东西方葬礼文化差异

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丧葬礼仪

丧葬礼仪

7 树葬
八大丧葬方式
亦称“风葬”。具体葬法颇多:有的在树杈上以树枝架成鸟巢状 或在几个树杈上搭放横木,将死者陈放其上;有的在树上建造窝 棚状小屋,将死者臵其内;有的将死者悬挂或捆于树上。中国东 北、西南等地区曾有这种葬俗。中华人民共和国成立后,在一些 少数民族地区还可见到各种不同方式的树葬。西藏珞巴族用树枝 、竹子、芭蕉叶等在树上建成简易树屋,作为死者葬身之所。对 树葬习俗的产生,有的认为同游猎经济有关;有的认为是远古人 类“巢居”生活在葬俗上的反映,他们基于灵魂不灭的观念,认 为人们在生之时既然栖息于树上,死后到另一世界也同样要过树 居生活。
3 水葬
八大丧葬方式
中国部分藏族、门巴族在中华人民共和国成立前实行这种葬法 。西藏地区的藏族多数实行天葬,唯凶亡者和一些传染病亡者 被贬用水葬;另一些地区 的藏族因地处草原,缺乏燃料,除农 奴主行火葬、天葬外,一 般也行水葬。水葬有固定的场地,多 设在江河急流处。人死后,请喇嘛念 经,由司水葬者或近亲,将尸体屈肢 捆扎,背至水葬场,在其前胸缚一巨 石沉水。死者生前的穿戴用物归司水 葬者所得,其余的财产半数交地方封 建政权,半数交寺庙。由于治丧待客 花费大,许多人因而负债,有些家庭 甚至破产。
8 船葬
八大丧葬方式
中国南方古代一些少数民族的葬俗。 因以船形棺为葬具,故名。船棺葬分 露天葬和土葬两种。船棺露天葬流行 于东南部古越人所在地,主要是福建 及江西的武夷山区。福建崇安武夷山 的船棺是独木舟形,史称 “仙船”, 曾流行于商周至西汉年间。近年考古 发现,这种船棺分底盖两部分,均由 整段木头刳成,上下套合。底部为船棺的主体,中为长方形盛尸 处;盖作半圆形,内部刳空如船逢状。据文献记载,中国中南地区 也有类似船棺葬:湖北称“敝艇”,湖南称“船”,广西称“沉香 船”、“仙人舟”。船棺土葬系四川古代巴族的葬俗,流行于公元 前4世纪末至公元前1世纪末。考古发现,四川巴县冬笋坝和昭化县 宝轮院有船棺墓葬群,船棺体形硕大笨重,用整段楠木刳凿或用 6块整板拼合而成,中部为盛尸处,上有木板为盖。

肖临骏:从丧祭礼仪中看中西文化差异

肖临骏:从丧祭礼仪中看中西文化差异

丧祭礼仪是一种对待临终和死亡的仪式,也是生者对生命最直接的诠释。

中国传统的丧祭礼仪形式上表现为遵从尘世生活规则,重肉身,轻灵魂,扬族群生命而抑个体生命;西方宗教性的丧祭仪式以肃穆、庄严和简约的原则肯定了个体精神性生命的存在以及人的灵魂的救赎。

礼仪是人与人关系的规范,丧祭之礼也不例外,它是生者与死者之间“看不见的关系”,这种关系的不可通约性引申出这样一个问题,丧礼为谁?带着这个问题,我们还是回过头来看看中西丧礼的不同表现形态。

