silva指南针说明书
电子指南针说明书
摘要早期的指南针采用了磁化指针和方位盘的组合方式,整个指南针从便携性、指示灵敏度上都有一定不足,极易受到外界因素的干扰。
本系统采用专用的磁场传感器结合高速微控制器〔MCU〕的电子指南针能有效解决这些问题。
系统采用了磁阻〔GMR〕传感器采集某一方向磁场强度后通过MCU控制器对其进行处理并显示上传,通过对电子指南针硬件电路和软件程序的分析,阐述了电子指南针基本的工作原理及实现。
实际测试指南针模块精度达到1°,能够在LCD上显示当前方位并能通过键盘控制实现磁场校准,磁偏角补偿,重新设定等功能。
关键词：电子指南针；磁阻传感器；单片机；液晶AbstractSince the early use of amagnetic compass and direction-pointer of the composition, the entire compass from scratch, on the instructions of a certain sensitivity of the defect. Using a dedicated high-speed magnetic sensors with microcontroller <MCU> electronic compass can effectively solve these problems. The system is designed by the reluctance <GMR> sensors collecting a certain direction through the magnetic field strength after the MCU Controller its judgement will be dealt with the results, through the LCD screen display and can be sent to the MCU's top serial Machine. The actual test compass module can reach 1 °, in the LCD display on the current position and through the keyboard control can realize functions like the magnetic field calibration,Magnetic declination, Reset etc.Key words: electronic compass; GMR; MCU; LCD目录摘要I1 引言11.1 课题背景11.2 指南针原理介绍11.3 国外研究现状21.4 本课题研究的意义22 单片机及相关物理量介绍42.1 单片机系统简介42.2 物理量简介72.3 电子指南针的主要偏差及校正93 原理及系统框图133.1 测量原理简介133.2 系统总图框图143.3 系统其他模块简介154 系统硬件244.1 系统控制模块244.2 指南针模块254.3 实时时钟模块264.4 液晶显示电路274.5 系统输入电路285 系统软件305.1 主监控程序305.2 实时时钟驱动315.3 指南针模块驱动325.4 键盘驱动345.5 液晶模块驱动34结论36致37参考文献36附录371 引言1.1 课题背景指南针的发明是我国劳动人民,在长期的实践中对物体磁性认识的结果。
希普尔电子GPS04产品说明书
Featuresz65 channel engine for highperformance acquisitionz GPS L1 C/A Codez Perform 8 million time-frequency hypothesis testing per secondz Open sky hot start 2 secz Open sky cold start 33 secz Signal detection better than –160dBm z Acquisition sensitivity –145dBmz Accuracy 5m CEPz Tracking current < 50mAz Support active antennaz Small size 25.4 x 25.4 x 3.2 mm (LxWxH) GPS04Low Cost Very High PerformanceSMD GPS ModuleThe GPS04is a small form factor GPS module solution intended for a broad range of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) products, where fast and easy system integration and minimal development risk is required.The GPS04GPS receiver’s -160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. Its high performance search engine is capable of testing 8,000,000 time-frequency hypotheses per second, offering industry-leading signal acquisition and TTFF speed. The receiver is optimized for applications requiring high performance, low power, and low cost; suitable for a wide range of OEM configurations including mobile phone, PND, asset tracking, and vehicle navigation products.The very small 25.4mm x 25.4mm form factor and the SMT pads allow standard surface mount device pick-and-place process in fully automated assembly process; enabling high-volume, very cost-efficient production.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSReceiver Type 65 parallel channel, L1 C/A codeCEP5mPositionAccuracyVelocity 0.1m/sec+/-1us1PPSTimingStartup Time 2 second hot start under open sky33 second cold start under open sky (average) Reacquisition2s-145dBmacquisitionSensitivitytracking-160dBmRate 1HzUpdate(39.2m/sec2)4GDynamicsOperational Limits Altitude < 18,000m or velocity < 515m/s(COCOM limit, either may be exceeded but not both) Serial Interface 3.3V LVTTL levelV3.01NMEA-0183ProtocolGPRMC,GPVTG*2GPGSV,GPGLL,GPGGA,GPGSA,8,1rate,N,9600DefaultbaudWGS-84Datum DefaultdefinableUserDC+/-5%Voltage 3.3VInputacquisitionCurrent ~70mAInputtracking~50mADimension 25.4mm L x 25.4mm W x 3.2mm HWeight: 5gOperating Temperature -40o C ~ +85o CStorage Temperature -55 ~ +100o C95%~Humidity5%BLOCK DIAGRAMModule block schematicANTENNAThe GPS04module is designed to work active antenna. Recommended active antenna should have gain of 20 ~ 30dB and noise figure less than 1.2dB.PIN AssignmentRX 0TX 03.3V V_Bat RX1TX1PPSPIN DescriptionNC No ConnectionRECOMMENDED PCB FOOTPRINTNMEA MessagesThe serial interface protocol is based on the National Marine Electronics Association’s NMEA 0183 ASCII interface