建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Terrorist Attack Prevention through Environmental Design: Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design for the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesAbstract: From the end of the 20th century, terrorism has become the most general threat which almost every country’s overseas diplomatic premises have encountered. The attacks aimed at Chinese embassies and consulates have been more frequently in the past few years. Most of them are featured by negative social influence, low for see ability, low cost and high elusiveness, etc. The essential tasks of the diplomatic architecture, including safeguarding assets and shaping positive national images, constitute a series of contradictions in the design process; and the building forms need to be simultaneously looking friendly and safe enough. Based on the conclusion of forms and characters of the terrorist attacks, this paper attempts to approach the adaptive security solutions for theoverseas diplomatic premises in four levels: the psychology level, the vision level, the behavior level, and the post attack level.Key Words: Environmental Design, Overseas Diplomatic Premises, Security, Adaptive, Terrorist Attack1From Simple to Comprehensive: The Transition of the Security DesignIn past 10 years, the traditional security threat derived from the cold war gradually gives way to high-frequency terrorist attacks. Compared with the professional safeguard methods in the cold war, such as infiltration and intelligence work, the features of the terrorist attack, such as high elusiveness, change full targets, low-cost training, low for see ability, blurred clues, big civilian casualties and negative social influence, make the relevant security design be much more difficult. (Table 1) The range of the security design thus has been extended from the principal area to the whole site and even the neighborhoods. The definition of the security design in diplomatic premises projects has been changed from the additional task to a more integrated part of the whole design process. (Figure 1)Figure1: The Principal Ranges of the Security Design under Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Table1: The Comparison between Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Traditional Threats Terrorist Attacks Years from WWⅡ to the end of the 20th century from the end of the 20th century to nowThe Origin of the threat the cold war and different political camps extreme organizationsThe Purples of the threat intelligence stealing extremely religious, political, ideological purplesThe Targets of the Attack important sections, core properties, important all properties, staffs, neighborhoods staffs and visitorsThe Means of the Attack surveillance, wiretap, infiltrate, shooting, etc. car bomb, suicide bomb, homemade weapons,throwing stones, shooting, trespassing, etc.The Principal Areas of theaccess control system of the boundary and the the entire site including adjacent streets andprincipal areas neighborhoodsSecurity DesignThe Influence on the limited influence on the architecture form profound influence on the architecture formArchitecture FormNote: The violence caused by demonstrations, which is not listed in the table, is a traditional threat for overseas diplomatic premises; and it is much more foreseeable compared with the other attacks. With the protection of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Conventionson Consular Relations, and the precautionary measures from the local government, the potential threat of the demonstration activities can be under control.2 Security and Image: The Complexity and Contradictions of the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesThe special identity defines the evident difference between the overseas diplomatic premises and the other building types. The security design of those overseas properties thus is featured by complexity and contradiction, which are more strengthened under the background of the growth of world-wide spread terrorism. Overseas diplomatic facilities are supposed to have friendly images and higher security standard. Those two tasks ask the architect to combine two series of incompatible architectural languages. (Figure 2)Figure2: The Different Images Derived from Image Oriented and Security Oriented Approaches(Source: Author)On the one hand, oversea s diplomatic premises are the most efficient equipment of promoting a country’s national image. Compared with the normal mass Medias, architecture is an intuitive, face to face, tangible interface to deliver the local people an open, friendly, and gentle image of the country, which is quite important for the diplomatic work. During the past several decades, many architects have attempted to deliver the positive national image by different architectural languages. For example, in some cases, modernism means openness; formalism means commemorative; and post-modernism means the historical and cultural friendly design.On the other hand, located in the host country, the site of the diplomatic architecture has special political meanings. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations declares to protect all properties of the guest country (buildings, facilities, and staffs, etc) from being visited without authorization. The boundary of the site thus becomes a special icon. Under the shadow of the terrorism, security design is playing a significant role in new projects; and in some controversial projects, the importance of the friendly image completely gives way to the strict security measures.Giving up the effort of delivering positive images, and transforming the site to be a modern castle are known as old-fashion solutions; and it will finally lost the meaning of diplomatic in the most fundamental level. Today, all the properties need to be dignified, elegant, decent, and safe. In the new era, an important question for the overseas diplomatic premises is how to an effective technology to approach the balance between good image and strict security standard.3The Adaptive Strategies: Four Levels of the Security DesignBased on the characters of terrorist attacks and the complexity and contradiction of the overseas diplomatic premises, this paper develops a series of adaptive design strategies, which attempt to satisfy the requirements of both image and security through effective environmental and architectural design approaches. All the cases and architectural languages introduced in this paper do not only lead to the security purples, and they also manifest the evident aesthetic quality. These strategies aim at helping the architect to find the adaptive building forms, which have the capacity to be interpreted in multiple ways, to hide the security measures behind a friendly image in four levels: psychological control, visual control, behavior control, and loss control. The four levels, which reflect the architectural interventions on boundary, building envelope, outdoor space, and connections, constitute an integrated and flexible security system. (Figure 3)Figure 3: The Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design of the Overseas Diplomatic Premises(Source: Author)3.1 Psychological Control: DeterrenceIn speaking of the design of psychological control in overseas diplomatic premises, the principal task is to deter the terrorist from planning and implementing the attack. The solutions mainly focus on different forms of the boundary, such as wall and fencing system with functions of visual limitation, boundary landscape, well-marked access control system, high intensity illumination system, and entrance guard rooms, etc., to exert sufficientpsychological pressure on the terrorists to lower the effectiveness of their actions. Meanwhile, suitable measures can also enhance the sense of safety in the neighborhoods. An evident case is the German Embassy in Austria (Vienna). Theboundary is constituted by a metal fencing system with the curved form onthe top to prevent