中国丧祭礼仪分析.《说文》中对“礼”的解释是“禮,履也。

所以事神致福也。

”故“礼”的最初意义并非针对人间的社会行为规范而言,而是对神的敬畏,行礼是为了给神献祭。

“绝地天通”之后,神的位置让位于人,一切“礼”都遵循“尊尊”和“亲亲”的原则,儒家的丧祭之礼正是在这个基础上展开的。

孔子非常重视丧祭中“哀”的成分,如“子游曰:‘丧致乎哀而止。

……曾子曰:‘吾闻诸夫子:人未有自致者也,必也亲丧乎!’”①“哀”是为了尽孝道,“对‘死人’的孝,从本质意义上来说,就是重视丧葬和丧葬质量。

《论语》说,“‘慎终追远’,《中庸》则强调‘事死如生,事亡如存’。

“”慎终追远”谓居父母丧要尽礼节。

祭祀要尽虔诚。

“曾子曰‘:慎终追远,民德归厚矣。

’”②而“孝”是因为存在一个等级关系,正如费孝通先生所言,“儒家所注重的‘孝’道,其实是维持社会安定的手段,孝的解释是‘无违’,那就是承认长老权力。

长老代表传统,遵守传统也就可以无违于父之教。

”③正因为长者中心制支配着一切丧葬礼仪,中国人在丧礼上表现出来的繁文缛节才显得并不偶然,死亡仪式最终要符合的是社会的情理。

报丧、哭丧、入葬的方式甚至不同的人死的称呼都是不同的,死者没有任何逾越世俗权威的可能,因为丧祭礼仪关系到整个社会伦理规范和政治秩序的稳定。

“孝”的本质并不是精神性的,因为这里没有自由可言。

孔子所谓内心的孝道———“仁”缺乏一个基于一般人性的普适性的标准,因为孝道实际上是一种基于血缘和亲属关系的私人德行,这种常被人们称道的“孝文化”实质并非对“人”的敬重,而是对外在规范的无条件服从。

中西方葬礼文化差异

中西方葬礼文化差异

中西方葬礼文化差异Funeral Cultural Differences between East and WestI will talk about the funeral cultural difference between Chinese and western. If life is a trip, funeral is the end of the long journey. Death for people who believe in reincarnation does not mean the end of life, but the conversion of life. In other world .Funeral is to put the soul of the deceased to the underworld. The funeral ceremony refers to the etiquette of living deal with the deceased, and it is considered the last step of one’s whole life.To Chinese people, death means the emancipation from earthliness. If people die in the house peacefully, when he/she is extremely old, we call his/her funeral ‘white occasion’. As a very admirable way of death that one’s life ends at home without pain and disease is people’s long-cherished wish of lifetime and it’s also the glory of the family.Funeral preparation is ready shroud, coffin and for the dead. In China it’s very importan t and formal. There is a lot of custom taboos in this step. T he shroud is generally made from cotton. Nobody will like his/her shroud made by fur or silk, because Chinese believe that furs can make people into animals in the other life. Silk is not used t o make shroud for it’s Chinese pronunciation ‘duan’ which means bad for the death’s children. The coffin is divided into different grades according to the hardness of the timber, the harder the better.A prerequisite for the implementation of the funeral, obviously, we must determine the person is dead. In China, people will cotton on the person’s nostrils to test whether or not people die. I t is named a fine cotton in The Book of Rites. Afine cotton is much accurate than directly testing by hand and show respect for the deceased. If relatives were sure the person had been dead, everyone started crying. Crying means starting the funeral ceremony. In some place of China, especially in rural, people always open the roof tiles to wish the death go heaven.At the central plains region, it is bathed in his deathbed. Then put shroud on for him before he death. Medium civil funeral have “停灵”customs ,continued for three days, five days or seven days, it shows relatives look forward to the resurrection of the deceased, set aside enough time to the escape soul can return to when there is physical dependence.Western funeral rituals and customs are essentially religious funeral rites. Western people advocate “individual-based” and “individual-centered”, so people focus on resettlement of the deceased “soul” at the funeral. Fatherof repentance to him. This is also o hospice, so that the dying people will get correct view of the death of the deceased, and get out of the fear of death. At death, under the auspices of Father give the deceased corpse washing, dressing, religious meaning of his sins are washed away, clean see God after the priest want to pray.Chinese cemeteries are generally located on hillsides since this is thought to improve Fengshui(geomantic omen ).The higher a grave is located, the better. At the graveside, when the coffin is taken down from the hearse and lowered into the ground, all present must turn away. Family members and other relatives throw a handful of earth into the grave before it is frilled. After the funeral, all of clothes worn by the mourners are burned to avoid had luck associated with death. After the coffin is buried, the keeper of the cemetery will also offer prayers to the deceased.Family members and relatives are presented with a red packed(A sign of gratitude from the deceased’s family, and the money in it must be spent).A white towel is also a sign of gratitude although it is also used by funeral guests to wipe away perspiration. The eldest son of the deceased will retrieve some earth from the grave to put into an incense holder, and the deceased will beworshipped by the family at home using an ancestral tablet.Western funeral is religious funeral. The customs of western countries’ are influenced by their religions. Western funera ls mainly pray for the deceased, wish souls ascend to heaven as soon as possible. Christians thought people should give the deceased’ soul need to be quiet after death ,so western funeral customs are simple and enmity. Confucian established the Chinese traditional funeral rites. I n traditional Chinese culture, the soul is immortal; it’s attached the gods, worshiped in the Temple. Later, the introduction of Buddhism, bring the “six reincarnation, reincarnation Health care “and other concepts. At the same time, the Chinese local religion Taoism put forward the concept of Hell. Chinese people mixed these different believe together, and formed Chinese funeral customs-the Confucian tradition as the main body, the convergence of Buddhism and Taoism’s funeral rite s.。