specification. This standard is fully define in “NMEA 0183, Version 3.01” The standard may be obtained from NMEA, GGA - Global Positioning System Fix DataTime, position and fix related data for a GPS receiver.Structure:$GPGGA,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,x,xx,x.x,x.x,M,,,,xxxx*hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Example:$GPGGA,111636.932,2447.0949,N,12100.5223,E,1,11,0.8,118.2,M,,,,0000*02<CR><LF>Field Name Example Description1 UTC Time 111636.932 UTC of position in hhmmss.sss format, (000000.000 ~235959.999)2 Latitude 2447.0949 Latitude in ddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted3 N/S Indicator N Latitude hemisphere indicator, ‘N’ = North, ‘S’ = South4 Longitude 12100.5223 Longitude in dddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted5 E/W Indicator E Longitude hemisphere indicator, 'E' = East, 'W' = West6 GPSqualityindicator 1 GPS quality indicator0: position fix unavailable1: valid position fix, SPS mode2: valid position fix, differential GPS mode3: GPS PPS Mode, fix valid4: Real Time Kinematic. System used in RTK mode withfixed integers5: Float RTK. Satellite system used in RTK mode. Floatingintegers6: Estimated (dead reckoning) Mode7: Manual Input Mode8: Simulator Mode7 Satellites Used 11 Number of satellites in use, (00 ~ 12)8 HDOP 0.8 Horizontaldilutionof precision, (00.0 ~ 99.9)9 Altitude 108.2 mean sea level (geoid), (-9999.9 ~ 17999.9)10 DGPS Station ID 0000 Differential reference station ID, 0000 ~ 1023NULL when DGPS not used11 Checksum 02Note: The checksum field starts with a ‘*’ and consists of 2 characters representing a hex number. The checksum is the exclusive OR of all characters between ‘$’ and ‘*’.GLL – Latitude/LongitudeLatitude and longitude of current position, time, and status.Structure:$GPGLL,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,hhmmss.sss,A,a*hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Example:$GPGLL,2447.0944,N,12100.5213,E,112609.932,A,A*57<CR><LF>Field Name Example Description1 Latitude 2447.0944 Latitude in ddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted2 N/S Indicator N Latitude hemisphere indicator‘N’ = North‘S’ = South3 Longitude 12100.5213 Longitude in dddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted4 E/W Indicator E Longitude hemisphere indicator'E' = East'W' = West5 UTC Time 112609.932 UTC time in hhmmss.sss format (000000.000 ~235959.999)6 Status A Status, ‘A’ = Data valid, ‘V’ = Data not valid7 Mode Indicator A Mode indicator‘N’ = Data not valid‘A’ = Autonomous mode‘D’ = Differential mode‘E’ = Estimated (dead reckoning) mode‘M’ = Manual input mode‘S’ = Simulator mode8 Checksum 57GSA – GNSS DOP and Active SatellitesGPS receiver operating mode, satellites used in the navigation solution reported by the GGA or GNS sentence and DOP values.Structure:$GPGSA,A,x,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 7Example:$GPGSA,A,3,05,12,21,22,30,09,18,06,14,01,31,,1.2,0.8,0.9*36<CR><LF>Field Name Example Description1 Mode A Mode‘M’ = Manual, forced to operate in 2D or 3D mode‘A’ = Automatic, allowed to automatically switch 2D/3D 2 Mode 3 Fixtype1 = Fix not available2 = 2D3 = 3D3 Satellite used 1~12 05,12,21,22,30,09,18,06,14,01,31,, Satellite ID number, 01 to 32, of satellite used in solution, up to 12 transmitted4 PDOP 1.2 Position dilution of precision (00.0 to 99.9)5 HDOP 0.8 Horizontaldilutionof precision (00.0 to 99.9)6 VDOP 0.9 Vertical dilution of precision (00.0 to 99.9)7 Checksum 36GSV – GNSS Satellites in ViewNumber of satellites (SV) in view, satellite ID numbers, elevation, azimuth, and SNR value. Four satellites maximum per transmission.Structure:$GPGSV,x,x,xx,xx,xx,xxx,xx,…,xx,xx,xxx,xx *hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 8Example:$GPGSV,3,1,12,05,54,069,45,12,44,061,44,21,07,184,46,22,78,289,47*72<CR><LF>$GPGSV,3,2,12,30,65,118,45,09,12,047,37,18,62,157,47,06,08,144,45*7C<CR><LF>$GPGSV,3,3,12,14,39,330,42,01,06,299,38,31,30,256,44,32,36,320,47*7B<CR><LF>Field Name Example Description1 Number of