climbing. With shrubs and trees in the inner-side of thefence, the fencing system not only maintains a transparent and greeninterface, but also keeps a good view for the staffs in the site to monitorthe adjacent streets. (Figure 4)(Figure 5)Another case is the British Embassy, which is the neighbor of theGerman Embassy. As a historical building, the façade is the first physicalboundary of the project, which is directly facing the streets without anybuffer space. As a secondary boundary system, a series of reinforceconcrete blocks and flowerpots is introduced in the middle of the streets.The mechanical car stop system is also placed for traffic control. Theguard room is located just beside the concrete blocks, and its form isobvious enough to be easily noticed from the street; and thanks to theunidirectional glass, people outside cannot observe the activities inside theguard rooms. All these elements constitute a flexible buffer area for theembassy building; and this solution is going to exert big pressure on thepotential criminals. By extending the range of the embassy to the publicurban space, the original façade of the building is well preserved to show acomplete historical context, and the positive cultural attitude. (Figure 6)(Figure 7)Hence, psychological control manifests the following characters: 1) Introduce reinforced transparent fencing system to keep the good horizon from the inside to the outside 2) Introduce the independent and moveable car stop system to keep thedecent building façade3) Access control system integrated with the landscape elements 4) High identity and well defined boundary forms 5) High intensity illumination system at the entrance areaFigure 4: the fencing system of theGerman Embassy in AustriaFigure 5: the entrance and guard room of the German Embassy in Figure 6: the vehicles and visitors control system outside the BritishFigure 7: the concrete flower bed in frontof the British Embassy3.2Visual Control: ObscuringVisual control aims at obscuring and disturbing the visual judgment of the criminals via effective architectural operations. Through the special language of the building envelope, the building acquires the quality that prevents people outside from grasping the information inside, such as function distribution, structure form, and the location of the important sections, through reading the facade. Solutions based on this strategy not only provide the staffs the good view to monitor the site and the neighbors, but also reduce the accuracy of the terrorists’ observation.The architecture of the Chinese Embassy in the United States (Washington DC) is characterized by three octagonal forms, the main public space which is not the essential property of the embassy. In fact, the essential functions are integrated into an extremely low-profile form, which constitutes the background of the three halls. The unified and arrayed windows reflect no relation with the division of the office section; and there is even no window on the façade directly facing the street in a very short distance. Through this solution, the essential function has much lower identity than the subordination part, which normally gathers less staffs and properties; and it would make the unprofessional criminals waste more time for choosing the target. (Figure 8) (Figure 9)The Dutch Embassy in Germany (Berlin) represents another approach. The essential functions of the embassy are entirely integrated into a huge cube, which acquires strong identity in the circumstance. A transparent and continuous gallery, which cut into the building envelope from the ground to the top, plays the role of both vertical connection and ventilation tunnel. Without any exceptions, the entire façade of the office rooms is constituted by the translucent curtain wall to keep privacy. Meanwhile, the transparent curve spiral element on the façade changes the traditional idea of floors, and prevents the criminals from conjecturing the inner functions. It also delivers the specific ideology of the Dutch culture, such as transparent, openness, humorous, and friendly to the modern art, etc. (Figure 10) (Figure 11)Visual control has the following characters:1)Independent building envelope which has little relations with the inner functions2)Reduce the identity of the important part of the structure3)Simplify the function of the higher identity part, while reduce the identity of the essential functions4)Introduce the sunshade components, icons, and decorations toconstitute multiple defenses.Figure 8: The entrance of the Chinese Embassy in the US (Source: Author)Figure 9: The walls of the Chinese Embassy, which is directly facing the street (Source: Author)Figure 10:The Dutch Embassy in Berlin (Source: Chang Qi)Figure 11: The spatial concept ofthe Dutch Embassy3.3 Behavior Control: RestrictingThe main task of behavior control is to arrange the authority, path, and behavioral pattern of visitors. The solution is mainly focused on the outdoor space between the building envelope and the boundary of the site, and aims at controlling the speed and route of visitors, and strictly defining the accessibility of different zones. The road system and landscape elements are not only the positive elements for diplomatic events, but also the equipment of reducing attack effect, confusing criminals, and increas ing the cost of the terrorists’ action.The British Embassy in Germany (Berlin) is an intervention in the historical quarter, and the volume directly touches the adjacent buildings and street without any space in between. A series of well organized courtyards constitutes the basic spatial structure, which implies a hierarchical access control system. In this system, there are three principal courtyards with different forms, functions and authorities. The first courtyard which connects the street in front of the main entrance with an entrance check system is designed for cars and visitors to have a short stay. The second court yard, a cuneiform auditorium space, connects the first courtyard with a guard room as the second check point, and leads the visitors to the third courtyard with broad steps. The third courtyard, a winter garden with a beautiful glass roof, connects the reception and meeting rooms, and also plays the role of the entrance hall to the office zone. This courtyard system shapes a linear exhibition space with different themes and art atmosphere in each part, and provides the platform for foreign affairs activities. This project as a typical example realizes an extremely long visiting path in the very limited site, and acquires sufficient defense in depth to observe and control the visitors. (Figure 12) (Figure 13)The winning solution of the new American Embassy project in UK (London) abandons the traditional boundary system, and creates a balance between landscape and security. The building aims atimplyinga special friendliness between American and British cultures with an open landscape system. Compared with traditional solutions, the project witnesses a higher security standard. The landscape elements are endowed with cultural functions, while they are also the designed to control the activities of staffs and visitors. For example, the water pool in front of the building creates an elegant environment, and also prevents visitors and vehicles from getting close to the façade. The similar design is also introduced in the American Embassy in Beijing. On the other side of the building is a huge grass slope, which Figure 12: The three courtyards of the British Embassy extends from the top of the podium to the ground floor of the main building with a continuous angular surface. This design integrates the cubic form of the main building into an artificial terrain, and creates the gentler atmosphere, which is always needed in the diplomatic activities. The structure of the grassy slope, which not only defines the boundary of the site, but also offers the ideal height for observing the neighborhoods, can be transformed into a defensive position, if