第三套试题
中国传统文化的概论第三套习题
第三套习题试题一、填空类1.文化是人类＿＿＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿＿＿的总和。
2.一种将民族成员、民族历史结合起来，不使分散和中断的能力，叫做传统的＿＿＿＿。
3.＿＿＿＿＿＿是人类有意识地利用自然创造出来的景观。
4.中国拥有辽阔国土的原因主要有＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，等等。
5.华夏文化圈是以＿＿＿＿＿＿为精神支柱，以＿＿＿为图腾；鸟夷文化圈则是以＿＿＿＿＿＿为精神支柱，以＿＿＿为图腾。
6.中国文化的开放性，在汉以前主要表现在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿上，汉以后，则表现在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿上。
7.＿＿＿＿＿＿是宗族对中国古代政治的影响。
8.古近代世界的政体主要有三种形式, 即＿＿＿＿政体、＿＿＿＿政体和＿＿＿＿政体。
9.中国古代政治体制从秦代开始，进入＿＿＿＿＿＿时期。
10.中国第一部哲学著作是＿＿＿＿。
11.无论是中国还是古希腊，在哲学的兴起期，已经开始接触到自然、人、和思维的形式问题，初步形成＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿三大哲学领域。
12.中国著名的人性论有孟子的________，荀子的＿＿＿＿和董仲舒的＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
13.社会论是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
（哲）14.依照中国传统观念，相对的双方中，有一方起＿＿＿＿作用，其与另一方只是＿＿＿＿关系，而不是起＿＿＿＿对方的作用。
15.春秋战国诸子百家中，儒家和＿＿＿＿在当时最著名，被时人称为“＿＿＿＿”16.中国古代较为全面概括系统思想的观念是“＿＿＿＿”17.人为宗教有“三宝”，即＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿＿＿。
18. ＿＿＿＿＿＿是指专门展开史学批评和史学理论研究的一种史书体裁。
19学案体史籍是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
20. 中国传统艺术中的“意”表现为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
21. ＿＿＿＿＿＿指的是表现为整体（系统）模式的文化特征。
2022年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案(第3套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence “ With the application of information technology in education, college students can now learn in more diverse and e f icient ways.” You can make statements, give reasons, or cite examples to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 wordsPart Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)特殊说明：由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第二套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word f or each blank f rom a list of choices given in a word bank f ollowing the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.American colleges and universities are using 64 percent less coal than they did a decade ago, burning 700,000 tons last year, down from 2 million tons in 2008, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said in a report 26 yesterday.All 57 schools that were burning coal in 2008 are using less now, and 20 have 27 coal completely, EIA found.Most universities have turned to natural gas as a 28 , with state funding backing the fuel switch.While academic institutions use less than 0. 1 percent of U.S. coal burned for power, campus coal use has a history dating back to the 1800s when 29 to power was scarce.Many universities still operate their own power plants. The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 encouraged more electricity generation by allowing institutions to sell 30 power to utilities.But EIA noted many coal-fired universities have signed onto the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment, which was launched in 2007.About 665 schools are part of the program, which aims to 31 greenhouse gas emissions. Thirty percent of the participants have pledged to be carbon 32 within 20years.The Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign, which also leads campaigns for universities to withdraw their 33 in coal and other fossil fuels, lists 22 schools that have pledged to move “beyond coal,” includi ngClemson University, Indiana University, Ohio University, Penn State University, the University of Louisville and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.The largest coal use 34 at colleges were in Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee and Indiana. Indiana’s universities alone cut coal 35 by 81 percent between 2008 and 2015.During the same period, Michigan made an 80 percent cut and Tennessee cut back by 94 percent at state institutions.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Classical music aims to evolve, build audiences without alienating old guardA) In 1913, classical music sparked a riot in Paris. Igor Stravinsky was introducing hisrevolutionary “Rite of Spring” ballet to the world, with its discordant melodies and unorthodox choreography (编舞), and the purists in the crowd expressed their disapproval loud and clear. It might have been classical music’s version of the time Bob Dylan went electric at the Newport Folk Festival. “The noise, fighting, and shouting in the audience got so loud,” NPR’s music reporter Miles Hoffff man said of the Stravinsky debut, “that the choreographer had to shout out the numbers to the dancers so that they knew what they were supposed to do.”B) It’s difficult to imagine a similar disturbance occurring today within America’s sacredsymphony halls. In fact, it’s hard to picture any kind of disruptive activity at all (unless someone’s cell phone happens to go off and then you’d better watch your back). A mannerly aura (氛围) hangs over most classical proceedings, and many of the genre’s biggest supporters would have it no other way.C) Today, Western audiences for classical music and opera and ballet are almost always welldressed, older, respectful, achingly silent and often very wealthy (one has to be able to afford most tickets). But as many of America’s most storied “highbrow” ( 高雅的)institutions struggle financially—the Philadelphia Orchestra’s much-publicized rebound from bankruptcy is just one recent example—classical music fans and theorists are wondering how the medium can weave itself into the 21st century’s cultural fabric without sacrificing its integrity.D) For