The End of the Cold War-精选.doc
美国民主逆全球化(英文)The De-globalization of US Democracy
The De-globalization of US DemocracyThe end of the Cold War witnessed the victory of the West which set a positive tone for predictions of the future of Western democracy. Deudney and Ikenberry (2009) suggest “liberal democracy will prevail.” And one of the strongest voices would be Fukuyama (1989) who argus, even before the end of the Cold War, that there will be a globalization of Western liberal democracy of which the US can be seen as an embodiment for its democratic system is the most successful one. But the reality may not be that simple, as Huntington (1993) believes the ultimate global structure would be a coexistence of different civilizations. As for the US, there are political, financial and ideological flaws through which we can see in the near future the US democracy will not prevail in the world.Indeed, the US is very successful in its political system, but there is a problem: as a result of the highly-recognized international reputation, even the slightest violation of its democratic doctrine, which may be tolerated in other countries, may trigger global fury in the American case. Therefore, when such violation is inevitable, the US government would face a dilemma, and it can be perfectly illustrated in the PRISM scandal. In countries like China, it would not be a big issue if it is released that the government is eavesdropping on the public and other countries, because surveillance is necessary for national security, like anti-terrorism. In the American case, however, not only American people are furious at such an activity, international society is also giving condemnation and criticism. The very reason, except for the extensive scale of surveillance, is that the US, as a model of democracy, violated the principle of its system. The irony is that the disclosure which placed American government in such an embarrassing position is in itself a representative of democracy.In additional to its international reputation, the US, as a power at its peak, also has a huge influence on other countries which can in turn do harm to its attempt to spread democracy. Huntington (1993) argus that the growing dominance of the West will make non-Western nations more conservative and therefore anti-West. This is precisely the case when it comes to the US. Nowadays, the aggressive anti-America wave in China is largely contributed by American interference in China’s domestic issues like Taiwan and the sovereignty of South China Sea. The same also applies to Middle East countries such as Syria, Libya and Egypt. The reason of interference may be the US intention to introduce its democratic system, together with its oil ambition, but the consequence may just be the opposite, because foreign interference can only waken and strengthen those nations’ own traditional consciousness and the desire to protect such sentiment, leading to a rising hospitality to foreign elements. Eventually, the governments would be more anti-America as a result of the US intention to make them pro-America.Financially, the American proud free market can also be damaging. The recent financial crisis can be the best illustration because the very root of which is the beliefin small government in the market. The crisis was triggered by the banks which lend so much money that they have no alternative but to issue bond. But with the increase of real estate price, it became less and less popular among the public. Eventually, the housing price was so low that banks cannot pay back their debt even if they sell houses at auction. At this stage, a country would hardly slide into financial crisis if its government is efficient enough to limit the banks’ lending and issuing of bond. But American government failed because of its stubborn insistence on free market which resulted in a global crisis.Finally, in terms of ideology, democracy cannot prevail in the near future, either. Fukuyama (1989) predicts democracy will dominate the world. According to him, it is the ideology determines the material world, and, since democracy has already prevailed “in the realm of idea or consciousness”, the world will finally be democratic both ideologically and materially for the material development will follow the trace of ideology. But the reality proves just the opposite because material is the foundation of ideology. A peasant who often starves may just long for a piece of bread; a person with adequate food and cloth may want more fortune; those with enough money may realize the need of education; and those well-educated may pay attention to more respectable career like charity -- ideology is always controlled by the amount of material people enjoy. One can never ask a peasant to be devoted to charity because his material condition does not allow such an advanced ideology. In this sense, as an ideology, democracy can never prevail until the material condition of non-democratic countries reaches the stage that allows such system to exist. Considering the huge wealth gap between the first and third world, it will take a long time before democracy can be widespread.With these problems remain unsolved, democracy will never prevail in the world. However, the US is still the strongest power in the international community and its system will maintain a huge influence in the world which is followed by many less-developed countries hoping to achieve the same success. But if these problem were to remain in the future, those countries may turn to other models like China, instead of following the US. What it has to do now is to remove these obstacle and improve its democracy, such as to defuse the financial crisis with more governmental intervention, in order to prove the superiority and qualification of such system for being the global pursuit. Otherwise, it is very unlikely that US democracy will dominate the rest of the world in any foreseeable future.。