necessary. It is important to understand that the security measurements in newly constructed projects gradually give up the idea of fortress, and a series of sophisticateddesign techniques, which integrates the security consideration into the landscape, opens up a new horizon for the overseas diplomatic premises. (Figure 14) (Figure 15)Behavior control has the following characters:1) Introduce the curved roads paralleled with the façade of the building to reduce the vehicle speed and avoid the path directly to the building2) Use strict zoning to control the authority of different sections, and public space sequence to prolong the route of visitors3) Integrated landscape system which has the function of controlling the behavior pattern of vehicles and visitors4) Eliminate the unnecessary obstructions to keep good horizon from the building to the circumstance3.4 Loss Control: Chain-effect Damage PreventionThe essential purpose of damage control is to eliminate the possibility of the second damage and chain-effect collapse after the attack. Through the targeted design of the building forms, the loss in the terrorist attacks thus can be partly reduced, and the staffs may have more time to wait for the rescue. The relevant solutions mainly focus on the connections between single buildings. For the layout of he embassy/consulate projects, it is better to decentralize important properties into detached parts, which can work as a whole when they are linked with connective volumes. If the attacks happen in one part, the decentralized layout of important functions can keep the other parts still working. Sometimes, the cluster of small and decentralized volumes can also have a friendlier image.The context of the Chinese Embassy in Netherlands (Haag) is shaped by a series of small detached houses. The main building of the embassy is split into two volumes, which are connected by an entrance hall, a sunken garden, and a fly corridor on the fourth floor. All the connective volumes are covered by transparent glass, which is always a right and popular material to show openness. In fact, it is wise to choose the connective part to be the open space, because these parts normally have less staffs and properties concentrated.Compared with the glass volumes, the two principal volumes covered by red bricks keep the morphological continuity with the context. The connective volumes in between can be seen as expendable structures to reduce the possibility of chain-effect collapse when a huge damage happens in one side of the building. (Figure 16) (Figure 17)The American Embassy in China (Beijing) applies the similar solution. The consulate section, office section, and apartments are all designed to be detached volumes with connections between each other. Compared with the other parts, the consulate section and the apartment building with completely curtain walls create stronger identity, and become the dominant volumes that shape the image of openness. Meanwhile, those two parts also protect the essential functions hiding in a series ofhorizontal extending volumes with hard and strong envelopes. Thanks to the decentralized layout, it is quite difficult to make a catastrophic damage to the embassy through a normal terrorist attack. (Figure 18) (Figure 19)Loss control is characterized by the following factors:1) Decentralized volumes2) Connect independent volumes with secondary structures3) Take the lower-risk functions as the expendable structure to avoid the chain-effect collapse.4) Separate and hide the essential functions into multiple parts4 Conclusions: The Integration of Security and CultureThrough the discussion, it is important to understand the world-wide new challenges that the overseas diplomatic premises encounter calls for a series of new design approaches. Traditionally, diplomatic buildings are inclined to show friendly and open postures in close-relationship countries, and choose conservative forms in bad-relationship countries. However, with the development of globalization, the relationship between each two countries is simultaneously shaped by cooperation and challenges. The evident hostile camps have already been disappeared, and terrorism becomes the most intractable threat of the overseas diplomatic premises for almost all countries. The solutions which completely show openness or closeness are old-fashion stories, and it cannot satisfy the identity of today’s diplomatic buildings. In new projects, architects are asked to find more sophisticated and effective solutions to balance the contradiction between positive image and strict security standard. Based on this background, this paper attempts to develop a discussion for this topic in for respects. (Table 2)The effort of discovering the unique forms to approach safe and beautiful would become a significant source, in which the creative idea of the diplomatic architecture springs.References[1] Alessi, Alberto. Building Identity?. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 17-20[2] Tong, Cui, Balance Reconstruction: Embassy as an Architectural Type. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 100-103[3] Tian, Zhimin. Zhang, Xiangbai. Du, Xiuli. Conceptual Design of Important Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Explosion Attacks，China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40（1）, 34-41[4] Zhang, Lan. The Embassy and Diplomatic Officers, World Knowledge Press, 1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。
建筑行业全面质量管理外文文献翻译2019-2020
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献Construction Project Safety ManagementAbstractConstruction projects are inherently risky due to various factors such as the involvement of heavy machinery, extensive use of materials, and complex working environments. Therefore, effective safety management is essential to ensure the well-being of workers and minimize accidents. This article examines the importance of construction project safety management and discusses key strategies and practices for achieving a safe work environment.1. IntroductionConstruction projects involve a multitude of activities, including excavation, foundation work, structural erection, and finishing. These activities require extensive coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and workers. However, the execution of construction projects is not without risks, and accidents can lead to severe injuries, fatalities, and significant financial losses. Thus, an effective safety management system is crucial to mitigate these risks and enhance project outcomes.2. Understanding Risk Factors2.1 Human FactorsHuman factors play a significant role in construction accidents. Factors such as inadequate training, fatigue, lack of proper communication, and non-compliance with safety guidelines contribute to accidents. Therefore, it is essential to focus on training and educating workers about safety procedures, ensuring regular breaks to prevent fatigue, and promoting effective communication channels.2.2 Environmental FactorsConstruction sites are dynamic environments that constantly change. Factors such as uneven terrain, adverse weather conditions, and limited visibility can increase the likelihood of accidents. Implementing proper signage, maintaining good housekeeping practices, and providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can mitigate risks associated with environmental factors.3. Key Strategies for Construction Project Safety Management3.1 Risk Assessment and PlanningPrior to commencing any construction project, a comprehensive risk assessment must be conducted. This assessment involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and potential consequences, and developing strategies to eliminate or minimize them. A well-defined safety plan should be developed based on this assessment, outlining roles, responsibilities, and required safety measures throughout the project lifecycle.3.2 Training and EducationProper training and education are vital for enhancing safety performance in construction projects. All workers should receive initial induction training that covers basic safety procedures, equipment operation, and emergencyprotocols. Regular safety training sessions should also be conducted to ensure that workers are updated on the latest safety practices and regulations.3.3 Effective CommunicationClear and effective communication is crucial to ensure that all project stakeholders are aware of safety requirements and guidelines. Regular safety meetings should be held to discuss potential risks, identify areas for improvement, and address any concerns. Additionally, the implementation of a reporting system that allows workers to communicate hazards and near misses anonymously can enhance safety culture and encourage proactive hazard identification.4. Best Practices in Construction Project Safety Management4.