GMAT(VERBAL)阅读模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)
GMAT（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷18 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1.
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used
psychoactive substance on Earth. “ Syn-der, Daly and Bruns have recently pro- posed
that caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a
naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron
firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of
neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.
Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific
receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors,
which have been designated Al and A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is
structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which
prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily
than they oth- erwise would. For many years, caffeine’s effects have been
attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that
breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons.
Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought
about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron
firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the
caf- feine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the
brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other
compounds that block phosphodi- esterase’s activity are not stimulants. To
buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder
et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their
ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,”
they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates
with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i. e., the higher their capacity
to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.
“ Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea,
was one of the most effective compounds in both regards. There were some
apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor
binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called
3-isobutyl-l-methylxan-thine(IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed
mouse locomo- tion. Snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to
their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a
not unusual occurrence with psychoac- tive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally
known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse
locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
1． The primary purpose of the passage is to
A．discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully
understood.
B．present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences
between them.
C．summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the
problems encountered in the first two.
D．describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that
support it.E．challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and
contradictions in it.
正确答案：D
解析：主题题型：A．讨论一个考察现在还未被完全理解的现象的计划。无。
B．给出对一现象的两种解释，并调和两者差异。文中没有调和内容。Snyder等人的看法和以前的看法自始至终是对立的。
C．给出两种理论的总结，然后提出能解决前两个理论所遇到的问题的第三种理论。文中无第三种理论。
D．正确。描述一个替代的设想并给出证据和论证过程。Snyder等人的理论就是他们代替不正确的长久以来看法的替代理论，作者提到了证据，并给出了Snyder等人论证老理论为非，以及一个例外并不能影响其理论有效性的过程。E．挑战一个理论有效性，指出其内部矛盾。Snyder等人在论证老理论为非时，并没有指出其内部的矛盾。
2． Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory proposed by
Snyder et al?
A．At very low concentrations in the human brain, both caffeine and theophylline
tend to have depressive rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.
B．The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low concentrations to dislodge
adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their ability to
stimulate mouse locomotion at these low concentrations.
C．The concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons in the human brain that
leads to increased neuron firing can be produced by several different
phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.
D．The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge adenosine from its
GMAT(VERBAL)语法改错模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)
GMAT（VERBAL）语法改错模拟试卷5 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有： 2.
1． At a recent session, the French government has decided that Paris needs a
second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera.
A．has decided that Paris needs
B．decided that Paris needs
C．has decided that Paris will need
D．decided that Paris has a need ofE．has decided that Paris needed
正确答案：B
解析：由句首的表过去的时间状语at a recent session表明主句应该用一般过去时，A、D、E中用现在完成时，属时态混用，B比D简洁，用一个动词needs代替了4个词has a need of，that从句用一般现在时表示客观事实。 知识模块：语法改错
2． Those with a cynical turn of mind might speculate if the new corporation,
eager for pro-fit, might not have started the rumor that caused its competitor to
declare bankruptcy.
A．speculate if the new corporation, eager for profit, might not have started
B．speculate if the new corporation, eager for profit, had not started
GMAT(VERBAL)语法改错模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
GMAT（VERBAL）语法改错模拟试卷4 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1.
A．sang more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since having
B．sang more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since having had
C．has sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since
D．has sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera afterE．has
sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera subsequently to
正确答案：C
解析：根据A、B中的since短语判断A、B时态不对，同时since后跟having动名词组这种表达不符合习惯，应用since+名词短语／从句。C、D、E均用了现在完成时，但D、E中的现在完成时态与后面的after,subsequently to短语无法对应，而C中的完成时与since时间短语完美匹配。 知识模块：语法改错
8． Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during two decades,
stringent rationing and planned distribution have allowed the People’s Republic of
China to ensure nutritional levels of 2,000 calories per person per day for its
GRE(VERBAL)基础填空模拟试卷25(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）基础填空模拟试卷25 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. PART ONE
PART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）
SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or
sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1． NASA engineer Gloria Yamauchi uses______approach to research, in that it
draws on physics, aerodynamics, mathematics, and other fields.