example, should we feel OK “clapping” during classical music events, even if nobodyelse is? Why shouldn’t we cheer for something great, like we do at a rock concert? The Hu f ington Post recently ran a Great Debate on this issue and many commenters came out on the side of silence. “There is no more rewarding experience in life than being part of an audience where everybody is leaning forward in silence, thoroughly carried away by a great performance of a masterpiece,”one commenter wrote. “Why is it so difficult for folks to develop an appreciation and understanding for the mannerisms and traditions of classical music?” asked another.E) The truth is that classical music audiences weren’t always so polite. Robert Greenberg, anaward-winning composer, said that when Beethoven first performed his 7th Symphony, audiences forced the orchestra to perform encores ( 重演) of certain movements immediately, applauding wildly. And in the last few decades, he said, many audiences at opera performances have abandoned pretenses, yelling “Bravo” when they feel lik e it.F) “I don’t think there’s anything wrong with an audience showing their enthusiasm for aproper moment by applauding, showing their joy,” Greenberg said, noting that the stuffiness in concert halls is “one aspect of contemporary concert etiquette”he doesn’t understand. “Instead of waiting half an hour to show enthusiasm, why not show it every eight or nine minutes?”G) Until the rules about behavior and clothing change, it’s hard to imagine multitudes ofyoung people filling concert halls on their own accord. They’re probably more likely to head to Central Park to watch a free performance with a bottle of wine and their friends.“I think anyone should be able to come into a performance dressed any way they like, and be comfortable any way they like, sitting in that seat ready to enjoy themselves,”Greenberg said. “Because it’s enjoyable.”H) Greenberg stressed that he doesn’t want people to start respecting the music less, and he’snot suggesting that we “dumb down” the experience. Rather, it’s about opening up “access.” When operas first instituted subtitles (字幕) during shows, he said, many purists didn’t like the idea, believing that the audience should instead study the works before attending. But now it’s commonplace to find titles on the seatback in front of you—choose a language, sit back, and understand what’s going on.I) Allison Vulgamore, president of the Philadelphia Orchestra, is certainly looking to thefuture. She says certain “classics concerts” dedicated to the old masters will always exist, but not every program has to feature Beethoven and Brahms—or even a stage and seats.“We’re trying to introduce different kinds of concerts in different ways,”she said. “We are an interactive society now, where people like to learn.”J) As the Philadelphia Orchestra rebounds from its financial straits, it is also aiming to experiment, without alienating the loyalists. Vulgamore pointed to Cirque de la Symphonie, a recent offering in which jugglers (玩杂耍的人) and acrobats (杂技演员) interacted with musicians. An upcoming collaboration with New York City’s RidgeTheatre, meanwhile, will feature a “suspended dance installation”and other theatrical elements occurring in conjunction with an orchestral piece.K) The orchestra also continues to offer $25 annual memberships to Philadelphia students, who can buy rush tickets to every concert on the schedule. “Students line up for the concerts they want, and we get roughly 300 or 350 kids a night coming to these. They take any of the open seats available, 5 minutes before the concert starts,” Vulgamore said. “It’s like the running of the bulls, that energy when the doors open.”L) Greenberg thinks that youthful energy needs to be harvested. Conductors don’t have to be arrogant and untouchable—they can be accessible. Perhaps there could even be a “bit of humor”about them, he suggested, and an abandoning of pretension within the high-art institutions themselves. “On one hand, these organizations are all saying the same thing: we want more general audiences, to break down cultural barriers,” he said. “But then they come up with some very snooty (目中无人的) thing that makes you crazy.”M) John Terauds, a critic who has covered Toronto’s classical music scene extensively, also wants to do away with the stuffiness. He suggested that the warmer an audience is, the better the musicians themselves will respond. “But the producer or organizer has to let everyone know it’s OK,” he said. “It’s OK to enjoy y ourself.” At the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, for example, conductor Peter Oundjian often stops between pieces, taking a moment to talk about the composer or the music in a very amiable way. And some nights, Terauds said, “at least a third”of the audience consists of students who have purchased cheaper tickets. On these nights, the energy of the room drastically shifts. It becomes a less intimidating place.N) Back in February, Terauds wrote on his blog about how going to classical performances can be intimidating. Certain people “think they have to dress up,” he wrote. “They think they have to know something about the music before they go. And, I’m sure, sitting in a seat, trembling in fear that this might be the wrong time to applaud, is also one of the factors.”O) Everyone in the classical world agrees on the need for increased “accessibility,”but achieving