给排水工程屋顶排水中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Short and Long Term Advantage roof drainage design performance Decade has witnessed great changes in the design of the roof drainage system recently, particularly, siphon rainwater drainage system has been gradually improved, and there is likely to be the key application. At the same time these changes, urban drainage system design has undergone tremendous changes, because the scope of a wider urban drainage system design for sustainable development, as well as people for climate change flooding more attention. The main contents of this article is how to design roof drainage systems and make a good performance. Special attention is how to get rid of bad habits already formed the design, but also need to consider innovative roof drainage system, such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems.Practical application: In the past few years, the design of the roof rainwater drainage system has undergone tremendous changes. On large buildings, siphon rainwater drainage technology has been very common, as well as green roofs because it is conducive to green development, being more and more applications. Taking into account the ongoing research, this article focuses on how to effectively design a variety of roof rainwater drainage system, and make it achieve the desired design effect.1. IntroductionIn the past decade, the city and the water drainage system design has been widely accepted thinking about sustainable urban drainage system, or the optimal management direction. The main principles of the design of these systems is both a local level in line with the quality of development, but also to create some economic benefits for the investors. This principle has led to the development of new changes in the sump. Although the application of such a device isgradually reduced, but the urban environment relatively high demand areas still require 100% waterproof and rapid drainage, such as the roof. Typically roof drainage system in the design, construction and maintenance has not been given due attention. Although the drainage system investment costs account for only a small portion of the total construction investment, but not able to judge the loss caused by poor design.There are two different forms of roof drainage system design methods, namely the traditional and siphon method. Traditional systems rely on atmospheric pressure work, the drive ram affected sink flow depth. Therefore, the conventional roof drainage systems require a relatively large diameter vertical drop tube, prior to discharge, all devices must be connected to the groundwater collection pipe network. In contrast, siphonic roof drainage pipe systems are generally designed to full flow (turbulent flow means that require less exhaust pipe), which will form a negative pressure, the larger the higher flow rate and pressure head. Typically siphon system requires less down pipe work under negative pressure to the water distribution network can mean higher altitude work, thereby reducing the amount of underground pipe network.Both systems consists of three parts: the roof, rainwater collection pipes, pipe network.All of these elements are able to change the water pressure distribution system. This section focuses on the role and performance of each part. Due to the principle of siphon system has not been well understood, resulting argument is relatively small, this article will highlight siphon system.2. RoofThe roof is usually designed by the architect, designer and not by the drainage design. There are three main roof.2.1 Flat roofFlat roofs are used in industrial buildings less rainfall regions and countries. This roof is not completely flat, but lower than the minimum roof slope may require. For example, the United Kingdom require maximum slope of 10 °. Setting minimum slope in order to avoid any unnecessary water.Despite the flat roof if it is not properly maintained will have more problems, but it will reduce the dead zone within the building, and the ratio of sloping roofs in favor of indoor air.2.2 sloping roofsMost residential and commercial buildings are pitched roof, inclined roof is the biggest advantage can quickly drain, thereby reducing leakage. In temperate regions, we need to consider carrying roof snow load. Once it rains, rainfall through the sloping roofs can be determined by calculation. When rainfall data can be used, you can use the kinematic theory to solve such problems.2.3 green roof (flat or inclined)It can prove roof is the oldest green roofs, including rainfall can reduce or disperse roof planted with plants. It can be planted with trees and shrubs roof garden, it can also be a vegetated roof light carpet. Wherein the latter technique has been widely used. Some of these applications tend to focus on aesthetic requirements and are often used in green development. Since the aesthetic requirements and pressure requirements, as well as green roofs thermal insulation function, reduce the heat island effect, silencer effect, extend the life of the roof.Green roofs in Germany, the most widely used, followed in North America, but to consider the impact on the aesthetics. Germany is by far the most experienced countries in the 19th centuryhave practical application, then as an alternative