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Providing appropriate PPE to workers is essential for safeguarding their health and well-being. Safety helmets, goggles, gloves, and high-visibility vests are examples of commonly used PPE in construction projects. Regular inspection and maintenance of PPE should be conducted to ensure their effectiveness.4.2 Regular Inspection and MaintenanceRegular inspections of construction sites and equipment help identify potential safety hazards and ensure compliance with safety regulations. Equipment should undergo routine maintenance to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents. Adequate documentation of inspections and maintenance activities should be maintained for record-keeping purposes.4.3 Emergency Response PlanningDespite preventive measures, emergencies can still occur. Therefore, it is crucial to have a well-developed emergency response plan in place. This plan should include evacuation procedures, communication protocols, and designated assembly points. Regular drills and exercises should be conducted to ensure that all workers are familiar with the emergency response plan.5. ConclusionConstruction project safety management is of utmost importance to protect workers and minimize accidents. By understanding the risk factors, implementing key strategies, and adopting best practices, construction projects can create a safe and secure working environment. This, in turn, enhances project outcomes, improves productivity, and fosters a positive safety culture within the construction industry.。
关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译 中英文翻译
附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1.Definition of AccidentLaney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:ck of management control;b.basic personal and task factors;c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;f.a cost.He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”mon Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of person from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.pany SizeTam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safetyprogrammers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.b.Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.municationAccording to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites. However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:i.Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.ii.Industry CultureWong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.iii.Client TypeThere are2types of clients,public and private ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.anization StructureFryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v.Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.munication BarriersHicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entiremessage is being passed or read.vii.Content of InformationWong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.viii.Value of CommunicatorsTam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix.Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x.Workers’AttitudeWorkers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5.Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well.Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6.Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;andc.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affectingsafety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed. Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。
建筑工地安全管理外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites（影响建筑工地安全管理制度实施的因素）国外作者：Zubaidah Ismail,Samad Doostdar,Zakaria Harun文献出处：《Safety Science》, 2012, 50(3):418-423字数统计：英文3730单词，21558字符；中文6480汉字外文文献：Factors influencing the implementation of a safetymanagement system for construction sites Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the influential safety factors that governed the success of a safety management system for construction sites. The number of incidences among construction workers and the level of awareness on matters concerning safety were also determined. The study involved a selfadministered three-part questionnaire among the workers and interviews with industry experts involved in brick-laying, concreting and in related assorted trades. Part A of the questionnaire concerned personal particulars, Part B involved training and experience and Part C was based on 28 industry-accepted safety factor elements. The construction sites ranged from high rise buildings, landed houses and infrastructure renovation. The sample size was 275. From the survey it was found that the most influential safety factor was personal awareness followed closely by communication. Suggestions and recommendations on equipment design and improved work practices and procedures to improve the efficiency and productivity of construction workers were proposed. Management was urged to get their workers better informed about safety matters.Key words Construction site;Influencing safety factor;Safety awareness;Safety management system;Self-administered survey1.Introduction and scopeConstruction is a complex activity where various stake-holders are present working under constant challenge by demands of the job. Each job will have several of its safety and risk factors, requiring quality and safety management systems to be established as indicated by Mehta and Agnew (2010). Several risk factors including organizational structure, communication, clear instructions, safety culture, codes and standards, training, leadership and responsibility have been suggested to have influence on the general safety at the workplace. The objective of this study is to determine the most influential factor contributing to the success of a safety management system as perceived by the workers. This may assist management in optimizing the utilization of available resources.A well-designed safety management system (SMS) can contribute to the successful implementation of a safety management system in the workplace. National SMS for construction sites have been designed and implemented in several countries based on the standard practices for that country. The actual numbers of factors used in the development of the SMS differ from one country to another depending on the special requirements of the domestic construction industry. There are several levels of classification of factors depending on the degree of detail desired. Table 1 gives the summary of first level safety levels adopted by various countries around the world (Tam and Fung, 1998; Kartam et al., 2000; Koskela, 2000; Wokutch and VanSandt, 2000; Fang et al., 2004; Ali et al., 2005; Teo and Ling, 2006; Aksorn and Hadikusumo, 2008). At the first level of factors most countries on average choose eight factors while Singapore uses four and Malaysia uses 12. The second level or the sub-factors are elements of the first level factors and again depending on the degree of detail, there could be 20 or 30 of these elements. More or less the elements especially at the second level cover the common areas of safety concerns. The sub-factors could further be divided into sub-sub-factors