it is often easier said than done. Nowadays, there are unknown, unorthodox opera singers wowing (博得……的喝彩) viewers on TV programs like “America’s Got Talent”and “The Voice”. What can higher institutions do with any of that? And if they appeal to these outlets, do they risk compromising the integrity or the intelligence of the music?P) Vulgamore seems to understand this. She thinks an organization can have it both ways, claiming the new while keeping the old. And as she reorganizes the Philadelphia Orchestra, she will attempt to do just that. “The world’s most respected musicians brought together as an orchestra will always exist,” she said. “Bu t it’s essential that we be willing to experiment and fail.”36. It was not a rare occurrence that audiences behaved wildly while listening to classical music.37. Some high-art institutions don’t actually mean it when they say they want more general audiences.38. The theatre was in chaos when an unconventional ballet was first put on stage in the capital of France.39. According to one critic, the audience’s warm response would encourage the musicians to do a better job.40. Many commenters argued for the audience enjoying classical music quietly.41. What appears on the seatback screen makes it unnecessary for the audience to study the works beforehand.42. It is generally accepted that there should be no disturbance from the audience during classical music performance.43. Higher institutions will be concerned about compromising the integrity of classical music if they have to resort to the television medium.44. Heavily discounted rush tickets help attract many young students to attend classical concerts.45. The formalities of high-art theatres can intimidate some people attending a performance.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.How can one person enjoy good health, while another person looks old before her time? Humans have been asking this question for thousands of years, and recently, it’s becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the differences between people’s rates of aging lie in the complex interactions among genes, social relationships, environments and lifestyles. Even though you were born with a particular set of genes, the way you live can influence how they express themselves. Some lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or shut them off.Deep within the genetic heart of all our cells are telomeres, or repeating segments of noncoding DNA that live at the ends of the chromosomes ( 染色体). They form caps at the ends of the chromosomes and keep the genetic material together. Shortening with each cell division, they help determine how fast a cell ages. When they become too short, the cell stops dividing altogether. This isn’t the only reason a cell can age—there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet understand very well—but short telomeres are one of the major reasons human cells grow old. We’ve devoted most of our careers to studying telomeres, and one extraordinary discovery from our labs is that telomeres can actually lengthen.Scientists have learned that several thought patterns appear to be unhealthy for telomeres, and one of them is cynical hostility. Cynical hostility is defined by high anger and frequent thoughts that other people cannot be trusted. Someone with hostility doesn’t just think, “I hate to stand in long lines” ; they think, “Others deliberately sped up and beat me to my rightful position in the line!”—and then get violently agitated. People who score high on measures of cynical hostility tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often die at younger ages. They also have shorter telomeres. In a study of British civil servants, men who scoredhigh on measures of cynical hostility had shorter telomeres than men whose hostility scores were low. The most hostile men were 30% more likely to have short telomeres.What this means: aging is a dynamic process that could possibly be accelerated or slowed—and, in some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has surprised us and the rest of the scientific community that telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic code. Your telomeres are listening to you. The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres and can prevent premature aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell renewal.46. What have scientists come to know better today?A) Why people age at different rates.B) How genes influence the aging process.C) How various genes express themselves in aging.D) Why people have long been concerned about aging.47. Why are some lifestyle factors considered extremely important?A) They may shorten the process of cell division.B) They may determine how genes function.C) They may affect the lifespan of telomeres.D) They may account for the stresses on cells.48. What have the author and his colleagues discovered about telomeres?A) Their number affects the growth of cells.B) Their length determines the quality of life.C) Their shortening process can be reversed.D) Their health impacts the division of cells.49. What have scientists learned about cynical hostility?A) It may lead to confrontational thought patterns.B) It may produce an adverse effect on telomeres.C) It may cause people to lose their temper frequently.D) It may stir up agitation among those in long lines.50. What do we learn from the last paragraph about the process of aging?A) It may vary from individual to individual.B) It challenges scientists to explore further.C) It depends on one’s genetic code.D) It may be controlled to a degree.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Scientists have created by accident an enzyme ( 酶) that breaks down plastic drinks bottles. The breakthrough could help solve the global plastic pollution crisis by enabling for the first time the full recycling of bottles.。