message 3 Total number of GSV messages to be transmitted (1-3)2 Sequence number 1 Sequence number of current GSV message3 Satellites in view 12 Total number of satellites in view (00 ~ 12)4 Satellite ID 05 Satellite ID number, GPS: 01 ~ 32, SBAS: 33 ~ 64 (33 =PRN120)elevation in degrees, (00 ~ 90)5 Elevation 54 Satellite6 Azimuth 069 Satellite azimuth angle in degrees, (000 ~ 359 )7 SNR 45 C/No in dB (00 ~ 99)Null when not tracking8 Checksum 72RMC – Recommended Minimum Specific GNSS DataTime, date, position, course and speed data provided by a GNSS navigation receiver. Structure:$GPRMC,hhmmss.sss,A,dddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,x.x,x.x,ddmmyy,,,a*hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Example:$GPRMC,111636.932,A,2447.0949,N,12100.5223,E,000.0,000.0,030407,,,A*61<CR><LF> Field Name Example Description1 UTC time 0111636.932 UTC time in hhmmss.sss format (000000.00 ~235959.999)2 Status A Status‘V’ = Navigation receiver warning‘A’ = Data Valid3 Latitude 2447.0949 Latitude in dddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted4 N/S indicator N Latitude hemisphere indicator‘N’ = North‘S’ = South5 Longitude 12100.5223 Longitude in dddmm.mmmm formatLeading zeros transmitted6 E/W Indicator E Longitude hemisphere indicator'E' = East'W' = West7 Speed over ground 000.0 Speed over ground in knots (000.0 ~ 999.9)8 Course over ground000.0 Course over ground in degrees (000.0 ~ 359.9)9 UTC Date 030407 UTC date of position fix, ddmmyy format10 Mode indicator A Mode indicator‘N’ = Data not valid‘A’ = Autonomous mode‘D’ = Differential mode‘E’ = Estimated (dead reckoning) mode‘M’ = Manual input mode‘S’ = Simulator mode11 checksum 61VTG – Course Over Ground and Ground SpeedThe actual course and speed relative to the ground.Structure:GPVTG,x.x,T,,M,x.x,N,x.x,K,a*hh<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5Example:$GPVTG, 000.0,T,,M,000.0,N,0000.0,K,A*3D<CR><LF>Field Name Example Description1 Course 000.0 True course over ground in degrees (000.0 ~ 359.9)2 Speed 000.0 Speed over ground in knots (000.0 ~ 999.9)3 Speed 0000.0 Speed over ground in kilometers per hour (0000.0 ~1800.0)indicator4 Mode A Mode‘N’ = not valid‘A’ = Autonomous mode‘D’ = Differential mode‘E’ = Estimated (dead reckoning) mode‘M’ = Manual input mode‘S’ = Simulator mode5 Checksum 3DORDERING INFORMATIONModel Name Description GPS04 Default 9600 baud rate。
指南针使用手册
指南针使用手册一、使用注意事项指南针务必水平地拿着，而且要远离以下列举的各种物品，才可避免磁针发生错乱：指南针应离铁丝网10米，高压线55米，汽车和飞机20米，以及含有磁铁如磁性容器等10米。
二、指北针使用说明当前给工程部提供的指南针其实是美式军用指北针，如下图，指北针是常用的一种测定方位、距离、水平及测绘简单地图的一种简易测量器材，采用高密封油式阻尼表盘，提高了行进间测量的稳定性，线隙式瞄准机构，便于准确操作，外壳采用了高强度铝合金等轻量化设计，携行方便。
1、外观介绍合起来待用的状态打开后的状态完全打开放平后带刻度的边缘部分，是1：25000M的坐标梯尺，可以在相同比例的地图上直接量测直线距离，同时是几何方法图上作业的得力工具，如下图：阻尼表盘有利于指针的稳定性，更加适合运动、崎岖的环境，箭头表示N极（北极），这也是绝大多数指北针的标注方法：可以转动的方位表牌，通过一个片状卡簧和表牌的齿状边缘卡紧和定位方位表牌上有一个放大镜，可以更清楚地看到方位，不要小看这一长一短两条刻线，很多功能都要通过它实现：阻尼表盘内圈的刻度为360度方位角度分划，外圈的刻度为64-00密位制分划，密位分划是军事上常用的方位角计量单位，美国和原北约国家的标准是64-00制，我国和原华约国家的标准是60-00制，根据不同的密位制相应的1密位换算为角度=360/密位制（度），美式64-00密位制指北针1密位=360/6400=0.05625（度），我国的97型指北针采用的为60-00密位制，1密位=360/6000=0.06（度）。
2、使用方法（1）确定北方：正确的方法是这样的，在手掌中端平，箭头（N极）所指的就是北方：（2）校正地图：校正地图的方向很简单，但这是一切图上作业的基础：把地图放平，然后将地图上的指北标与指北针上的N极（箭头）对正，就校正了地图方向，一般情况下地图都是上北下南绘制的。
（3）测量方位：利用这个小透镜和表壳上的金属丝配合使用，可以更精确的测量方位角，透镜上方的小缝可以使你更准确地定位金属丝，具体的方法是从小透镜通过指北针狭缝中的细金属丝瞄准目标，然后转动方位表牌使长线对准卡簧尖，然后从方位表牌的透镜中读角度，即方位线与正北的夹角角度。
军用指南针的详细说明书
军用指南针的详细说明书[图]作者：未知转贴自：新华网河北频道点击数：396 更新时间：2007-2-6军用指南针说明书一、用途六.二式罗盘仪是测定方位、距离、水平、坡度(俯仰角度)、高度、行军间速度及测绘简单地图的一种简易测量器材，为便于夜间使用，在其各相应部位上涂有夜光粉。
二、结构简单介绍仪器主要由罗盘、里程计两部分构成。
罗盘部分有提环(l)，度盘座(2)，在度盘座上划有两种刻线、外圈为360度分划制，每刻线为1度。
内圈为6000(密位)分划制，圆周共刻300刻线.每刻线线值为20(密位)，内有磁针(3)，测角器(4)，俯仰角度的分划单位为度.每刻线为25度.可测量俯仰角度士60度。
里程计部分主要由里程分划表、速度时间表(8)、测轮(9)、齿轮指针等组成。
里程分划有l：50000，l：100000两种比例尺刻度值。
1：100000比例尺每刻线相应代表1公里。
l：50000每刻线相应代表0.5公里.可与具有相应比例或成倍比例的地图配合使用。
速度时间表分划有外侧表盘上有13、15、17、19、21、23、25公里/小时，内侧表盘上有10、14、16、18、20、22、2 4、30公里/小时。
(以V代表)，共15种速度。
时间刻度中每一刻线相应代表5分钟(V25为10分钟)。
仪器的侧面有测绘尺，两端为距离估定器。
估定器两尖端长1 2.3毫米，照准与准星间长为123毫米.即为尖端长的10倍。
三、使用方法(一)测定方位1、测定现地东南西北方向(1)打开罗盘仪.使方位指标“△”对准“〇”；(2)转动罗盘仪.待磁针指北端对准“〇”后，此时所指的方向就是北方，在方位玻璃上就可直接读出现地东、南、西、北方向。