中西方传统葬礼文化差异调查

中西方传统葬礼文化差异调查

中西方传统葬礼文化差异调查1、在您看来,一般葬礼的主色调应该是【单选题】○ 白色○ 黑色○ 颜色不重要2、在您看来,白色在葬礼中所代表的是(多选题)【多选题】□ 纯洁□ 黑暗□ 善良□ 恐怖□ 幸福□ 妖媚□ 哀悼3、在您看来,黑色在葬礼中所代表的是(多选题)【多选题】□ 纯洁□ 黑暗□ 善良□ 恐怖□ 幸福□ 妖媚□ 哀悼4、下列物品中,在中西方传统葬礼中有所涉及的分别是【矩阵多选题】5、在您看来,穿戴寿衣在葬礼中的寓意主要是【单选题】○ 表明一生圆满,体面地离去○ 去阴间不受寒冷○ 好看、美观○ 对逝者的尊重6、在您看来,圣水在葬礼中的作用主要是【单选题】○ 洁净逝者的躯体○ 拯救灵魂○ 涤除罪恶○ 让逝者精神永存、源远流长7、在您看来,中国人对“死亡”的认知是【单选题】○ “死”是另一种形式的“生”○ “死”犹如“归”,是人回归到与生的状况完全不同的世界中去○ 人死后便成了“鬼”○ 逝者及其相关的东西会完全地消失在这个世界上8、在您看来,西方人对“死亡”的认知是【单选题】○ 相信肉体的复活与不朽○ 灵魂不会消亡,肉体则有生有灭○ 结束了世界上的苦,回到天国永远的家乡○ 死亡是通向永恒的生命的一条通道9、您对“死亡”的认知是【单选题】○ 相信肉体的复活与不朽○ “死”是另一种形式的“生”○ 灵魂不会消亡,肉体则有生有灭○ “死”犹如“归”,是人回归到与生的状况完全不同的世界中去○ 结束了世界上的苦,回到天国永远的家乡○ 人死后便成了“鬼”○ 死亡是通向永恒的生命的一条通道○ 逝者及其相关的东西会完全地消失在这个世界上10、面对中西方差异较大的丧葬文化,下列葬礼方式中,您觉得哪一种更为适当?【单选题】○ 隆丧厚葬○ 简丧薄葬○ 无所谓,葬礼只是一种仪式。