第3套试题听力原文
第3套试题听力原文第三套试题听力原文Part II Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.l. M: My back has been aching ever since I started playing tennis on the weekends.W: Haven’t you had that checked out yet?Q: What does the woman imply?A) Tennis players often injure their backs.B) She hadn’t heard about the man’s problem.C) The man should have seen the doctor.D) She’ll check the man’s schedule as soon as possible.[答案] C).听前预测根据选项关键词injure, doctor等推测问题与受伤及看医生有关。
2024年6月第3套英语六级真题
大学英语六级考试2024年6月真题(第三套)Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence“Nowadays cultivating independent learning ability is be coming increasingly crucial for personal development.”You can make comments,cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.You should copy the sentence given in quotes at thebeginning of your essay.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)特别说明：由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第一套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use anyof the words in the bank more than onceA rainbow is a multi-colored,arc-shaped phenomenon that can appear in the sky.The colors of a rainbow are produced by the reflection and 26 _of light through water droplets( 小滴)present in the atmosphere.An observer may 27 _a rainbow to be located either near or far away,but this phenomenon is not actually located at any specific spot.Instead,the appearance of a rainbow depends entirely upon the position of the observer in 28 to the direction of light.In essence,a rainbow is an 29 illusion.Rainbows present a 30 made up of seven colors in a specific order.In fact,school children in many English-speaking countries are taught to remember the name“Roy G.Biv”as an aid for remembering the colors of a rainbow and their order.“Roy G.Biv” 31 f or:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,and violet.The outer edge of the rainbow arc is red,while the inner edge is violet.A rainbow is formed when light (generally sunlight)passes through water droplets 32 in the atmosphere. The light waves change direction as they pass through the water droplets,resulting in two processes:reflction and refraction ( 折射 ) .When light reflects off a water droplet,it simply 33_back in the opposite direction from where it 34 .When light refracts,it takes a different direction.Some individuals refer to refracted light as “bent light waves.”A rainbow is formed because white light enters the water droplet,where it bends in several different directions.When these bent light waves reach the other side of thewater droplet,they reflect back out of thedroplet instead of 35 passing through the water.Since the white light is separated inside of the water,the refracted light appears as separate colors to the human eye.Section BDirections: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs.Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letteronAnswer Sheet 2.Blame your worthless workdays on meeting recovery syndromeA)Phyllis Hartman knows what it's like to make one's way through the depths of office meeting hell.Managersat one of her former human resources jobs arranged so many meetings that attendees would fall asleep at the table or intentionally arrive late.With hours of her day blocked up with unnecessary meetings,she was often forced to make up herwork during overtime.“I was actually working more hoursthan I probably would have needed to get the work done,”says Hartman,who is founder and president of PGHR Consulting in Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaB)She isn't alone in her frustration.Between 11 million and 55 million meetings are held each day in the UnitedStates,costing most organisations between 7%and 15%of their personnel budgets.Every week,employees spend about six hours in meetings,while the average manager meets for a staggering 23 hours.C)And though experts agree that traditional meetings are essential for making certain decisions and developingstrategy,some employees view them as one of the most unnecessary parts of the workday.The result is not only hundreds of billions of wasted dollars,but an annoyance of what organisational psychologists call “meeting recovery syndrome (MRS)”:time spent cooling off and regaining focus after a useless meeting.If you run to the office kitchen to get some relief with colleagues after a frustrating meeting,you're likely experiencing meeting recovery syndrome.D)Meeting recovery syndrome is a concept that should be familiar to almost anyone who has held a formaljob.It isn't ground-breaking to say workers feel fatigued after a meeting,but only in recent decades have scientists deemed the condition worthy of further investigation.With its links to organisational efficiency and employee wellbeing,MRS has atracted the attention of psychologists aware of the need to understand its precise causes and curesE)Today,in so far as researchers can hypothesise,MRS is most easily understood as a slow renewal of finitemental and physical