that cover the entire spectrum of safety factorsin the construction industry. The current study adopted a simplified version of the Malaysian standard practice which included the Resources Factor, the Management Factor, the Personal Factor, the HRM/Incentive Factor, and the Relationship Factor at the first level and a total of 28 sub-factors under these categories as the basis of the questionnaire to be developed for the study survey. The final form is guided by experts from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Construction Industries Development Board (CIDB).Table 1 Safety factors adopted by various countries1.1.Resources FactorResources Factor includes hardware and software. Safety equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE) and any special requirements of the industry have to be adequately developed and provided. First Aid equipment and training are also necessary. Hazardous processes and equipment must be provided with the necessary emergency shut-down (ESD) and fail-safe systems. Regulatory requirements of the industry have to be met. Emergency response planning and recovery, internal control, program evaluation, safety audits and safety process must be in place. Sørensen et al. (2007) pointed out that the size of the enterprise will influence the complicity of the system. It was found that small enterprises are more hazardous, and Kongtip et al. (2008) and Cheng et al. (2010) found that important factors influencing occupational accident in such enterprises included management skills, employers’values, and compliance with laws and regulations.1.2.Management FactorThe Management Factor includes leadership, vision, direction, statement of objectives, commitment, supervision, safety analysis, and prevention planning. Mearns and Reader (2008) studied the relationship between perceived organizational support and health support from supervisors and workmates, and ‘safety citizenship behavior’(SCB). The results indicated that high levels of support at both organizational and supervisor levels reflecting care and concern for the well-being of workers led to a reciprocal relationship in terms of increased SCB. Lu and Yang (2010)showed that safety leadership and safety behavior in container terminal operations were important factors for effective safety management. The results suggested that safety motivation and safety concern positively affected self-reported safety behavior. This should encompass procedure and policy, safety codes and standards, clear goals and resources, rules and regulations, and safety benchmarking including responsibility and supervision.1.3.Personal FactorThe Personal Factors include awareness, good communication, personal attitude, safety culture, positive groups, and personal competency. Work culture results from personal traditions, language, work attitudes and habits and company practices. Safety culture was used to describe the inadequacies of safety management but is now being applied to explain accidents (Mearns et al., 2003, 2006). Hopkins (2006) explained that to understand the influence of organizational cultures requires a strategy referred to as the perception survey and Guldenmund (2007) pointed out that questionnaires have not been particularly successful in exposing the core of an organizational safety culture. The questionnaires seem to expose only those attitudes that are shared throughout the whole of the organization. There are individual differences on attitudes on organizational safety as pointed out by Henning et al. (2009). Sónia et al. (2008) showed that the experience of work accidents is an important variable to be considered as a predictor of workers’perceptions and behavior.1.4.HRM/Incentive FactorHRM/Incentive Factor includes remuneration, promotion, campaigns, motivation, merit rating, PPE, welfare, work conditions, and safety rules (Flin et al., 2000). It also includes safety practice, training expert staff, teamwork and group meetings. General welfare of workers has been discussed (Murrell, 1965; Oborne et al., 1993; Bridger, 1995). Conducive working conditions contribute to safety (Raja Prasad and Reghunath, 2010). Programs had been developed to reduce physical work demands (Scott and Renz, 2006) and reduce worker injuries through improved use of equipment (Kirkeskov and Friche, 2006) with tailored education and training (Dempsey and Mathiassen, 2006). More studies need to be conducted for constructionsites (Hunter, 1992; European Construction Institute, 1995; Trethewy et al., 2000a,b; Goetsch, 2005; van der Molen et al., 2005). Effectiveness of management suport has been demonstrated by Mearns and Flin (2001), Gordon et al. (2001), and Hale et al. (2010). Reports of near misses are useful information to prevent accident. Near misses are more frequent than accidents. Cambraia et al. (2010) conducted a study on near misses and found that the main results were dramatic increases in both the number and quality of reports. Wu et al. (2010) developed a system to interrupt near misses which improves safety at construction sites. The effectiveness of introducing instructions on systems and procedures at the workplace needs to be gauged (Cooper et al., 1993). Effectiveness of an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) have not been conclusive Robson et al., 2007).1.5.Relationship FactorRelationship Factor includes globalization and interfaces with the stake-holders as well as internal personal relationships. Globalization has an impact on growth of mental work, expansion of the services sector, working hour changes, unemployment and industrial relations. Flexibility in coping with diversity, managing changes in competency demands, definition and meaning of work all have significant effects on the workers (Wilpert, 2008). Baram (2009) observed that the introduction of hazardous technological activities into less-developed nations poses risks to health, safety and natural resources, and most immediately endangers the workers involved. Koukoulaki (2010) pointed out that countries have been subject to tremendous changes in terms of flexibility of work and labor in response to macro trends like globalization and the resulting fierce market competition. Such changes in the world of work can give rise to new safety risks from work environment including new work organizational forms, new contractual relationships, new technologies and changes in the workforce. Manzey and Marold (2008) reported that in 1998 the average estimated number of fatal occupational accidents was 350,000 and there were 264 million non-fatal accidents. Within the organization it is important to have considerate and responsible employees who care about the safety of their co-workers (Burt et al., 1998, 2008). Related variables examined were co-worker knowledge, opener ability,team tenure, co-worker and supervisor support, group orientation and group cohesion. Explicit and implicit trust is an important influence on relationships (Burns et al., 2006).2.Materials and methodsThe projects involved a construction of a 39-storey apartment building in Section 8, Petaling Jaya, Selangor; a 12-storey office building, several dining outlets; a 13-storey and a 17-storey office towers also in Petaling Jaya. The group of workers comprised of brick-layers, concreting workers and assorted workers. The questionnaires were designed based on the elements of the safety factors. They were designed to be simple and brief. They were checked by experts from NIOSH for suitability and completeness. Suggestions of industry experts from CIDB on the language level, relevance and comprehensiveness of questions and the general approach of the survey were also incorporated. The materials for the study were records and reports and results of the questionnaires. Gillham (2005) suggested that a properly conducted interview was required in order to make meaningful suggestions for improvements on equipment or working methods. The questionnaire was constructed in three parts; Part A on personal