2、标定地图方位标定地图方位就是利用罗盘，使地图上的方位和现地方位一致(1)打开仪器，调整度盘座，使方位指标“△”对准本地区的磁偏角度数；(2)以测绘尺与地图上的真子午线或座标纵线(即东、西图廓的内图廓线)相切；(3)转动地图，使磁针北端指向“O’”，则地图上的方位和现地方位完全一致。
司博威登山表博锐系列说明书
TO BE GREATBRAVO博锐user manual用户手册A.功能简介¾时、分、秒、年、月、日及星期显示，年范围2000~2099年¾5组响闹功能：一组带贪睡功能，四组指定日期响闹¾整点报时功能¾秒表功能，99组秒表记录查询，最大计时23小时59分59秒停止¾倒计时功能，最大倒计时99：59：59¾指南针、高度、气压、温度、天气预报功能，及指南针、气压、高度、温度校正功能¾12/24小时制¾世界时间功能，可显示28个城市的时间及夏令时功能¾LCD对比度可设定¾3秒EL背光B.产品功能模式1.在任意模式，按A键一次亮EL3秒。
2.时间功能模式¾按A键一次亮EL3秒；按住A键2秒进入时间设置模式。
¾按B键进入闹铃模式。
¾按C键进入温度及高度测量模式。
¾按D键进入指南针测量模式。
¾按E键进入气压、温度及天气预报测量模式。
时间设置模式¾按住A键2秒，滴一声进入设置时区闪烁，1分钟无按键操作自动退出设置状态，并保留当前设置值。
→对比度b).按E键，被设置项目加1，按住E键快速递增。
c).按C键，被设置项目减1，按住C键快速递减。
d).秒钟设置时，秒在30~59秒按E或C键秒归零，并向分进1；秒在0~29秒，按E或C键秒清0。
e).设置夏令时（DST）时，按E或C键开或关闭(OFF、ON),夏令时开启有‘DST’显示，关闭则无‘DST’显示。
f).在设置12/24小时制时，按E或C键切换12/24时制。
g).在设置对比度时，按E被设置项目加1，按住E键2秒后快速递增；按C键被设置项目减1，按住C键2秒后快速递减。
对比度可设置范围(1~16)。
h).在设置时区时,按E向上调整时区，按C键向下调整时区。
I).按A键退出设置状态.3.闹铃设置模式¾SIG整点报时模式下，按E键，开启或关闭整点报时开启有‘CHIME’显示，关闭则无‘CHIME’显示，按C键顺序切换五组闹铃。
说明书电子指南针
数字罗盘说明书1. Introduction 介绍1.1 功能* 高度计* 数字罗盘* 大气压强（hPa, inHg, mmHg）* 温度 (℃ or ℉)* 256 组历史记录（海拔和大气压强数据）* 天气预报图标的变换（基于大气压强的变化）* 12/24 小时的始终格式* 万年历* 手调时间和日期* LED背光* 织带包含，便于携带1.2 按键功能如果按键不被按动30分钟，（气压变化在0.4Hpa）, LCD 屏幕显示关闭。
按任何键，则恢复到正常显示。
1.2.1 按键“ALTITUDE/+”- 当处于设置模式，按下“ALTITUDE/+”按键，则可以增加值。
- 当处于正常显示模式下，按下“ALTITUDE/+”按键，则可以在大气压强和高度（相对/绝对）之间切换。
- 当处于海拔高度（绝对）显示时，按下“ALTITUDE/+”按键并保持不动2秒，海拔高度（绝对）将会被重置到相对高度，起始值为0 。
当处于相对高度显示时，按下“ALTITUDE/+”按键并保持不动2秒，相对高度将会被重置到海拔高度（绝对）。
备注：当累计高度的显示有需要的情况下，相对高度是很有用的。
1.2.2 按键“COMPASS/-”- 当处于设置模式，按下“COMPASS/-”按键，则可以减少值。
- 当处于正常显示模式下，按下“COMPASS/-”按键，则可以进入罗盘模式- 当处于罗盘模式下，按下“COMPASS/-”按键，则可以切换显示数字模式和指针模式。
- 按下“COMPASS/-”按键并保持不动2秒，则进入校正模式。
1.2.3 按键“SET”- 当处于正常显示模式下，按下“SET”按键，可以切换到时间和日期。
-当处于正常显示模式下，按下“SET”按键并保持不动6秒，则进入节能模式：LCD 关闭，但是，时钟还在工作。
此时，按下任何按键，将返回到正常的LCD 显示模式。
-当处于正常显示模式下，按下“SET”按键并保持不动2秒，则进入设置模式。
指南针使用说明
1.测方位角：展开指北针，转动方位框使方位玻璃上的刻度线与方向指标相对正，将平视镜斜放（45°）单眼通过准星瞄向目标，从平视镜反射看到磁针N极所对反字表牌上方位分划，既可读出目标方位角，然后用右手转动方位框使方位玻璃上的刻度线与磁针N极对准，此时方向指标与方位玻璃刻度线所夹之角即为目标方位角（按顺时针方向计算）。
打开指北针，标定好地图（测距时可不标定地图），在图上基准点处插一扎针，转动指北针，使侧尺边切于目标点，即可判读出基准点至目标点的方位角。
2.标定地图：展开指北针，转动方位框，使方位框上的刻度线字与方向指标对准（注意磁偏角的修正），将指北针平放在地图上，准星一端朝向地图北极，使坐标梯尺长与地图磁子午线相切，转动地图使磁针N极对准方位玻璃上的刻度线，此时地图即已标定。
3.求向掩蔽目标行进的行军方向：展开指北针于地图上，使测绘尺经过的图上本人立足点与行军目标，这时方向指标即指应行进的方向。
转动方位框使方位玻璃上的（S、N)方向与地图上的（S、N）方向一致，然后记下方向指标所指方位角读数，面对方向指标拿起指北针旋转身体，使磁针N极与方位玻璃上的刻度线对准，此时通过准星照门向前对准，在此对准线上的各物体（如树林、房屋等）都可作为行军方向的辅助目标，认清辅助目标后即可对之前进。
将指北针关闭装入袋内，但勿转动方位框，到达辅助目标后即可再找一新辅助目标继续前进，直到目的地为止，沿途应经常检查方向读数。
4.已知目标的间隔，估测目标至站立点之间的距离：①通过照门和准星左右两尖端瞄准目标，根据目标的间隔所占准星左右两尖端间宽度的倍数，按10:1的比例公式估算目标的距离。
目标与站立点的距离（米）=目标间隔宽度（米）x10/目标间隔占准星两尖端宽度的倍数例：前方有一公路与我方阵地平行，求公路与阵地的距离。
沿公路有电杆，杆间距离为50米，用距离估定器测得左右两尖端有电杆5根，即每两杆间隔占左右两尖端间距离的1/4倍。
Silva Ranger系列指南针说明书
A PRECISION INSTRUMENT DESIGNED FOR PROFESSIONAL USE.INSTRUCTION MANUALRANGER COMPASS model: 515Y our Silva Ranger series compass is a precision instrument made by experienced special-ists in this field; it is the finest hand compass available for professional use. Y our Silva Ranger is finely crafted to withstand rigors associated with the outdoor professions. It is a rugged, durable piece of equipment that, with proper care, will remain dependable and accurate.W e recommend that you read this manual to understand the basic functions of the com-pass. When you read, keep in mind that no two compass applications are identical.The instructions given here are intended to provide you with a working knowledge that you will be able to apply in almost any situation.T he illustrated 360 Degree Graduations are based on standard dial graduations of 360 degrees, in 2º increments. With this graduation North is 0º and increases clockwise so East is 90º, South is 180º, West is 270º and 360º is again North. 