resources.When an employee sits through an ineffective meeting their brain power is essentially being drained away.Meetings drain vitality if they last too long,fail to engage employees or turn into one-sided lectures.The conservation of resources theory,originally proposed in 1989 by Dr Stevan Hobfoll,states that psychological stress occurs when a person's resources are threatened or lost.When resources are low,a person will shift into defence to conserve their remaining supply.In the case of office meetings,where some of employees'most valuable resources are their focus,alertness and motivation,this can mean an abrupt halt in productivity as they take time to recover.F)As humans,when we transition from one task to another on the job—say from sitting in a meeting todoing normal work—it takes an effortful cognitive switch.We must detach ourselves from the previous task and expend significant mental energy to move on.If we are already drained to dangerous levels, then making the mental switch to the next thing is extra tough.It's common to see people cyber-loafing after a frustrating meeting,going and getting coffee,interrupting a colleague and telling them about the meeting,and so on.G)Each person's ability to recover from horrible meetings is different.Some can bounce back quickly,whileothers carry their fatigue until the end of the workday.Yet while no formal MRS studies are currently underway,one can loosely speculate on the length of an average employee's lag time.Switching tasks in a non-MRS condition takes about 10 to 15 minutes.With MRS,it may take as long as 45 minutes on average It's even worse when a worker has several meetings that are separated by 30 minutes.“Not enough time to transition in a non-MRS situation to get anything done,and in an MRS situation,not quite enough time torecover for the next meeting,”says researcher Joseph Allen.“Then,add the compounding of back-to-back bad meetings and we may have an epidemic on our hands.”H)In an effort to combat the side effects of MRS,Allen,along with researcher Joseph Mroz and colleagues at theUniversity of Nebraska-Omaha,published a study detailing the best ways to avoid common traps,including a concise checklist of do's and don'ts applicable to any workplace.Drawing from around 200 papers to compile their comprehensive list,Mroz and his team may now hold a remedy to the largely undefined problem of MRS.I)Mroz says a good place to startis asking ourselves ifour meetings are even necessary in the first place.If allthat's on the agenda is a quick catch-up,or some non-urgent information sharing,it may better suit the group to send around an email instead.“The second thing I would always recommend is keep the meeting as small as possible,”says Mroz.“If they don't actually have some kind ofimmediate input,then they can follow up later.They don't need to be sitting in this hour-long meeting.”Less time in meetingswould ultimately lead to more employee engagement in the meetings theydo attend,which experts agree is a proven remedy for MRS.J)Employees also feel taxed when they are invited together to meetings that don't inspire participation,says Cliff Scott,professor of organisational science.It takes precious time for them to vent their emotions, complain and try to regain focus after a pointless meeting—one of the main traps of MRS.Over time as employees find themselves tied up in more and moreunnecessary meetings—and thus dealing with increasing lag times from MRS—the waste of workday hours can feel insulting.K)Despite the relative scarcity of research behind the subject,Hartman has taught herself many of the same tricks suggested in Mroz's study,and has come a long way since her days ofbeing stuck with unnecessary meetings.The people she invites to meetings today include not just the essential employees,but also representatives from every department that might have a stake in the issue at hand.Managers like her,who seek input even from non-experts to shape their decisions,can find greater support and cooperation from their workforce,she says.L)If an organisation were to apply all 22 suggestions from Mroz and Allen's findings,the most noticeable difference would be a stark decrease in the total number of meetings on the schedule,Mroz says.Less time in meetings would ultimately lead to increased productivity,which is the ultimate objective of convening a meeting.While none of the counter-MRS ideas have been tested empirically yet,Allen says one trick with promise is for employees to identify things that quickly change their mood from negative to positive.As simple as it sounds,finding a personal happy place,going there and then coming straight back to work might be key to facilitating recovery.M)Leaders should see also themselves as “stewards of everyone else's valuable time”,adds Steven Rogelberg, author of The Surprising Science of M eetings.Having the skills to foresee potential trapsand treat employees' endurance with care allows leaders to provide effective short-term deterrents to MRS.N)Most important,however,is for organisations to awaken to the concept of meetings being flexible,says Allen.By reshaping the way they prioritise employees'time,companies can eliminate the very sources of MRS in their tracks36.Although employees are said to be fatigued by meetings,the condition has not been considered worthy offurther research until recently.37.Mroz and his team compiled a list of