particulars, Part B on training and work experience and Part C on issues consisting of the five clusters of factors and the 30 elements of the clusters as shown in Table 2. Further refinements to reduce errors and ambiguity were made after the questionnaires were tried on a sample of ten undergraduate volunteers. It was accepted that the main constraint to the conduct of the study was the time availability of the workers. Questionnaire forms were sent by post and potential respondents were initially given 2 weeks to respond. Verification interviews were then arranged and conducted during breaks and after shift periods. Part A and Part B are straightforward. For Part C respondents were requested to rate each of the 28 questions on the safety elements on the five-point Likert scale, varying from ‘‘not important’’(1) to ‘‘extremely important’’(5). The distribution of the Likert-point score from the respondents for each safety element was computed to determine the mode for each factor. The mode for each element was furtherstrengthened by examining the maximum, the minimum, the mean and standard deviation as the value for the strongest probable Lickert score value for the element. The most influential factor could then be determined by examining and comparing the overall scores for each factor. A similar analysis was conducted for the sub-factors of the most influential factor to determine the most influential sub-factor among them.Table 2 Elements of SMS3.Results and discussionThe total number of respondents was 275. Based on this sample size together with a confidence level of 95% the margin of error is 5.89%. Table 3 shows that the construction industry engages 92% male workers. Employers have the perception that male workers had better abilities and endurance than their female counter-parts (Mitra and Mukhopadhyay, 1989; Dale, 2006). The female workers were rare in the construction industry and whenever they were involved it was because they wanted to work with their spouses or relatives. Size and proportions of the body were measured since they vary greatly between population and racial groups and relate to the ability of the respondents to do the job. In this study, only height and weight were measured since they were considered sufficient to represent anthropometry data. The ethnic origin of the respondents was to confirm or otherwise similarities in physical aspects and to investigate other factors that might influence their work such as culture and lifestyle. The table also shows that 44% or the majority of the workers were around 31–40 years old. This result had relevance with how they acquire their knowledge and skills. The longer they work the more skillful they should become. The results showed that the majority of the workers were immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam and Pakistan. According to the Safety Officer at one of the sites, construction employers prefer to hire immigrants because they were less picky, more hardworking and possessed higher endurance. They also accepted lower daily wages which did not attract too many local workers. Table 3 further shows that 64.5% of respondents was about 160–169 cm high and weighed about 60–69 kg representing 36%. Results for weight gave a normal distribution. This could be because all respondents originated from Asia and had similar lifestyle and culture. This could assist in designing proper equipment suitable for all users. Age represents the ability and efficiency of the workers to do their work. This applies to all industries but to construction, the ability of a worker was important. Registration with the CIDB would mean that the workers had undergone the CIDB Green Card program and that they had been trained about safety and health at construction sites. CIDB Green Card also classified the workers into a certain trade and the level of skills of the workers as general workers, semi-skilled and skilled workers. A Green Card Program also registered the workers in CIDB record which would include them in the statistics. Table 3 shows 69% of respondents were semi-skilled construction workers, 20% general workers and the remaining 11% were skilled workers.Table 3 Workers particularsWorking background determines the level of knowledge and skills and general experience of the respondents. Length of experience relates to skills and knowledge gained. The importance of experience was accepted as indicated by Chen et al. (2010). Some companies provided training while some do the minimum required. Medical leave was to indicate seriousness of injuries and the working hours was to determine the length of exposure to hazards. Parts of the body where the respondents had injuries or pain were determined. The factors of injuries were asked guided by thecommon top five causes of injuries. Respondents could give their own causes.The trade experience determined the level of skills and workmanship of the workers. Most of the respondents had experience in construction as was also reflected by their average age. However, the majority had only 1–10 years of the relevant trade experience as shown in Table 3. This might be due to a high job turnover rate. The majority of workers acquired their knowledge and skills through on-the-job training with 84%. Eleven percent of respondents had a formal education in construction work while 5% had their experience from sectors other than construction. About 95% of respondents agreed that the company had taken some efforts to take care of and train their workers. These include on-job training, toolbox meeting and also briefing on how to use the equipment or PPE. Companies certified with ISO 18001 took this matter seriously in ensuring their workers and workplace is safe. However, some companies did not provide their workers with the basic PPE such as hard hats, safety boots, and gloves as reflected by the 5% response as shown in Table 3.Medical leave or sick leave is an indicator to show the general health of employees. The results showed that 93% took around 0–5 day’s medical leave in a month while the remaining 7% took 5–10 times per month. This might not give the true picture meaning that workers were coming to work when they were not fully fit for work. Safety and productivity were therefore compromised. One of the unconfirmed causes for this was that workers, especially immigrant workers were not reporting sicknesses for fear of dismissal. When asked for details, it was understood that many of the workers did not take medical leave at all. Taking medical leave might give them a bad image and the employers might not hire or pay them. As for foreign workers; fear of failure, and dismissal, and the dread of having to go back to much worse conditions of living were the driving factors which force them even to suffer working while not fully physically fit. Figures from Table 3 could already be on the high side which would mean that the injury figures presently could be more serious than they were indicated. Ninety-three percent of workers spent about 5–10 h a day at work. The other 7% worked more than 10 h a day. The latter group was thesupervisors who were needed to monitor the work longer for shift change.Personal competency which is obtained from training constitutes an important aspect of Personal Factor. Personal attitude and work culture are also important sub-factors of the Personal cluster. Training factors have been studied by Saurin et al. (2008) by analyzing construction safety best practices from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. Saurin et al. (2005) also proposed a safety planning and control model from the human error perspective engineering. Safety management and work culture interventions improve safety as demonstrated by Johnson (2003), Teo et al. (2005) and Guidenmund (2007). Teo and Ling (2006) examined the case for Singapore, and Ali et al. (2005) conducted a study for the Malaysian case.Fig. 1. Determination of modes for factors and sub-factorsFig. 