0º and 360º are the same direction.T he Silva Ranger Model 515CLQ has Quadrant Graduations. With this graduation North is 0º and increases clockwise so East is 90º then it decreases so South is 0º then increases so West is 90º and then decreases so North is 0º. Instructions inthis manual will apply to this graduation except when it is necessary to refer to the proper “quadrant,” such as North 20º East, or North 15º West, or South 40º East or South l0º West.compass coverluminous pointsbase plateblack clinometerpointermagnetic needle withred north2X magnifierscale in mm sightmirrorsighting lineindex pointer orienting arrow with red north endmeridian linesliquid filled capsulebezel with2º graduationsscale in inchesGENERaL SuGGESTIoNSY our Silva Ranger compass may be used for finding directions with or without the aid of the sighting mirror. LEaRN BoTH Wa YS.1. When extreme accuracy required: With the sighting mirror, hold compass ateye level with cover opened to an acute angle.2. When quick accuracy required: With the sighting line as a direction pointer,hold the compass at waist level with cover wide open. In either instance, thecompass must be held level enough to permit the needle to swing freely.B e aware of nearby iron or steel objects. They may attract the magnetic needle if veryclose to compass. Even a hidden nail can deflect the needle if too close.a small bubble may form in the liquid compass, but it has no influence on accuracy. Theappearance and disappearance of this bubble is due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure. Bubbles larger than 1/4" diameter, however, should be viewed with suspicion and probably are caused by a leaking capsule.T o increase their brilliance,expose the luminous points to bright light before use.P rotect your compass from high temperatures extremes. The heat expanded liquid could damage the capsule.THE CLINoMETERT he SILVa Ranger compasses are practical instruments for measuring angles of inclina-tion. The long side of the compass coincides with the slope of the terrain. Measure an angle of inclination in the following way:1 open the lid completely.2.T urn the dial so that the cardinal point “W” on the dial is set at the index pointer.3. Hold he compass at eye level with arms out-stretched so that the clinometer needleis hanging vertically and follows the scale in the bottom of the compass housing. “S”on the compass should point down.4. Let one long side of the compass coincide with the slope of the terrain— the incli-nation you wish to measure.5. Read the angle of inclination at the point of the clinometer needle.RuLES of uSET wo separate sets of rules apply to the use of a magnetic compass. one set applies if you work “from map to terrain.” In this case you take “map bearings.” In the following,Sections a, B, C, D and E deal with “from map to terrain.”E xactly opposite rules apply if you work “from terrain to map.” In this case you use “fieldbearings,” also called “magnetic bearings” and “compass bearings,” Sections f, G and H deal with “from terrain to map.”T he word “map” is broadly interpreted to also include charts, descriptions and even a mental picture of the terrain.BaSIC CoNDITIoNS To DETERMINE fIELD DIRECTIoNS Section AT o use the compass to indicate directions in the field, two basic conditions must always be accomplished. These are:1. The dial must be set to the desired degree reading. If the degree or direction isknown, turn the dial to the correct reading at the index pointer. If the degree isunknown, then it should be obtained from a suitable map.2. Without changing the dial setting, the entire compass must be positioned so thatthe orienting arrow lines up with the magnetic needle and the red end of needle lies between the two orienting points.W hen both conditions are fulfilled, the desired direction is indicated by the sighting line or by the sight.DETERMINE DIRECTIoNS WITHouT THE SIGHTSection BT o fulfill the two conditions described in Sect. a:Set dial according to Sect. a (1) With the dial set, open the cover wide and hold it waist high in front of you. The sight and sighting line should be pointing ahead of you not back toward your body. The sighting line now acts as a pointer. T urn your-self and compass together until the orienting arrow is lined up with the magnetic needle. This accomplishes Sect. a (2) and the sighting line now will be pointing