what to do and what not to do to remedy the problem of MRSpanies can get rid of the root cause ofMRS if they give priority to workers'time.39.If workers are exhausted to a dangerous degree,it is extremely hard for them totransition to the next task.40.Employees in America spend a lot of time attending meetings while the number of hours managers meet isseveral times more.41.Phyllis Hartman has learned by herselfmany of the ways Mroz suggested in his study and made remarkablesuccess in freeing herself from unnecessary meetings.42.When meetings continue too long or don't engage employees,they deplete vitality.43.When the time of meetings is reduced,employees will be more engaged in the meetings they do participate in.44.Some employees considermeetings one of the most dispensable parts of the workday.45.According to Mroz,if all his suggestions were applied,a very obvious change would be a steep decrease inthe number of meetings scheduled.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the followingpassageSarcasm andjazzhave something surprisingly in common:You know them when you hear them.Sarcasm is mostly understood through tone of voice,which is used to portray the opposite of the literal words.For example, when someone says,“Well,tha t's exactly what I need right now,”their tone can tell you it's not what they need at all.Most frequently,sarcasm highlights an irritation or is,quite simply,meanIf you want to be happier and improve your relationships,cut out sarcasm.Why?Because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor.Despite smiling outwardly,many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude,or contemptible.Indeed,it's not surprising that the origin of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word“sarkazein”which literally means “to tear or strip the flesh off.”Hence,it's no wonder that sarcasm is often preceded by the word“cutting”and that it hurts.What's more,since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings,when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity.After all,when you come right down to it,sarcasm can be used as a subtle form of bullying—and most bullies are angry,insecure,or cowardly.Alternatively,when a person stops voicing negative comments,especially sarcastic ones,they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident.Also,other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm.Now,I'm not saying all sarcasm is bad.Itmay just be betterused sparingly—like a potent spice in cooking. Too much of the spice,and the dish will be overwhelmed by it.Similarly,an occasional dash of sarcastic wit can spice up a chat and add an element ofhumor to it.But a big or steady serving of sarcasm will overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation and can taste very bitter to its recipient.So,tone down the sarcasm and work on clever wit instead,which is usually without any hostility and thus more appreciated by those you're communicating with.In essence,sarcasm is easy while true,harmless wit takes talent.Thus,the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that,as already stated,sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor.It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting.Witty statements are usually in response to someone's unhelpful remarks or behaviors,and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its absurdities.Sarcastic statements are expressed in a cutting manner;witty remarks are delivered with undisguised and harmless humor.46.Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common?A)Both are recognized when heard. C)Both mean the opposite of what they appear to.B)Both have exactly the same tone. D)Both have hidden in them an evident irritation47.How do many p eople feel when they hear sarcastic comments?A)They feel hostile towards the sarcastic person. C)They feel a strong urge to retaliate.B)They feel belittled and disrespected. D)They feel incapable of disguising their irritation.48.What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically?A)They feel their dignity greatly heightened.B)They feel increasingly insecure and hostile.C)They endure hostility under the disguise of humorD)They taste bitterness even in pleasant interactions49.What does the author say about people quitting sarcastic comments?A)It makes others happier and more self-confidentB)It restrains them from being irritating and bullying.C)It benefits not only themselves but also those around them.D)It shields them from negative comments and outright hostility.50.What is the chief difference between a speaker's wit and sarcasm?A)Their clarity. C)Their emphasis.B)Their appreciation D)Their intention.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Variability is crucially important for learning new skills.Consider learning how to serve in tennis.Should you always practise serving from the exactly same location on the court,aiming at the same spot?Although practising in more variable conditions will be slower at first,it will likely make you a better tennis player in the end.This is because variability leads to better generalisation of what is learned.This principle is found in many domains,including speech perception and learning categories.For instance, infants will struggle to learn the category“dog”if they are only exposed to Chihuahuas,instead of many different kinds of dogs“There are over ten different names for this basic principle,”says Limor Raviv,the senior investigator of a recent study.