The Cold War(Brief Introduction)
美苏争霸二战结束，美国对苏联推行冷战政策。
赫鲁晓夫上台以后，提出同美国平起平坐、实现美苏合作、共同主宰世界的基本战略。
随着苏联经济、军事实力进一步增强，从50年代后期起，美苏争霸的格局逐渐形成。
美苏争霸分为三个阶段。
(1)50年代中期至60年代初，是美苏争霸的第一阶段。
这一时期的特点是既势，美国转攻为守。
1975年，苏联的工业总产值上升，相当于美国的80％。
在军备方面，苏联赶上了美国。
这一时期的美国，由于受经济危机的冲击，经济增长趋于缓慢。
所以，在美苏中争霸美国采取战略防御政策。
(3)80年代末90年代初，是美苏争霸的第三阶段。
1981年，里根出任美国总统以后，开始遏制苏联在全球的扩张势力。
美国提出了“星球大战”计划，通过以高技术为核心的新一轮军备竞赛，从而拖垮经济力量相对落后的苏联。
在争夺第三世界方面，美国发动小规模的局部战争，打击亲苏政权。
苏联由于国内经济发展缓慢，戈尔巴乔夫上台执政后，开始放弃争夺军事优势的作法，转为裁减军备，从对外扩张转向全面收缩。
1991年12月底，苏联解体，美苏冷战争霸的局面结束。
Soviet hegemonyAfter World War II, for USSR, the U.S. 's policy was the Cold War. When Khrushchev came to power, he made a basic strategy: to make an equal position with the United States, to achieve US-Soviet cooperation, to dominate the world together with the USA. With the Soviet economic and military strength has been further enhanced, from the late 1950s, the pattern of Soviet hegemony gradually formed.Soviet hegemony is divided into three stages:（1）The mid-1950s to the early 1960s, is the first stage of Soviet hegemony. This period is characterized by both competition and ease.At ease: In 1955,The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany. Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959.At competition:The construction of "Berlin Wall" by the Soviet Union in 1961, blockaded of the East and West Berlin border, and made US-Soviet relations more strained. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 shows that the Soviet Union embarked on the path of global competition.（2）The mid-1960s to late 1970s, is the second phase of Soviet hegemony. In this period, the Soviet Union was in the offensive, the U.S. was in the defensive.In 1975, the Soviet Union's industrial output rose as the 80% of the United States. In military terms, the Soviet Union was to catch up with the UnitedStates.During this period, due to the economic crisis, the United States' economic growth tended to slow. Therefore, in the Soviet hegemony, the United States took defense policy.（3）The late 80s to early 90s, is the third phase of Soviet hegemony.In 1981, Reagan became U.S. president, he started to contain the Soviet's expansion of the world. The United States proposed the "Star Wars" program to collapse the Soviet whose economic power was relatively backward by a new round of high-tech arms race. In the competition for the third world, the United States started small-scale regional war to be against pro-Soviet regime.As the domestic economy was slow, after Gorbachev came to power, he began to reduce arms and shifted the external expansion to the overall contraction. Until the end of December 1991, the disintegration of the Soviet Union means the end of the Cold War.。
2005年穆罕默德诺贝尔演讲原文及译文
In regions where conflicts have been left to fester for decades, countries continue to look for ways to offset their insecurities or project their 'power'. In some cases, they may be tempted to seek their own weapons of mass destruction, like others who have preceded them.
A recent United Nations High-Level Panel identified five categories of threats that we face:
1. Poverty, Infectious Disease, and Environmental Degradation;
In the real world, this imbalance in living conditions inevitably leads to inequality of opportunity, and in many cases loss of hope. And what is worse, all too often the plight of the poor is compounded by and results in human rights abuses, a lack of good governance, and a deep sense of injustice. This combination naturally creates a most fertile breeding ground for civil wars, organized crime, and extremism in its different forms.
大学英语四六级晨读：Globalization全球一体化
In many ways, today’s business environment has changed qualitatively since the late 1980s. The end of the Cold War radically altered the very nature of the world’s politics and economics. In just a few short years, globalization has started a varietyof trends with profound consequences: the opening of markets, true global competition, widespread deregulation of industry, and an abundance of accessible capital. We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy, with both Wall Street and Main Street feeling the pains of economic disorder half a world away.自从20世纪80年代后期以来，当今的商业环境在很多方面都已经发生了质的变化。
冷战的结束从根本上改变了世界政治和经济的性质。
短短几年内，全球化就已经引发了很多种发展趋势，并带来了一系列深远的影响，市场开放，真正的全球竞争，政府对工业控制的广泛解除，以及可利用资本的富足。
我们经历了真正的全球经济的好处和风险。
不管是华尔街的人还是平民百姓都可以感觉到半个世界外的经济混乱会带来伤痛。
At the same time, we have fully entered the Information Age, Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrai ned by the traditional limitations of time or space. Today, it’s almost impossible to imagine a world without intranets, e-mail, and portable computers. With stunning speed, the Internet is profoundly changing the way we work, shop, do business, and communicate.同时，我们完全进入了信息时代。
冷战结束后的美苏关系和布什政府对苏政策
Charles Krauthammer an American columnist, author, political commentator
Charles Krauthammer "The Unipolar Moment"
Foreign Affairs, 1990/1991
Part II America’s evaluation of world situation
Francis Fukuyama an American political
Francis Fukuyama
scientist
"The End of History?"
The National Interest, Summer 1989
Part II America’s evaluation of world situation
neoisolationism : a retreat from global leadership
The US would distance itself politically, diplomatically, and militarily from the affairs of the great powers in Europe and Asia.
The US was capble of putting its moral principles into practice. 4. The “peace dividend” stemming from the collapse of the Cold
War could be used to ensure the continued spread of democratic institutions and to solve transnational problems.