从丧祭礼仪看中西文化差异

从丧祭礼仪看中西文化差异

从丧祭礼仪看中西文化差异中西文化是不同的,眼下,我们可以将目光放在丧祭礼仪这个话题上,以此来窥探中西文化差异之一。

首先,中西文化在丧祭礼仪中的差异,表现在很多方面。

从最基础的环节看起,中西方在认定死亡的标准上,存在着相当差异。

对于西方人而言,主要是通过心跳和呼吸来判断一个人是否死亡的;而在中国文化中,判断一个人死亡的标准有:心跳、呼吸、瞳孔放大、肌肉松弛等,比西方更全面、更丰富。

因为在中国传统文化中,死亡不仅仅是身体器官的停止,更重要的是自身的神灵身心全都在停顿。

这也影响到了整个文化在丧祭礼仪上的表现方式。

其次,中西文化在亲属丧世后的哀悼方式也有很大的不同。

在西方文化中,死亡往往被视为一种不可避免的自然现象,因此哀悼的方式也更加笼统化。

比如,常常会选择在遗体处理后的一周或更长时间内何时来安排葬礼,而葬礼一般都是在教堂或家中举行的,仪式较为庄重。

但在中国传统文化中,对于死亡会过分强调尊重、合适,需要作为全社会的共同仪式,追求规矩节制的精神与能量、日子、配角十分繁琐。

最后,中西文化在亡者灵魂和来世的态度上,也存在巨大的差别。

在西方文化中,人们通常将来世的问题抛到一边,而在中国文化中,人们更加重视灵魂的转世转生。

在传统的中国文化中,人们相信一个人的生命不止在人间,同时也在另外一个世间。

因此,丧祭礼仪中的基本礼仪与灵性信仰及各项礼仪上均关乎祭祀、钱财甚至包括每岁谷雨之前的清明祭日。

这个传统对于一些中国家庭来说依然很重要。

不难看出,中西文化在丧祭礼仪方面的差异之大。

虽然社会环境、历史背景、宗教信仰等多种因素贡献了这些差异,但我们依旧能从这些差异中,看到各自文化性格的不同之处。

中西丧葬礼仪对比

中西丧葬礼仪对比

中西丧葬礼仪对比中西文化比较辛倩影哀悼人死为丧,处理尸体为葬,丧葬礼显然是与死亡相关的人生礼仪。

丧葬是人生最后必不可少的程序,是一个人在尘世中的最后礼仪,也体现着生者对死亡、对死者的哀悼。

诞生礼在婴儿未曾出世前已经开始,标志着观念人生对生理人生的前展;丧葬礼正好与之相对,在人已经去世后举行,标志着观念人生对生理人生的后拓。

诞生礼把人接进社会来,丧葬礼把人送出社会去。

一头连着生,一头连着死。

正是在这种生死对照、来去比较的情况下,丧葬礼的种种特点才得以凸显。

丧葬方式受民族特性、地理条件、历史时代、社会制度、经济状况等制约,因此,不同地方,丧葬礼俗各不相同。

中国传统的丧祭礼仪形式上表现为重肉身,轻灵魂,认为生者与死者的联系始终未断,缺少对死后图景的构想;西方宗教性的丧葬礼仪以肃穆、庄严和简约的原则,肯定了个体精神性生命的存在以及人的灵魂的救赎。