“Learning from less variable input is often fast,but may fail to generalise to new stimuli.”To identify key patterns and understand the underlying principles of variability effects,Raviv and her colleagues reviewed over 150 studies on variability and generalisation across fields,including computer science, linguistics,categorisation,visual perception and formal education.The researchers discovered that,across studies,the term variability can refer to at least four different kinds of variability,such as set size and scheduling.“The se four kinds of variability have never been directly compared—which means that we currently don't know which is most effective forlearning,”says Raviv.The impact of variability depends on whether it is relevant to the task or not.But according to the ‘Mr. Miyagiprinciple',practising seemingly unrelated skills may actuallybenefit learningof other skills.But why does variability impact learning and generalisation?One theory is that more variable input can highlight which aspects of atask are relevant and which are not.Another theory is that greater variability leads to broader generalisations.This is because variability will represent therealworld better,including atypical(非典型的)examplesA third reason has to do with the way memory works:when training is variable,learners are forced to actively reconstruct their memories“Understanding the impact of variability is important for literally every aspect ofour daily life.Beyond affecting the way we learn language,motor skills,and categories,it even has an impact on our social lives,”explains Raviv.“For example,face recognition is affected by whether people grew up in a small community or in a larger community.Exposure to fewer faces during childhood is associated with diminished face memory.”“We hope this work will spark people's curiosity and generate more work on the topi c,”concludes Raviv. “Our paper raises a lot of open questions.Can we find similar effects ofvariability beyond the brain,for instance, in the immune system?”51.What does the passage say about infants learning the category “dog”if they are exposed to Chihuahuas only?A)They will encounter some degree of difficulty.B)They will try to categorise other objects firstC)They will prefer Chihuahuas to other dog species.D)They will imagine Chihuahuas in various conditions52.What does Raviv say about the four different kinds ofvariability?A)Which of them is most relevant to the task at hand is to be confirmed.B)Why they have an impact on learning is far from being understood.C)Why they have neverbeen directly compared remains a mysteryD)Which of them is most conducive to learning is yet to be identified.53.How does one of the theories explain the importance of variability for learning new skills?A)Learners regard variable training as typical of what happens in the real world.B)Learners receiving variable training are compelled to reorganise their memories.C)Learners pay attention to the relevant aspects of a task and ignore those irrelevant.D)Learners focus on related skills instead of wasting time and effort on unrelated ones.54.What does the passage say about face recognition?A)People growing up in a small community may find it easy to remember familiar faces.B)Face recognition has a significant impact on literally every aspect of our social lives.C)People growing up in a large community can readily recognise any individual faces.D)The size of the community people grow up in impacts their face recognition ability.55.What does Raviv hope to do with their research work?A)Highlight which aspects of a task are relevant and which are not to learning a skill.B)Use the principle of variability in teaching seemingly unrelated skills in education.C)Arouse people's interest in variability and stimulate more research on the topic.D)Apply the principle of variability to such fields of study as the immune system.Part IV Translation(30 minutes) Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write youransweron AnswerSheet 2.扇子自古以来就深受中国人喜爱，但现在已不只是消暑纳凉的工具，而更多地作为艺术品供人欣赏。
2024河北省医师定期考核第三套临床试题
精品课程第3套1、磺酰脲类降糖作用主要机制是A、抑制膜高血糖素分泌B、提高靶细胞对胰岛素的敏感性C、增加靶细胞膜上胰岛素受体数目D、阻滞ATP敏感钾通道，触发胰岛素释放E、降低食物吸收和糖原异生正确答案：D答案解析：磺酰脲类的降血糖作用机理可分胰内胰外两部分：1．对胰岛β细胞的作用：已知SU 在发挥对胰岛β细胞的作用时，必须先与β细胞表面的SU受体相结合，然后与β细胞表面的ATP敏感钾通道藕联，使此通道关闭，细胞膜去极化，从而释放胰岛素。
2．胰外作用：SU可以促进肝糖原合成，减少肝糖的产生，并能减缓肝脏葡萄糖向血液中的释放速率。
同时，SU 可使周围组织对葡萄糖的摄取、利用增加，并可增加细胞膜上胰岛素受体的数量，从而使机体的胰岛素敏感性增加。
故本题选D。
2、结核菌素试验阳性反应的原理是A、局部炎症反应B、抗原抗体复合物反应C、速发型（型）变态反应D、迟发型变态反应E、细胞溶解反应（II型）正确答案：D答案解析：结核菌素试验属于IV型超敏反应，即迟发型变态反应。
3、引起｜型呼吸衰竭常见的疾病是A、慢性支气管炎B、阻塞性肺气肿C、气管异物D、膈肌麻痹E、ARDS正确答案：E答案解析：型呼吸衰竭：缺氧不伴二氧化碳潴留，甚至可因低氧血症代偿性通气增加，二氧化碳排出过多而导致PaCO2降低。
I型呼表常由于肺换气功能障碍所致，见于肺炎、重度肺结核、肺气肿、弥漫性肺间质纤维化、肺水肿、急性呼吸窘综合征（ARDS）等。
4、治疗急性白血病的药物中，易引起凝血因子减少的是A、阿糖胞苷B、长春新碱C、柔红霉素D、左旋门冬酰胺酶E、足叶乙甙正确答案：D答案解析：L-AsP（左旋门冬酰胺酶）主要影响蛋白质的合成而引起蛋白质成分的凝血因子减少，从而引起凝血功能障碍，且对纤维蛋白原的合成影响更为显著。
5、下述“家族性结肠息肉病”的临床特点，哪项正确A、罕有恶变B、青年发病C、好发于直肠D、常染色体隐性遗传E、常因腹部绞痛就诊正确答案：B答案解析：家族性结肠息肉病在肠道尤其是大肠广泛出现十到数百个大小不一的息肉，严重者可从口腔一直到直肠肛管均可发生息肉，且常伴其他特殊临床征状。
反假币考试试题第三套(人民币)
练习题一、单选题第1题: 观察第五套人民币1999年版100元纸币上的隐形面额数字防伪特征，正确的方法是（）。
A.将票面置于紫外灯下B.将票面置于与眼睛接近平行的位置，面对光源作平行旋转45度或90度角C.将票面面对光源作平行旋转45度或90度角D.将票面面对光源作顺时针旋转45度或90度角正确答案:B第2题: 1999年版人民币100元纸币安全线上缩微文字是（）。
A.￥100B.100C.RMB100D.人民币100正确答案:C第3题: 1999年版人民币（）纸币为横竖双号码，横号码为黑色，竖号码为红色。
A.20元B.5元C.100元D.50元正确答案:D第4题: 1999年版人民币10元纸币共有（）种公众防伪特征。
A.8B.9C.10D.11正确答案:C第5题: 2005年版人民币5元纸币共有（）种专业防伪特征。