the correct direction.While still holding the compass, imagine a line extending exactly straight out from the sighting line. Y our objective lies along that imaginary line.DETERMINE DIRECTIoNS WITH a SIGHTSection CT o fulfill the two conditions described in Sect. a:Set the dial according to Sect. a (1).Hold the compass at eye level and adjust the cover to a 50º—70º opening. The mirror should reflect a top view of the compass dial.While looking in the mirror, move your sighting eye sideways until you see the sighting line intersect one of the two luminous points.Without changing the relationship between compass and eye, pivot yourself and compass together until you see, in the mirror, that the orienting arrow is lined up with themagnetic needle and the red end of needle is between the orienting points. Thisaccomplishes Sect. a (2).Y our direction or objective will now lie straight beyond the sight.NoTE: Be sure to keep the base plate level so magnetic needle can turn freely. When sight-ing uphill or downhill, lower the sighting eye in relation to the compass.NoTE: a greater than 70º cover opening will increase the parallax effect and could cause as much as a 5º reading error.oBTaIN a BEaRING fRoM a MaPSection DW e state in Sect. a, that one of the two conditions for using the Silva Ranger is to setthe dial at the desired degree reading. If this degree or bearing is not known, it can be determined from a map. Y our compass is also a protractor with a transparent bottom in the dial housing. T wo steps are required:1. Lay the compass on the map so either the inch scale or the millimeter scale isexactly on (or parallel with) the line on the map you wish to travel, and the hinged cover points in the direction of travel.2. Hold the compass in position on the map, turn the dial so the meridian lines of thecompass are exactly parallel with any meridian (North-South) line on the map, and the letter “N” on top of the dial is toward North on the map.R emove the compass from the map. These two steps set your compass for the degree reading to your destination. This reading may be read at the index pointer. Y ou fulfilled the first basic condition in Sect. a. Proceed to Sect. B or C.aBouT DECLINaTIoNSection ET he magnetic needle in a compass is attracted by the magnetism of the Earth. This is why it always points to the constantly shifting Magnetic North where the magnetic lines of force come together. There is another “North Pole.” T rue North is static and located geographically, maps and directions usually are based on T rue North.M agnetic declination is the angle between T rue North and Magnetic North. The amount of declination at any given point depends on the location of that point on the continent.Where T rue and Magnetic North are in the same direction, the declination is zero.In North america a line of zero declination runs roughly from west of Hudson Bay down along Lake Michigan to the Gulf Coast in western florida. at any point west of that line, your compass needle will point east of T rue North. This is called “Easterly Declination.” at any point east of that zero line, your compass needle will point west of T rue North. This is called “Westerly Declination.” In North america, magnetic decli-nation varies from 30º east in alaska to 30º west in Labrador. See diagram on page 9. allow for DeclinationW here accuracy is not critical, ignore magnetic declination, especially in areas where the declination is minor. Y ou may also ignore it when the compass is used without refer-ence to maps and is based on field bearings only.W hen the compass is used with a map or in connection with map bearings, adjustment should be made. There are two methods to accomplish this:1. T emporary Method. Y ou must redo every time you wish to apply it.find the amount of declination in their area and whether it is easterly or westerly. This information is on topographic maps of the area.T ake your bearing from the map as described in Sect. D. and observe the degree read-ing at the index pointer.T urn the