下面通过比较中西的丧葬礼仪来进一步了解更多的丧葬文化。

[1]一、中国的丧葬礼仪死亡对于人们来说是没有办法避免的,茫茫宇宙,大千世界,人们在这里诞生、成长,直到最后的死亡。

死亡意味着一个人走向生命的终结,也是另一个生命的开始。

几千年来人们形成的丧葬礼仪,是中华习俗中的重要的一部分,葬礼仪式有许多的讲究和说法,让后辈之人去遵守它,以彰显出死亡的庄严肃穆。

1、中国丧葬礼仪的形成人们采取丧葬礼俗,最终目的是既要让死去的人满意,也要让活着的人安宁。

为了不使死者发怒,就要按期祭奠,超度亡灵。

由此可见,中国的丧葬礼仪,是原始观念和封建观念的混合体,千百年来一直在流传,时至今日,丧葬礼仪仍残1中西文化比较辛倩影存着不少的旧痕迹。

在整个丧葬的过程中,是生者与死者的对话,两者之间存在着一个坚韧的结——念祖怀亲。

这个结,表现在生者和死者之间的实体联系中,也表现在两者之间的精神联系之中。

儒家的伦理色彩、等次观念、温情脉脉等,皆融入丧礼的每一细节。

“丧葬”一词发展到现在已经成为一种传统文化了,葬俗多种多样,丧礼上的物品亦是百态纷呈,但却始终作为一个象征系统而存在着。

中西方习俗文化对比

中西方习俗文化对比

中西方习俗文化对比一、本文概述习俗文化是人类社会的重要组成部分,它体现了各个民族的历史传统、生活方式和价值观念。

本文旨在探讨中西方习俗文化的对比,通过对两者在节日庆典、婚丧嫁娶、饮食习惯和社会礼仪等方面的深入剖析,揭示中西方文化的共性与差异。

通过这一对比,我们可以更好地理解不同文化背景下的行为规范和价值观念,促进跨文化交流和理解。

在本文中,我们将首先概述中西方习俗文化的整体特点,然后从多个方面展开详细对比。

在节日庆典方面,我们将分析中国传统节日如春节、中秋节等与西方节日如圣诞节、复活节等的起源、庆祝方式和文化内涵。

在婚丧嫁娶方面,我们将探讨中西方婚礼和葬礼的传统习俗、仪式流程和象征意义。

在饮食习惯方面,我们将比较中西方餐桌礼仪、烹饪方式和食材选择的异同。

在社会礼仪方面,我们将关注中西方在社交场合中的行为规范、礼貌用语和待人接物的差异。

通过这一全面的对比,我们希望能够帮助读者更深入地了解中西方习俗文化的独特魅力,促进不同文化间的相互尊重和融合。

我们也希望这一研究能够为跨文化交流和国际合作提供有益的参考,推动全球化背景下的人类文明共同进步。

二、节日习俗对比节日习俗是文化的重要组成部分,反映了人们的生活方式、价值观和信仰。

中西方在节日习俗上存在显著的差异,这些差异源于各自的历史、地理、宗教和哲学背景。

中国的节日习俗深受儒家文化和农耕文明的影响。

春节是最重要的传统节日,象征着岁末年初和新的一年的开始。

春节期间,人们会进行大扫除、贴春联、放鞭炮、吃团圆饭等一系列活动,寓意着除旧布新、团圆和吉祥。

中秋节、端午节和清明节等节日,也都与农历、农事活动或纪念历史人物有关。

这些节日习俗中,往往蕴含着对家庭、祖先和自然的敬畏与尊重。

相比之下,西方的节日习俗则更多地受到基督教和近现代工业化社会的影响。

圣诞节是西方最重要的节日,源自纪念耶稣基督的诞生。

在圣诞节期间,人们会装饰圣诞树、挂圣诞袜、赠送礼物、举行圣诞晚宴等,营造出温馨、欢乐的氛围。

中西丧葬礼仪对比

中西丧葬礼仪对比
历史传承
丧葬礼仪作为历史文化的重要载体,通过对比研究可以更好地传承和发扬优秀传统文化。
现实应用
了解不同文化背景下的丧葬礼仪,可以为跨国企业、国际组织等提供文化敏感性和跨文化 沟通的能力,避免因文化差异而引发的冲突和误解。同时,也可以为殡葬服务行业的国际 化发展提供借鉴和参考。
02 中西方丧葬礼仪概述
科技在丧葬礼仪中的应用
随着科技的不断发展,未来科技将在丧葬礼仪中发挥更大 的作用,如虚拟追悼会、数字化遗产等。同时,科技也将 为丧葬服务提供更加便捷、高效的方式。
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习俗内容对比
中国丧葬习俗
包括停尸、报丧、招魂、送魂、做七、下葬等仪式,注重孝道、祖先崇拜和家族观念, 强调对死者的尊重和纪念。
西方丧葬习俗
包括守灵、葬礼、追悼会等仪式,注重个人尊严、平等和宗教信仰,强调对生命的珍视 和对死者的怀念。
习俗传承方式对比
中国丧葬习俗传承
通过家族、宗族等社会组织以及民间信 仰、传统文化等途径进行传承,具有历 史悠久、内容丰富、地域性强等特点。
中国丧葬礼仪的起源与发展
起源
中国丧葬礼仪起源于远古时期,与祖先崇拜、灵魂信仰等密 切相关。在古代,人们认为死亡并非终结,而是灵魂前往另 一个世界的开始,因此丧葬礼仪具有浓厚的宗教和神秘色彩 。
发展
随着历史的演进,中国丧葬礼仪逐渐形成了一套完整的体系 。在封建社会,丧葬礼仪受到等级制度的影响,不同社会阶 层有不同的丧葬规格和仪式。现代社会,虽然丧葬礼仪有所 简化,但仍保留着许多传统习俗和仪式。
宗教信仰对丧葬观念的影响
中方宗教信仰
在中国,佛教、道教等宗教信仰对丧葬观念产生了深远 影响,如佛教的超度仪式、道教的法事等,都体现了对 逝者灵魂的超度和安抚。
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the burial service
Visitation
At the visitation, in Western custom, the body of the deceased person is placed on display in the coffin. The viewing often takes place on one or two evenings before the funeral. The viewing is either "open casket", in which the embalmed body of the deceased has been clothed and treated with cosmetics [kɑzˈm ɛtɪk] 发蜡 for display; or "closed casket", in which the coffin is closed. The coffin may be closed if the body was too badly damaged because of an accident or fire or other trauma, deformed from illness or if someone in the group is emotionally unable to cope with viewing the corpse. In cases such as these, a picture of the deceased, usually a formal photo, is placed atop the casket.


Funeral
A funeral is often officiated by clergy from the decedent's, or bereaved's, church or religion. A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church. A funeral is held according to the family's choosing, which may be a few days after the time of death, allowing family members to attend the service. This type of memorial service is most common in Christians, and they call it a mass when the casket is closed and a priest says prayers and blessings. Most of the time family members of the dead can say something. If the funeral service takes place in the funeral home it can be directed by a clergy or hosted by a very close family member most common a parent.