A.6B.7C.8D.9正确答案:C第6题: 1999年版人民币5元纸币共有（）种公众防伪特征。
A.9B.10C.12D.13正确答案:A第7题: 第五套人民币1元纸币的背面主景图案是（）。
A.B.C.正确答案:B第8题: 人民币1999年版、2005年版5元纸币背面有色荧光油墨印刷图案在紫外光下显现（）色。
A. 黄B. 绿C. 红D. 蓝正确答案:B第9题: 第五套人民币1999年版1元纸币的固定花卉水印是（）水印。
A.兰花B.荷花C.水仙花D.牡丹正确答案:A第10题: 1999年10月1日，中国人民银行发行了（）人民币。
A.第二套B.第三套C.第四套D.第五套正确答案:D第11题: 目前市场上伪造的人民币主要是（）假人民币。
A.机制B.手工制作C.计算机制作D.彩色复印正确答案:A第12题: 未经（）批准，任何单位和个人不得研制、仿制、引进、销售、购买和使用印制人民币所特有的防伪材料、防伪技术、防伪工艺和专用设备。
A.国家专利局B.中国人民银行C.中国印钞造币总公司D.国务院正确答案:B第13题: 金融机构在办理业务时发现假币，由该金融机构（）业务人员当面予以收缴。
健美操第三套期末考试试题
健美操第三套期末考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 健美操中，以下哪个动作不属于基本步伐？A. 跳跃B. 踢腿C. 旋转D. 滑步2. 健美操中，下列哪个动作不属于基本上肢动作？A. 摆动B. 摆动臂C. 屈伸臂D. 滚动臂3. 以下哪个不是健美操的基本素质要求？A. 柔韧性B. 力量C. 耐力D. 体重4. 健美操的起源可以追溯到哪个国家？A. 美国B. 德国C. 中国D. 法国5. 以下哪个不是健美操比赛的评分标准？A. 技巧B. 音乐C. 服装D. 年龄二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. 健美操的三大基本要素包括______、______和______。
7. 健美操比赛中，通常使用的评分方法是______。
8. 进行健美操训练时，为了预防运动损伤，需要进行充分的______。
9. 健美操中，常见的地面动作包括______、______等。
10. 健美操的编排通常需要考虑音乐的______和______。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述健美操的特点及其在健身中的作用。
12. 描述一次完整的健美操训练流程，包括热身、训练和放松。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）13. 论述如何通过健美操提高身体的协调性和灵活性。
14. 论述健美操在促进身心健康方面的重要性。
五、案例分析题（10分）15. 根据所学知识，分析以下案例：某学生在进行健美操训练时不慎扭伤脚踝，请提出预防和处理措施。
六、实践题（10分）16. 设计一套适合初级水平学生的健美操动作组合，并说明每个动作的要点及作用。
请考生在规定时间内完成以上试题，注意审题，答题时保持条理清晰，书写规范。
操作基础第三套模拟试题
一．单项选择题1．下面的几组设备中包括输入设备、输出设备和存储设备的是（）A)CRT、CPU、ROMB)磁盘、显示器、键盘C)鼠标器、绘图仪、光盘D)磁盘、打印机、绘图仪2．目前计算机最具有代表性的应用领域有科学计算、数据处理、过程控制及（）A)绘图自动化B)程序设计C)计算机辅助工程D)操作系统3．下面列出的四项中，不属于计算机病毒特征的是（）A)激发性B)传染性C)免疫性D)破坏性4．下列是关于存储容量的描述，正确的是（）A)1KB=1000BytesB)1GB=1024×1024KBC)1GB=1024 KBD)1MB=1024×1024 Bytes5．目前，一台计算机要连入Internet,必须安装的硬件是（）A)www浏览器B)网络查询工具C)网络操作系统D)调制解调器（Modem）或网卡二、操作题1．在D盘根目录下创建文件夹ks，然后在ks文件夹下创建子文件夹ks12．将“nit任务（4）”文件夹下的“操作基础第三套模拟试题”文件复制到桌面3．设置桌面显示的外观的方案为“Windows 标准（大）”。
4．在“开始菜单”的“程序”组中添加“画图”应用程序的快捷方式。
5．利用控制面板的鼠标，设置按钮配置为左手习惯，移动鼠标时显示指针轨迹。
（提示：做好后记得改回来，否则鼠标就会不好用了哦！）6．在桌面创建“nit任务（4）\录入练习4”文件的快捷方式，并改名为“打字练习”（在桌面右击－新建快捷方式）三、文字录入题（15分）完成《录入练习4》四、文本编辑1．使用Word2000软件，将本目录中提供的有关北京申奥的SC2.DOC文档，通过以下操作要求，制作成一个可供出版的文档。
将文档中的标题“会徽说明”和“口号说明”居中，并设置为隶书、小一号、红色。
2．使用Word2000软件，将本目录中提供的有关北京申奥的SC2.DOC文档,通过以下操作要求,制作成有一个可供出版的文档。
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数据库试卷三
一，填空题
1．DB是与一个特定组织各项应用有关的全部数据的集合，通常由两大部分组成：一部分是应用数据的集合，称为______________ ，它是数据库的主题；另一部分是关于各级数据结构的描述，称为描述数据库，由DD系统管理。
2．在关系模型中，关系中每一个属性值都是____________。
3．SQL-SELECT语句完整的句法中，FROM子句是强制性的，FROM子句的作用是_________。
4．设关系模式R是第一范式，且每个属性都不传递依赖于R的候选键，则称R是_______ 的模式。
5．数据库设计过程中，常常从一些可选方案中选取一种数据库结构，需要有选择的原则，称为评价准则，评价准则可分成 __________ 两类。
6．分布式数据管理系统是分布式数据库系统中的_______ 负责管理分布环境下，逻辑集成数据的存取，一致性、有效性和完备性。
7．客户／服务器体系结构的关键在于 ___________ 的分布，能减少计算机系统的各种瓶颈问题。
二，选择题
1.下列有关数据库的叙述中正确的是
a、对于查、添、删、改操作都需由数据库管理员进行完整性定义和安全性授权，由数据库具体执行；
b、数据库系统目录（工程数据库字典）也由一些关系组成，所以用户可以同样对其进行查、添、删、改操作；
c、嵌入式的数据库语言构成的应用程序环境包括主语言和数据子语言，前者能处理记录和遇，后者只能处理表，光标机制起着两种语言的桥梁作用。
d、既然数据库能实现数据对不同用户的共享，那么数据库中不存在任何冗余。
2. 索引的描述存放在下列哪一项所指示的对象中
A、视图
B、模式
C、数据字典
D、文件
3. SQL语言具有多种优点，那么SQL是（）成为关系数据库语言的国际标准的。
a、1986年
b、1987年
c、1988年
d、1989年
4. 在数据库的概念设计中，最常用的模型是
a、实体联系模型
b、数学模型
c、逻辑模型
d、物理模型
5. 在数据库系统中死锁属于
a.系统故障
b.程序故障
c.事务故障
d.介质故障
6、在数据库技术中，面向对象数据模型是一种（）
A、概念模型
B、结构模型
C、物理模型
D、形象模型
7、ER图是表示概念模型的有效工具之一，在ER图中的菱形框表示（）
A、联系
B、实体
C、实体的属性
D、联系的属性
8、下列关于数据库系统特点的叙述中，正确的一项是（）
A、各类用户程序均可随意地使用数据库中的各种数据
B、数据库系统中概念模式改变，则需将与其有关的子模式做相应改变，否则用户程序需改写
C、数据库系统的存储模式如有改变，概念模式无需改动
D、数据一致性是指数据库中数据类型的一致
9、在数据库管理系统中所处理的对象是数据，按照数据的组成情况，数据可分为（）层次
A、字符和数字两个
B、记录、文件和数据库三个
C、记录、文件、数据库和关系数据库四个
D、字段、记录、文件、数据库和关系数据库五个
10、绝大多数数据库系统的总体结构，都具有外模式、模式和内模式三级模式结构。
描述数据库中全体数据的全局逻辑结构和特征的是（）
A、模式和内模式
B、内模式
C、模式
D、外模式
11、概念模型表示方法最常用的是（）
A、ER方法
B、数据的方法
C、分布式方法
D、面向对象的方法
12．SQL的DDL语句不包括（）
A、SELECT
B、CREATE TABLE
C、DROP VIEW
D、DROP INDEX
13．索引的描述存放在下列哪一项所指示的对象中（）
A、视图
B、模式
C、数据字典
D、文件
14．试图是由下面哪两者导出的表（）
A、模式、关系
B、基本表、视图
C、基本关系、关系
D、内模式、外模式
15．SQL语言具有多种优点，那么SQL是（）成为关系数据库语言的国际标准的。
A、1986年
B、1987年
C、1988年
D、1989年
16．在下列的SQL语句中，属于数据控制的是（）
a、CREATE
b、SELECT
c、UPDATE
d、GRANT
e、DROP
f、DELETE
g、ALTER
h、INSERT
i、REVOKE
A、aefg
B、di
C、bcfh
D、aeg
17．SQL语言具有两种使用方式，它们在使用的细节上会有些差别，特别是SELECT语句。
这两种不同使用方式的SQL，分别称为交互式SQL和（）
A、提示式SQL
B、多用户SQL
C、嵌入式SQL
D、解释式SQL
18．对数据库的物理设计优劣评价的重点是（）
A、时间和空间效率
B、动态和静态性能
C、用户界面的友好性
D、成本和效益
19．下列关于数据库设计的说法正确的是（）
A、在数据库设计过程中，数据库的安全性、完整性、一致性和可恢复性等的设计总是以牺牲效率为代价的
B、数据库的实现只是对数据库结构装入实际的数据、建立实际的数据库的过程。
C、对数据库的概念、逻辑和物理结构的改变称为再构造
D、数据库设计中考虑的故障恢复方案，一般都是基于数据库的逻辑模型提出的。
20．数据库的物理设计的目的是（）
A、找到一个有效、可实现的数据库存储结构
B、导出特定的DBMS可以处理的数据库模式和外模式
C、产生反映企业组织信息需求的数据库概念结构
D、收集支持系统目标的基础数据及其处理方法
21．在关系数据库中实现了数据表示的单一性，实体和实体之间的联系都用一种什么数据结构表示
A、数据字典
B、文件
C、表
D、数据库
22．数据字典可以（）
A、用SQL语言查询
B、由任何用户使用
C、没有
D、由用户创建
23．新奥尔良方法将数据库设计分为四个阶段，它们是（）
A、系统规划阶段、分析设计阶段、实施阶段、运行维护阶段
B、需求分析阶段、设计阶段、实施阶段、运行阶段
C、系统规划阶段、概念设计阶段、详细设计阶段、实施阶段
D、需求分析阶段、概念设计阶段、逻辑设计阶段、物理设计阶段
24．在数据库的如下两个表中，若雇员信息的主键是雇员号，部门信息表的主键是部门号，在下列所给的操作中，哪个操作不能执行？
雇员信息表部门信息表
雇员号雇员名部门号工资部门号部门名主任
001 张山02 2000 01 业务部李建
010 王宏达 01 1200 02 销售部应伟东
056 马林生 02 1000 03 服务部周垠
101 赵敏04 1500 04 财务部陈力胜
A、从雇员信息表中删除行(''010''，''王宏达''，''01''，1200)
B、将行(''102'',''赵敏''，''01''，1500)插入到雇员信息表中
C、将雇员信息表中雇员号=''010''的工资改为1600元
D、将雇员信息表中雇员号=''101''的部门号改为''05''
25．授权定义经过编译后存储在（）中
A、文件系统
B、数据字典
C、表
D、数据库
26．下列有关数据库的恢复的说法中不正确的是（）
A、应定期将数据库做成档案文件
B、在进行事务处理过程时数据库更新的全部内容写入日志文件
C、发生故障时用当时数据内容和档案文件更新前的映象，将文件恢复到最近的检查点文件状态。
D、数据库恢复，还可用最新的档案文件和日志文件的更新映象，将文件恢复到最新的检查点文件状态。
27．当多个用户的（）同时存取或修改数据库时，可能发生相互干扰而造成的错误的操作结果或死锁。
A、应用程序
B、并发进程
C、数据库
D、操作
28．所谓的冗余数据是指（）的数据
A、产生错误
B、由基本数据导出
C、删除
D、提高性能
三，问答题
1．DBMS的组成？
2．SQL提供的基本数据类型有哪些？每种举两个例子？
3．什么是软件生存期？
4．说明ORDB与OODB的主要区别？
5．两段封锁法与可串行化调度的关系？。