dial to increase or decrease that reading according to the declination. Easterly, decrease the dial reading and westerly, increase the reading.for example, if your bearing from the map is l00º and the declination is 10º East,DECREaSE the reading 10º by turning the dial to 90º. If the declination is 10º West, INCREaSE the reading of l00º to read 110º.2. Permanent Method. Y our compass is equipped with an offsetting mechanism to allowfor declination. If you use the compass extensively in one locality, once set, you need not make further allowances. The adjustment simultaneously takes care of both map bearings and field bearings.The offsetting mechanism consists of two bottoms in the compass dial housing, oneof which can be offset in relation to the other by means of a declination adjustingscrew located on the underside of the base plate. The orienting lines and the declina-tion scale are engraved on one bottom. The orienting arrow and the orienting points are on the other. as you turn the adjusting screw you change the angle between the orienting lines and the orienting arrow. It is this angle that should correspond to the declination of your area. a screwdriver, provided for this purpose, is tied onto thelanyard.for example, if the declination in your area is 10º west, turn the adjusting screw sothat the orienting arrow points to 10º on the “west” side of the declination scale.If your declination is 10º east, adjust the orienting arrow to 10º on the “east” sideof the declination scale. use the black index line of the orienting arrow to make an accurate setting.NoTE: The declination offsetting mechanism is set at zero at the factory. use the zero set-ting for all compass operations which involve no allowance for declination or in which the temporary allowance is being used. If the declination scale does not read zero, set it to zero with the adjusting screw.NoTE: When the orienting arrow is not set at zero, it becomes obvious that the orienting lines and the orienting arrow serve different purposes. The orienting lines are used to line up with orienting lines on the map. The orienting arrow is used to line up with the magnetic needle when using compass in the field.TakE a BEaRINGSection Fa“bearing” is the direction or the degree reading from one object to another. one of those objects is usually You. T o “take” a bearing means to DETERMINE the direction from one object to another.1. Bearings are taken from a map as in Sect. D. The “bearing” is the degree reading indi-cated at the index pointer.2. Bearings can be taken on the terrain, by reversing the steps in Sect. B and C. Whenusing the compass without the sight, open the cover wide and hold it level, at waist high, in front of you. The sight and sighting line should be pointing straight ahead of you. The sighting line acts as a pointer. Pivot yourself and compass together untilthe sighting line points straight to the object on which you are taking the bearing.Without changing position of the compass, carefully turn the dial until the orienting arrow and the magnetic needle are lined up and with the red end of needle lyingbetween the two orienting points. The “bearing” to your object is now the degree reading indicated at the index pointer.3. Bearings can be taken by using the sight. Hold the compass at eye level and adjustcover so top of the dial is seen in mirror. face toward your object and sight object across compass sight. Look in the mirror and adjust position of compass so thatthe sighting line intersects one of the luminous points. While you simultaneouslysee your object across the sight, and the sighting line across one of the luminouspoints, turn the dial so that the orienting arrow is lined up with the needle, red end between the orienting points. The “bearing” to your object is now the degree read-ing indicated at the index pointer.aDjuST fIELD BEaRINGS foR DECLINaTIoNSection G1.The permanent adjustment for declination eliminates need for further adjustment.2. T o accomplish the temporary adjustment for field