The Cold War
It was feld by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries. countries.
E.The E.The Berlin Wall Goes Up & Down(1961&1989) (1961&1989 Down(1961&1989)
is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR.
2.In October 1962 a U.S. spy plane detected a ballistic missile on a launching site in Cuba. 3.Pres. John F. 3.Pres. Kennedy placed a naval blockade around the island, and for several days the U.S. and the Soviet Union hovered on the brink of war.
•
The Soviet Union, out of its own security concern and fear of capitalist encirclement, was determined to keep its hold on the Eastern European countries and to defend its sphere of influence at all costs.
冷战英文介绍 the cold war
A
6
Détente
缓和
As Nixon distanced America from
the Vietnam War, he searched for a
better-focused foreign policy. He
with his Secretary of State began a
kind of balance-of-power diplomacy
The Vietnam War: The Vietnam
War was the longest and most unpopular war in American history. Many people lost their lives during the war.
A
5
The Cuban Missile Crisis(古巴导弹 危机): The Cuban missile crisis known as
THE DIFFERENT POLICY: During the Cold War,
the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against communism. And the Soviet Union believed it should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism(资本主义).
A
4
The Hot War
The Korean War(1950-1953):
The Korean War was a result of Cold War friction. After World War into the Soviet-supported north and the American-supported south.
cold war美苏冷战 英语最全最完整的本啵啵独家制作
Policy
Truman socialist杜鲁门主义
Economy Marshall plan 马歇尔计划
German Piecing together the federal problem republic of Germany
Military
Established NATO 两大军事集团对立形成
Causes of Cold War
(1) Underlying causes (i) Ideological (意识形态的) (ii) Economic (iii) Power rivalry(竞争)
(2) Immediate Causes Leading to the Cold War (i) Extension of Russian influence in Europe (ii) The reactions of the United States (iii) Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet Union
何谓“冷战”
（What is Cold War)
Cold War refers to:1947--1991 years the United States led western capitalist countries and the Soviet Union socialist countries two camps in addition to the direct engagement, in economic, political, military, diplomatic, cultural, ideological and other aspects are in a state of confrontation period.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The End of the Cold War
2
3
For Oscar and Carla4
CONTENTSList of IllustrationsMapsPrefaceINTRODUCTIONPART ONE1. RONALD REAGAN2. PLANS FOR ARMAGEDDON3. THE REAGANAUTS4. THE AMERICAN CHALLENGE5. SYMPTOMS RECOGNIZED, CURES REJECTED6. CRACKS IN THE ICE: EASTERN EUROPE7. THE SOVIET QUARANTINE8. NATO AND ITS FRIENDS9. WORLD COMMUNISM AND THE PEACE MOVEMENT10. IN THE SOVIET WAITING ROOMPART TWO11. MIKHAIL GORBACHV12. THE MOSCOW REFORM TEAM13. ONE FOOT ON THE ACCELERATOR14. TO GENEVA15. PRESENTING THE SOVIET PACKAGE16. AMERICAN REJECTION17. THE STALLED INTERACTION18. THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE19. THE LOST SUMMER5
20. SUMMIT IN REYKJAVIKINTERMEZZO21. THE MONTH OF MUFFLED DRUMSPART THREE22. THE SOVIET PACKAGE UNTIED23. THE BIG FOUR24. GETTING TO KNOW THE ENEMY25. STICKING POINTS26. GRINDING OUT THE TREATY27. CALLS TO WESTERN EUROPE28. EASTERN EUROPE: PERPLEXITY AND PROTEST29. THE LEAVING OF AFGHANISTAN30. SPOKES IN THE WHEEL31. REAGANS WINDOW OF DEPARTUREPART FOUR32. THE FIFTH MAN33. THE OTHER CONTINENT: ASIA34. EPITAPH FOR WORLD COMMUNISM35. REVOLUTION IN EASTERN EUROPE36. THE MALTA SUMMIT37. REDRAWING THE MAP OF EUROPE38. THE NEW GERMANY39. BALTIC TRIANGLE40. THE THIRD MAN BREAKS LOOSE41. A NEW WORLD ORDER?42. ENDINGSPOSTSCRIPT Select BibliographyNotesIndex6
7
List of Illustrations1. Ronald Reagan at his inauguration in January 1981 (By courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Library)2. Secretary of State George Shultz in 1985 (Photo by Diana Walker/Time amp; Life
Pictures/GettyImages)3. General Secretary Yuri Andropov (Photo by ADN-Bildarchiv/ullstein bild via Getty Images).4. Konstantin Chernenko with Boris Ponomarv and Haile Mariam Mengistu in December 1984(AFP/Getty Images)5. General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachv (Photo by Sasha Stone/The LIFE Images Collection/GettyImages))6. Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister Eduard Shevardnadze (Photo by Kurita KAKU/Gamma-Raphovia Getty Images)7. East German communist leader Erich Honecker (Photo by Billhardt/ullstein bild via GettyImages)8. Polish communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski
(Photo by Chip ...。