1a shows the modes for all the main factors indicating that Personal Factor had a mode of 5. Fig. 1b shows the modes of the sub-factors making up the Personal Factor and it was indicated that awareness has the overall highest scores. Table 4shows the statistics of the total Likert-point scores indicating the maximum, the minimum, the mean, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the mode and the percentage of the mode score for the main factors as well as the sub-factors of the determined most influential factor. Examining the results as a whole it was observed that the most probable top priority factor was the Personal Factor with awareness as the most probable priority sub-factor. Other top influential sub-factors as perceived by the workers were good communication and positive groups. These findings were consistent with studies conducted by Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008) who identified management support as the most influential factor from among sixteen critical success factors considered. Safety awareness and good communication were the results of strong management support. Globalization, safety rules and safety promotion factors were perceived to have the least impact on the success of a SMS system.Table 4 Statistics of Results4.Conclusions and recommendationsSuccess factors influencing safety program performance had been identified by some researchers to be management support. In this current study it was found that among the influencing cluster of factors determining the success of a safety management system the most influential was the Personal Factor; and among the sub-factors making up this cluster the prominent factor was safety awareness. Theyare all concerned with the need of management to get their employees more knowledgeable and informed about safety issues. Better design and application of equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) could contribute to higher quality of work. Employers could also consider reducing manual work for future improvements in the safety and health of their employees. Awareness on the right use of equipment or tools and wearing the PPE correctly could reduce risks.中文译文：影响建筑工地安全管理制度实施的因素摘要这项研究的目的是确定对建筑工地安全管理制度的成功具有影响力的安全因素，以及建筑工人的发病率和安全意识的高低。
建筑工程安全管理英文文献
建筑工程安全管理英文文献Title: Construction Project Safety Management - An OverviewIntroduction:Construction project safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and protection of workers, as well as the successful completion of projects. This article aims to provide an overview of construction project safety management, its key components, and the importance of implementing effective safety measures.1. Importance of Safety Management in Construction Projects:Safety management is vital in construction projects to mitigate risks, prevent accidents, and ensure the well-being of workers. It involves identifying potential hazards, assessing risks, implementing safety measures, and monitoring their effectiveness. Effective safety management not only reduces injuries and fatalities but also improves productivity and project efficiency.2. Key Elements of Construction Project Safety Management:2.1 Risk Assessment:Before commencing any construction project, a comprehensive risk assessment is crucial. This involves identifying potential hazards such as falls, electrical hazards, and physical injuries, and developing strategies to minimize their impact. Risk assessment should be an ongoing process throughout the project lifecycle.2.2 Safety Planning:Safety planning entails creating a detailed plan to address potential hazards and ensure all workers are aware of safety protocols. This includes the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), establishment of emergency response procedures, and regular safety training programs.2.3 Communication and Collaboration:Effective communication between project stakeholders is essential for efficient safety management. Regular meetings, toolbox talks, and safety briefings should occur to discuss any safety concerns, updates, or changes in protocols. Collaborative efforts between contractors, workers, and management enhance safety awareness and adherence to safety practices.2.4 Monitoring and Evaluation:Regular monitoring and evaluation of safety measures allow for the identification of shortcomings and the implementation of corrective actions. Safety inspections, audits, and incident reporting systems help maintain a safe working environment and ensure continuous improvement in safety management.3. Best Practices in Construction Project Safety Management:3.1 Leadership Commitment:Leadership commitment to safety management sets the tone for the entire project. When leaders prioritize safety, workers are more likely to follow suit. Regular safety meetings with leadership involvement and visible safety initiatives help foster a culture of safety.3.2 Worker Training and Education:Providing workers with proper training and education is essential. Workers should be knowledgeable about potential hazards, safety protocols, and emergency response procedures. Ongoing training ensures workers stay updated with industry best practices and promotes a safety-conscious work environment.3.3 Regular Equipment Maintenance and Inspections:Construction equipment must undergo regular maintenance and inspections to ensure safe operation. Faulty or malfunctioning equipment can pose significant risks to workers on the construction site. Strict adherence to maintenance schedules and comprehensive equipment inspections are vital.3.4 Subcontractor Safety Management:In cases where subcontractors are involved, effective coordination and communication regarding safety management are crucial. It is essential to ensure that subcontractors adhere to safety protocols and are appropriately trained to minimize potential risks to themselves and others on the worksite.Conclusion:Construction project safety management is of utmost importance to protect workers, enhance project efficiency, and mitigate risks. By implementing risk assessments, safety planning, effective communication, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation, construction projects can maintain a safe working environment. Strong leadership commitment, worker training, equipment maintenance, and subcontractor safety management are essentialcomponents in achieving successful safety management in construction projects.。
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the acceleration of urbanization, the scale and number of construction projects are increasing. However, in the process of building construction, safety accidents occur frequently, which poses a serious threat to people's life and property safety. Therefore, strengthening the safety management and control in the construction process has become an important measure to ensure construction safety and project quality.1. Safety management in the process of building construction1. Establish a safety responsibility systemDuring the building construction process, each participant should clarify their respective safety responsibilities and establish a safety responsibility system. All participants must implement the safety management system and safety specification requirements, and earnestly perform their safety responsibilities.2. Strengthen safety publicity and educationCarry out safety publicity and education for different construction links to improve workers' safety awareness and knowledge. Modern information technology means, such as APP, WeChat, etc., can be used to transmit safety information and technical guidance conveniently and quickly.3. Establish a security inspection mechanismestablish a safety inspection mechanism, formulate detailed safety inspection standards and procedures, conduct regular inspections on site safety, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner. At the same time, it is necessary to establish an accident reporting and statistics system, record and analyze the causes of accidents in a timely manner, and provide a basis for improving safety