Selecting a funeral song may seem like a fairly easy task, but in reality it is not. There are a number of things that should be considered before a collection of funeral songs are selected.
If you are in charge of selecting a funeral song for one of your recently deceased relatives you are encouraged to get input from other family members before officially selecting a collection of funeral songs.
Burial Service
• In many religious traditions, pallbearers, usually males who are close, but not immediate relatives (such as cousins, nephews or grandchildren) or friends of the decedent, will carry the casket from the chapel (of a funeral home or church) to the hearse, and from the hearse to the site of the burial service. The pallbearers often sit in a special reserved section during the memorial service. According to most religions, coffins are kept closed during the burial ceremony. In Eastern Orthodox funerals, the coffins are reopened just before burial to allow loved ones to look at the deceased one last time and give their
A burial service, conducted at the side of the grave, at which the body of the decedent is buried at the conclusion.
Sometimes, the burial service will immediately follow the funeral, in which case a funeral procession travels from the site of the memorial service to the burial site. In some other cases, the burial service is the funeral, in which case the procession might travel from the cemetery office to the gravesite. Other times, the burial service takes place at a later time, when the final resting place is ready, if the death occurred in the middle of winter.

Funeral songs are songs that are played at a person's calling hours or funeral service. There are many times where a funeral home will select traditional funeral music or opt for no music at all; however, the majority of the time the decision is up to the surviving family members.
The funeral of Pope John Paul II
Funerals in North America and Europe
• Within the United States and Canada, in most cultural groups and regions, the funeral rituals can be divided into three parts: visitation funeral
WESTERN FUNERAL
What is funeral about?
• A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, respecting, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. • Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor. • Customs vary widely between cultures, and between religious affiliations within cultures.
Visitation
The viewing typically takes place at a funeral home, which is equipped with gathering rooms where the viewing can be conducted, although the viewing may also take place at a church. The viewing may end with a prayer service; in a Roman Catholic funeral, this may include a rosary[ˈroz əri]玫瑰经. In parts of Ireland and Scotland it is traditional to display the body of the deceased in the family home. This is called a wake and usually includes food, drink and sometimes music and singing.
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