腔阻塞（Luminal obstruction）：管腔阻塞是指管腔内存在一种物质，阻碍了管腔的正常通畅，导致组织器官营养不良或坏死等病理生理现象的发生。
病理生理学_名词解释_考试要点
5.诱因(precipitating factor)：能加强病因作用或促进疾病发生的因素。
6.脑死亡(brain death)：枕骨大孔以上全脑功能停止，意味着机体作为一个整体的功能永久停止，这是判断脑死亡的标志。
37．急性肾功能衰竭：各种原因在短时间内引起肾脏泌尿功能急剧降低，以致代谢产物在体内潴留，
水、电解质和酸碱平衡失调，机体内环境发生严重紊乱，其主要代谢变化氮质血症、高钾血症、代谢性酸中毒和水中毒等综合征，称为急性肾功能衰竭。
38. 低渗尿，肾功能障碍时，由于浓缩功能减退而稀释功能正常，尿渗压最高只能在到700 mmol/L，尿
17.（碱）中毒。是指由于各种原因导致血浆中[HC03]（或[H2C03 J）原发
性减少（或增多），引起代谢性（呼吸性）酸（碱）中毒，通过机体代偿调节，仍能使血浆中【NaHC03}/
【H2Co3]比值维持20:1，血pH值维持在正常范围，称为代偿性代谢性酸中毒。
18. 缺氧(hypoxia)：指由于氧的供给不足或和利用障碍，组织的代谢、功能甚至形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程
9.低容量性高钠血症(高渗性脱水)：其特点是失水>na+,血清na浓度>150mmol/L,细胞外液流量和细胞内液量均减少，以细胞内液减少明显。又称高渗性脱水。
10。水肿(edema)：指过多的液体在组织间隙或体腔内积聚的病理过程。
11.显性水肿(frank edema)：当皮下组织有过多的液体积聚时，皮肤肿胀，弹性差，皱纹变浅，用手按压后留下的凹陷，需经数秒到1分钟左右才平复，称为凹陷性水肿( pitting edema)，亦称为显性水肿。
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1.DiseaseDisease is referred as an aberrant manifestation of homeostatic disturbances caused by harmful agents.2.Causative factor / pathogenic causeCausative factor or pathogenic cause is referred as the factor that can cause a disease and determine its specificity.3.HypoxiaHypoxia can be defined as a deficiency in either oxygen delivery or its utilization at the tissue level or the deficiency of both, which can lead to changes in function, metabolism and even structure of the body.4.CyanosisCyanosis refers to the violaceous color of skin and mucous membranes which occurs as the deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the blood in capillaries becomes greater than 5g/dl.5.Hemic hypoxiaHemic hypoxia refers to hypoxia resulting from a low carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood caused by an altered affinity of Hb for oxygen or a decrease in the amount of Hb in the blood.6.Enterogenous cyanosisWhen pickled vegetables containing nitrate are consumed in large amounts, the reabsorbed nitrate reacts with HbFe2+ to form HbFe3+OH. The color of skin becomes coffee color. This phenomenon is called enterogenous cyanosis.7.Ischemic hypoxiaThe deficiency of blood perfusion to tissues caused by decreased arterial pressure or obstruction of arteries is called ischemic hypoxia.8.FeverFever is a complicated pathological process characterized by a regulated elevation of core body temperature, in which the hypothalamic set point is temporarily reset at an elevated temperature in response to pyretic substances.9.Pyrogenic activatorsFever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and non-microbial pyretic substances, which are collectively called pyrogenic activators.10.Endogenous pyrogensEndogenous pyrogens are described as cytokines inducing fever, which are produced and released by EP cells, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.11.StressIt is defined as a systemic nonspecific response of the body to environmental demands or pressures made upon it.12.StressorThe stimulus that provokes a stress response is referred to as stressor.13.ShockShock is a pathological process caused by various drastic etiological factors, which is characterized by microcirculation failure resulting from decreased effective circulatory blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion with the results of cellular metabolism impediment and dysfunction of multiple vital organ.14.Auto blood transfusionAt the early stage of shock, vessel constriction because of release of a large amount of vasoconstrictors may mobilize the stored blood to participate in the circulation, which is considered as compensation of venous return. 15.Auto fluid transfusionAt the early stage of shock, significant decrease of hydrostatic pressure in capillary may drive fluid to shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment, and as a result, the plasma volume can be partly restored as a compensatory response16.Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)DIC is a pathological process caused by disturbance of the kinetic balance between coagulation and anticoagulation systems (including fibrinolytic system). Etiologic factors activate extensive intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis. The clinical features of DIC are bleeding, shock, organ dysfunction and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.17.Heart failureHeart failure is a pathological process in which the systolic or/ and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body.18.High-output failureHigh-output failure indicates that the cardiac output may be supra- normal but inadequate owing to excessive metabolic needs. The causes of high-output heart failure include severe anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, etc.19.Ischemia- reperfusion injuryThe restoration of blood flow after transient ischemia may be associated with further reversible or irreversible cell damage, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury or reperfusion injury.20.Calcium overloadCalcium overload refers to that intracellular content of calcium is increased abnormally during ischemia and reperfusion, which results in the disorder of cellular structure and function.21.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a hard-controlling systemic inflammatory cascade caused by severe infectious or non-infectious factors. It leads to disorders of microcirculatory perfusion of organs and finally to secondary organ dysfunction.22.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is defined as a progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or systems resulting from an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.23.Anion gap (AG)It is the deference between the concentrations of unmeasured anion (UA) and unmeasured cation (UC) in plasma (AG=UA-UC). The AG value can be obtained by calculating the difference between plasma concentrationof major measured cation (Na +) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of major measured anions (Cl - andHCO 3-), that is, AG = [Na +] - ([Cl -] + [HCO 3-]). Its normal range is 12±2 mmol/L.24.EdemaEdema means that excessive fluid accumulates in interstitial compartment and some cavities in the body.25.Brain deathBrain death is a state of permanent irreversible cessation of whole brain activity. At that time, the function of the patient's body as a whole body has stopped forever.。