bearing declination: T ake a bearingas described in Sect. f and observe the degree reading at the index pointer. T urn the dial to increase or decrease that reading according to the declination. If declination of your area is easterly, increase your dial reading by the amount of declination. Ifwesterly, decrease the reading.for example, assume your field bearing is 100º. If the declination is 10º east, INCREaSE the reading 10º by turning the dial to read 110º. If the declination is 10º west,DECREaSE the reading of 100º to read 90º.NoTE: The instructions for a “temporary” adjustment for declination of a field bearing are exactly opposite from the temporary adjustment of a map bearing.NoTE:The declination scale should be set at zero for all compass operations which involve noA “Short-Cut” Method to Deal with Declination:W hen the compass is used with a map, no adjustment is necessary if the orienting lines on the map are drawn according to Magnetic North instead of T rue North. Mosttopographic maps are drawn according to T rue North and the orienting lines are also according to T rue North.D raw your own orienting line according to Magnetic North:on all topographic maps, there is a declination diagram near the bottom. The star line designates T rue North and is parallel with the orienting lines. However, the single barb arrow designates Magnetic North. Draw your own Magnetic North orienting lines by drawing 1" or 2" lines across the map that are parallel to the Magnetic North arrow.use these lines instead of the T rue North lines when setting your compass and you will not need to adjust for declination.PLoT LoCaTIoNS oN a MaPSection IT riangulation method:find two specific sites (a) and (b) on the map which you recognize, by sight, on the terrain. These are the chosen points from which to take cross bearings.adjust your compass for the declination of your area by the permanent method.T ake a bearing to the first site (a)— without disturbing the dial setting.Place the compass on the map so that either side of the base plate intersects thesymbol for the chosen site (a). keep the edge of compass base plate on the symboland turn entire compass on the map until the compass orienting lines in the bottom of the dial are parallel with the orienting lines on the map, and so that the orienting arrow points upward on the map (North).NoTE: orienting arrow may be slightly off of North because of declination adjustment.Draw a line on the map along the edge of the compass, intersecting the symbol. Y ou are somewhere along this line. T o establish your position along this line, you needanother bearing.T ake a bearing to the second site (b) and mark a line as you did with site (a). This line will intersect the first line. Where the lines cross is your exact position.BE EXPERT WITH MaP aND CoMPaSS, Second EditionBjörn kjellströmT his new and enlarged edition includes everything you need to know about the skill of orienteering; how to use a map and compass, alone or together. The text includes a series of games and exercises which encourage self-training. Each copy of the book also contains a sample training map to help you put newfound knowledge into practice.Required reading for the beginner in map and compass work.Johnson Outdoors Inc. © 2007 p/n 5793150C 2-07Johnson Outdoors Inc.625 Conklin Road Binghamton, NY 13903 Johnson Outdoors Inc. Canada 4180 Harvester Road Burlington, ontario Canada L7L 6B6 1.905.634.0023 fax 1.800.661.1170。
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1 2 3 4
silva 1-2-3系统最早是瑞典Silva公司产品的独特功能之一，这种方法简单易用，所以现在很多其它品牌指北针也采用了此方法。
（国产的军用的97 80 和部分版本62 也可以使用此方法）
特点
这种方法简化了地图定向和测方位角的步骤，使定向更加简洁快速。
但定向精度相比传统的定向方法还是有差距的。
适合近距离参照物和对时间要求的定向活动。
比如定向越野运动。
使用方法
第一步，图示（1）在地图上找出当前位置和目的地，用指北针的一侧将两者连接，注意指北针的前进方向箭头必须朝向目的地。
第二步，图示（2）旋转表盘，直至表盘底部的N标记线和地图的坐标经线平行。
第三步，手持指北针，图示（3），转动身体，直到磁针的指北端与表盘的N标记重合，这时底板上的前进箭头正指目的地
第四步，如果你的指北针是带有镜子的，手持指北针如图示（4），这样你就可以修正方向。
你可以看到在镜子内的指北针和正确的目的地指向。
说明：并非在一切地形上都需要用到Silva1-2-3系统，最重要、
最经常的方法是善于利用各种地形地物时时明确自己的所在位置。
这
一点对初学者来说更是如此——即不应该要求新手一开始就使用这一
方法去寻找目标。