正确答案：B，C
解析：逗号说明前后同义重复。空格与physics，aerodynamics，mathematics，and other fields(物理学、空气动力学、数学以及其他学科)同义重复。self-evident不言而喻的，interdisciplinary跨学科的，eclectic混合的，economical节俭的，impractical不切实际的，unfeasible不切实际的。答案选BC。注：这里impractical和unfeasible是干扰项，同表示“不切实际的”。 知识模块：基础填空
2． Less confident employees tend to be______about asking for a pay increase,
托福阅读TPO18（试题+答案+...
托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandS
为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Industrialization in the
Netherlands and Scandinavia，希望大家喜欢!
托福阅读TPO18原文第1篇
While some European countries, such as England and
Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the
Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark,
Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries
lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century.
However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the
century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of
their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main
reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is
important to understand the sources of their success.
All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth
GMAT(VERBAL)阅读练习试卷12(题后含答案及解析)
GMAT（VERBAL）阅读练习试卷12 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1.
Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land
tenure, resources andpopulation distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans’
first encounters with NativeAmericans and took many form: missionaries’ field
sketches, explorers’ drawings, and surveyors’maps, as well as maps rendered in
connection with treaties involving land transfers. Most existingmaps of Native
American lands are reconstructions that are based largely on archaeology, oralreports,
and evidence gathered from observers’ accounts in letter, diaries, and official
reports;accordingly, the accuracy of these maps is especially dependent on the
mapmakers’ owninterpretive abilities. Many existing maps also reflect the
150-year role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) inadministering tribal lands.
GRE(VERBAL)强化填空模拟试卷17(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）强化填空模拟试卷17 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. PART ONE
PART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）
SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or
sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1． With its maverick approach to the subject, Shere Hite’s book has been more
widely debated than most; the media throughout the country have brought the author’s ____ opinions to the public’s attention.
A．controversial
B．authoritative
C．popular
D．conclusiveE．articulate
正确答案：A
解析：- 方程等号：分号，同义重复。- 强词和对应：分号后的the author指代Shere Hite，分号前面说她的书more widely debated，所以将widely debated指向空格，根据分号取同，体现作者的观点是“受到广泛讨论的”。controversial有争论的，authoritative权威的，popular流行的，conclusive决定性，articulate表达清晰的。答案选A。 知识模块：填空
GRE(VERBAL)模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）模拟试卷27 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. PART ONE 2. PART TWO
PART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）
SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or
sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1． Who would have expected that such______young soul as Arthur, his
observations mute, his manner perpetually self-effacing, might have fought so readily
against the whims of his superiors?
A．a magnanimous
B．a perspicacious
C．a vehement
D．a reticentE．an intractable
正确答案：D
2． If we fight a war and win it with H-bombs, what history will remember is not
the ideals we were fighting for but the______we used to accomplish them, which will
GRE真题：句子填空部分(02年-08年,附答案和解析)
1 2002年11月23日GRE笔考题
Section 1 填空
1. Although she gives badly _______ titles to her musical compositions, they _______
unusual combinations of materials including Gregorian chant, Asian scale patterns and
rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.
A. exotic … belie
B. eccentric … deploy
C. traditional … exclude
D. imaginative … disguise
E. conventional … incorporate
2. Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely French in origin,
his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that later anthologizes of French
folktales have never _______ them.
A. excluded
B. admired
C. collected
D. promoted
E. comprehended
3. In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent, her book
does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in
GRE(VERBAL)阅读模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷6 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. PART ONE
PART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions
based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question.
Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in
the passage.
Biologist know that some marine algae can create clouds by producing the gas
dimethyl sulphide (DMS), which reacts with oxygen in air above the sea to form solid
particles. These particles provide a surface on which water vapor can condense to
form clouds. Lovelock contends that this process is part of global climatic-control
system. According to Lovelock, Earth acts like a super organism, with all its
biological and physical systems cooperating to keep it healthy. He hypothesized that
GRE(VERBAL)填空与阅读理解模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）填空与阅读理解模拟试卷1 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. PART ONE 2. PART TWO
PART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）
SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or
sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1． Because the employee’s motives were found to be______, no disciplinary
action will be taken against him for the mistake.
A．absurd
B．gratuitous
C．improvised
D．benignE．harmless
正确答案：D,E
解析：The best answer is D and E. The context of the sentence indicates that the
employee will not be disciplined as a result of his mistake, which suggests that the
error was not intentional, and that the employee meant no harm. The words benign