management.4. Strengthen on-site managementThe construction site must establish a management system, standardize the construction process, clarify the responsibility and authority of the operation, strictly implement various safety regulations and standards, and ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.5. Establish an emergency planestablish an emergency plan, specify the emergency treatment process and responsible persons, handle accidents in a timely manner, and ensure construction safety.2. Safety control during construction1. Safety control technologySafety control technology refers to the use of various technical means and measures in the construction process to ensure the safety of workers and the quality of construction. For example, use safety protection facilities, fix and protect high-altitude operations, maintain and overhaul large machinery and equipment, and strictly control on-site fire sources.2. Security control managementSafety control management refers to the use of various management means and measures during the construction process to strengthen the safety supervision and management of the construction site. For example, formulate safety production plans and safety control plans, formulate standardized operating procedures, establish a safety inspection system, implement safety training and education, formulate a list of safety responsibilities, and strictly implement safety assessment and reward and punishment systems.3. Safety control standardsSafety control standards refer to the formulation of various safety norms and standards during the construction process, standardizing the construction process and safe operation methods. For example, formulate high-altitude operation standards, electrical operation standards, lifting operation standards, etc., and strictly implement various safety regulations and standards to ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.4. Safety control monitoringSafety control and monitoring refers to the use of various monitoring methods and measures during the construction process to monitor the safety situation of the construction site in a timely manner, and to discover and deal with potential safety hazards. For example, use video surveillance equipment to monitor the construction site in real time, conduct safety inspections on the construction site, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner.5. Security Control AssessmentSafety control evaluation refers to the evaluation of the safety management and safety control of the construction site, to discover and solve the existing safety problems. For example, use professional institutions to conduct safety assessments on construction sites, discover and deal with existing safety hazards in a timely manner, and improve the safety level of construction sites.In short, the safety management and control in the construction process requires the joint efforts of all participants to establish a complete safety responsibility system, strengthen safety publicity and education, establish a safety inspection mechanism, strengthen on-site management, establish emergency plans, and adopt various safety controls. Technical and management means, formulate safety norms and standards, adopt various monitoring means and measures, conduct safety assessments, and ensure the safety of the construction process and project quality. Only by doing a good job in safety management and control can we guarantee the safety of people's lives and properties and promote the healthy development of urbanization.随着城市化进程的加速，建筑施工工程的规模和数量不断增加。
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建筑安全管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型摘要:在新加坡,实施了建筑行业安全管理系统(SMS)和SMS审计大约有十年之久的现在,安全标准的提高并不显著。
为了回应需要改进的有效性(SMS)和安全管理体系审计的目的,本文提出了一种方法, 人员可以利用测试工具来评估审计建筑公司安全管理体系的有效性。
研究方法采用了15个步进行调查，安全专家被邀请通过面试或工作表达自己的意见。
层次分析法(AHP)及因子分析是用来协助识别影响最为关键的因素和属性的安全。
该模型开发利用多属性值模型(MAVT)的方法。
该方法可以通过网站得到验证审核,利用模型中施工安全指数(CSI)可以计算出来。
结果表明,该模型可以作为一个客观CSI衡量不同管理和评估。
关键词: 安全管理体系;安全审核;施工安全指数1 简介: 支撑这一工作的论据安全管理体系(SMS)作为建筑业一个正式制度的管理现场安全的体系。
承包商预期管理现场安全通过正常的安全管理体系。
如何有效地评价这些系统是很重要的,这样可以使不足之处得以更正。
该研究工作是在协作与职业安全部门监督下进行的,人力资源部门可根据当局评价审计协议来衡量一个建筑工地的有效性的安全管理体系。
新加坡建筑行业服务实施了安全管理体系审计大约有十年之久了,但是提高的安全效果并不显著。
这与影响船舶的修建行业一样,经历了一个稳定提高安全性能的阶段。
实施后的指标(SMS)和安全管理体系审计缺乏安全的改进可能是由于缺少安全管理结构和标准。
在新加坡,没有规定管理SMS的方式和政策，缺少的部分由建筑公司起草。
事情往往不是这样,承包商的人认为,他们有足够的时间来审计安全管理体系的安全。
以往的研究发现成功的安全关系体系在建筑工地有助于防止事故的发生。
因此,必须提供一个全面的属性清单以及可能影响其安全工作的性能，同时也没有标准协议上的安全进行审计方法。
各项安全审计事务有它自己的一套审计方法, 施工安全管理系统守则基于在新加坡的广泛使用的规程实施。
第二十七节：《 (工厂大楼运营工程建设作品)(修订)条例草案》规则1994，除了声明必须包括14个主要元素的安全检查,没有其他指南标准清单和审计安全水平来评价安全管理的有效性。
在实践中, 各个公司使用不同的清单。
许多安全审计公司要降低安全审计的费用，低费用可能使一些公司对抄近路,少花时间,因此降低的安全检查的质量和力度。
想知道网站是否有一个有效的安全管理体系，政府被要求每六个月进行一次安全管理体系的检查。
问题是,迄今为止没有标准化的工具能客观的审计和有效性的去评估公司的安全管理体系。
还有一个大型的审计之间的差异，摘要的不同，以及安全标准的疑问。
针对需要提高其疗效和安全管理体系的审核,这篇文章的目的是提出一种开发和测试的工具方法,可以用审计师评估一家建筑公司的有效性及安全管理体系。
这个目标是非常重要的,因为行业通过一个标准方法,可以开发一个审计的目的和基准。
这个调查的目的是制定一项审计协议来有效的评价解释网站的安全管理体系。
这是取得的发展和测试评估使用的工具, 这些网站用来计算施工安全指数(CSI)。
这是用一个定量的成绩表示一个建筑工地效能水平的安全管理体系。
安全审计是一种收集结构化过程独立信息的效率、效果和可靠性的总和，通过安全审计来对安全管理体系制订纠正措施。
有效性在确定安全管理体系中是很重要的。
昆剧和Gibb发现有监测事故发生前的审计系统成功实现了加强的效果，安全管理的安全性能也是至关重要的。
考克斯和考克斯团队发现安全审计是安全管理体系最重要的因素之一，它为管理者提供进一步符合的安全管理体系的标准。
安全工作源于实践, 通过观察可靠和延续的反馈安全生产水平。
因此, 及时的安全检查将帮助确定强项和弱项电流安全程序,使任何可能造成不利影响的问题区域得以成功的预防，这使公司能获得更大的利益且符合程序资源部署。
2 安全管理体系服务于建筑行业在新加坡,MOM是政府调控机制研究进展的立法机构,负责执行安全问题的地方。
主要制定安全立法网站必须遵守的工厂法案章节(104)和《工厂大楼运营和工作建设工程)(BOWEC)规例》,1994。
BOWEC法规要求所有的施工工作城市及合同价值$ 1000万基础上的制定了一个安全管理体系守则,即建筑安全管理系统(CP)79。
工作城市间合同价值少于1000万美元的,不需要执行安全管理体系,但是他们也鼓励要去执行。
CP79的14个主要安全管理元素如下:·安全政策；·安全工作实践；·安全培训；·工作组会议；·事故调查和分析；·内部安全规则和条例；·安全推广,评价、选择和管理承包商；·安全检查；·维护政权所有的机器和设备；·危害分析；·运动控制和有害物质；·化学材料；·紧急事件处置；·职业健康计划。
每个单元提供详细的施工指导意见来组织和管理他们公司的应用网站,以确保公司人员和公众的安全。
然而,CP 79注定不会被封闭在一个严格的组，因为每个法规的建设项目是不同的。
项目经理必须小心解释条款在《实务守则》中适应这个项目的环境指南。
除了新加坡、安全管理体系也需要在其他国家发展。
回顾安全管理体系在香港,澳大利亚，美国和英国的使用发现79年新加坡的CP综合非常激动人心,并涵盖所有级别的建设项目和组织。
然而,关注更高水平的问题,如管理承诺不足相比澳大利亚和英国。
这方法采用的体系不同于英国具体丰富的细节,但他们凸显需要进行管理,在那里他们的参与给出的意见和评论非常重要。
很多研究表明,参与管理安全管理体系的核心元素，若没有联合管理的支持是难以执行安全生产措施和建立安全文化组织的。
3 研究方法第一步是复习各种安全管理体系标准和选定发达国家已知有且相对较高的安全标准作为指导方针。
这些国家包括香港、澳大利亚、英国和美国。
第二步,相关属性的选择要进行基于文献分析及研究各国安全管理体系。
然后以问卷的方式调查从业者的感知重要性的顺序排列。
发放问卷调查,随机选取新加坡的420名有注册建筑施工机构的建筑承包商(步骤三)。
第四步,审核并奖励安全性能奖(ASPA)来鼓励选择使用安全管理体系的这些组织。
第五步,进行访谈的三个安全审计人员找出其审计的实践，开发了一个以文献分析及邮政调查结果为基础的初步的框架(步骤六、步骤七)。
通过一个模型来衡量发明安全管理体系的有效性(第八步)，该模型基于多属性技术(MAVT)。
在步骤八,所有可能的属性纳入该模型并通过CP79鉴定,这些因素、工具和实践来自其他国家。
通过步骤九和步骤十的重要性权重因素和属性框架《CSI犯罪现场》确定第一级和二级因素属性, 30位专家们接受了采访，分析确定了指标的权重层次分析法(AHP)(步骤9)。
由于需要大量的时间进行层次分析法(AHP)和低等级属性的数量的比较,在较低的水平属性权重点的基础上,确定李克量表,十二个行业的重量级专家接受了采访体现了它的重要性。
研究评级方法(步骤十一)和验证由业内专家完成。
此后,模型的性能通过三个现场审核进行了测试 (第十二步)。
基于反馈的信息,步骤十四改进算法便成为步骤十五，此次调查的结果(步骤七) 曾被张栋梁丁晓萍报道。
本文将集中在第八步开始验证其发展简史及提出模型。
4 模型构造(第八步)MAVT模型从文献研究和调查结果发现许多影响安全的属性，MAVT方法在解决这个问题的多重属性上开发了一个得分模型,即每个属性指定一个重量来反映其重要性,每个施工现场的标度上用0 – 1表示其所有属性，此后,重量乘以评级,产品包含每个选择。
该模型需要确定如下内容:·属性列表需要评价;·属性重要性的权重;·施工现场各个属性的评分;·对确定每一个聚集规律的选择。
4.1 属性列表承包商和他们的那些属性建设网站需要为了确保高水平的相关测试行业范围的调查来实现安全鉴定。
这显著性重要变量被输入到SPSS软件进行因素和结构分析,以确定是否可以提出与许多方面有联系的安全策略。
因子分析是受这一事实变数影响的有关重要构造的一种可能的参数,可以代表其在简洁和识别形式的基本结构。
因子分析产生了四个主要部件,政策因素、工艺因素,激励因素和人员因素(3 P + I)。
每一个因素由多个属性。
见图1的3P+I模型。
这四个因素和相关属性安排成五个层次树来体现价值,那里的目标在顶部可能是抽象的,在低层级是连贯和富有逻辑性的。
更高层次目标的决策者通常将目标全球化，这些目标需要最高的秩序而且必须合计代表决策者的总目标。
每一个高层次的目标是先会分枝,分为中级水平目标,最后再分为低水平的目标。
这价值属性树必须要有一个井然有序结构来帮助评估问题和启发权值树枝作用的重要性。
在这项研究中,最高水平的目的层次被称为“因素”。
这四个因素是:政策、过程、人事和激励。
第二层次的特征具有很重要的意义，其属性来源于问卷调查。
每一个二级属性进一步下分直到下级属性适度降低得到属性，该列表包含590种属性和《CSI犯罪现场》清单。
4.2 属性重要性权重有必要对这两方面加以区分,哪些属性在3 P+I层次框架是理想的,如前面提到的590例属性细节，这是因为不同属性的重要性支持不同网站的安全。
因此,有必要设立评价属性的程度,对各属性重要性加以分析，其主要是用来决定制造商的重要性,因此它表达彼此属性相对于其他属性的评估,体重指示是决定这个制造商最关键的一个定量分析方法。
有几个公约来自分配属性的权重体系，利用一个惯例对每枝体重层次树状分析得到的增殖透过树,即重量之和为1的每个层次树。
本研究采用Saaty(19)的层次分析法(AHP)得到的重要性权重可以分析更高层次的属性(等级1和2)。
4.2.1 属性重要性的应用层次分析法(AHP)步骤九利用问卷调查来获得第一和第二水平运用层次分析法的权重。
这四个因素的权重(政策、过程、人员和激励)组成第一层次权重。
第二个层次权重的3 P +I 模型问卷内容包括五个部分: (1)通过相关因素的现场安全政策、过程和人员激励 (一级重量);(2)相关因素现场安全通过政策方面(水平两个重量);(3)相关因素现场安全通过工艺方面(要求等级2重量);(4)相关因素人事方面(二级重量);(5) 通过的因素与现场安全激励方面(二级重量)。
利用层次分析法(AHP)的Saaty(19)技术,受访者比较每个元素或顺次列举反对的理由或对比另一个9点规模来说明它们的相对重要性。
强度的重要性措施的由打分得来,分值范围为1 –9来表示其“绝对的重要性”。
每一个元素或顺次排列并与另一个是互相抵触来建立其重要性。