to reduce the risk of fire tar roof an option in urban areas. Germany is currently the main research question on the cultivation of other issues to consider smaller cities. A study from 1987 to 1989, was found packed with 70 mm thick green roof can be reduced by 60% -80% of heat loss. In a Canadian work computer model based on the roof indicates that as long as the sump, the area can reach 70% of the roof area can be reduced by 60 percent in one year, the same model was also used for artificial rainfall, which the results indicate that rainfall in the catchment season helps to drain away rainwater.However, none of these studies show that green roofs can play a useful role in the rainfall season, or how high collection efficiency of water supply. The United States did some tests, as long as the green roofs regular watering, can reduce 65 percent of the runoff in a rainfall. America's most authoritative green roof guidelines by the New Jersey state environmental agencies promulgated. The main principle is to solve the structural problems of light, and how can the normal drainage after two years.Rainfall period is based on the probability of failure is determined. The system is typically based on rainfall during rainstorms two minutes, two minutes, have a choice. Although this model will get more traffic, but there is no other better alternative. Studies have shown that the traditional model is applied to study green roofs are premature.Loss factor than traditional roof records should be small, about 98.7%.Peak flow will be reduced, although not penetrate, the surface roughness but also have a significant impact.Concentrated rainfall than two minutes for a long time, especially for large roof areas, such as public buildings, commercial buildings, industrial buildings.Urban drainage design should also consider other factors, for a complex system, a green roof in a rain is not enough. Water flow duration curve shows a longer than traditional systems. And two independent and will affect between is possible, which requires a more precise time period. 3. Rainwater CollectorBasic requirements rainwater collector is designed to be able to accommodate rainfall rainstorms. Although it is possible to make a slightly inclined roof drainage purposes, but the nature of the construction industry and building settlement will become flat roof Typically, the tank is placed in a horizontal, sectional view of the water is outwardly inclined, which the role of hydrostatic.3.1 drain outletAnalyzing rainwater collector has sufficient volume is the key to the sump outlet external setting conditions. Also affect the flow rate into the storm water drainage system piping, but also affect the depth of the water catchment. Although the depth of the sump will not bring any particular problems, but too deep can cause excessive sump.Numerous studies in the 1980s showed that the flow of conventional roof drainage system outlet can be divided into two cases. It depends on the size of the depth and size of the outlet. When the water depth is less than half the diameter of the outlet, the flow of the first type, and the outlet of the flow can be calculated by an appropriate equation; water depth increases, exports are slowly clogging the flow will become another form forms, at the same time, the flow of exports can be obtained through other equations. While conventional roof drainage systems are designed to be free-draining, but may cause limitations encountered in the design of the flow is not free. In this case, it will require additional depth.Siphon roof drainage systems, the outlet is designed to be submerged stream. In this case, the depth of the outlet of the decision is more complicated, because the design of the sump depends on the flow. Recent studies have shown that conventional roof drainage systems use a variety of non-standard catchment, their depth and height, bigger than the diameter of the outlet. This will eventually result in a siphon effect. For a given catchment, the flow depends on the starting end of the drop tube diameter. A similar phenomenon has also been used to study the standard catchment, in these circumstances, only limited siphon action occurs within relatively close distance from the exit.3.2 tank flow classificationIn the complex flow sump outlet flow classification, can be seen from Table 2a, the flow will be uniform layering, regardless of whether the same inlet flow. Table 2b and 2c show, export distribution will greatly influence the flow.When the outlet is not a free jet, sump outlet complex flow classification is difficult to describe. Because each catchment tank pressures are likely to be merged. For example, the siphon tube system design point is at near full jet outlet flow classification depends on the energy loss of each branch.3.3 hydrostatic sectionalSump shape of the water surface in the canal can be classified according to the flow equation. In most cases, a low flow rate means that there is less friction loss, if exports are free jet, the friction loss is negligible cross-section through the hydrostatic equation 1 to determine the horizontal distance.Where Q-- flow (m3 / s)T- surface width (m)g- acceleration of gravity (m / s2)F- flow area (m2)Equation 1 can not be ignored when the friction required to correct (or very long pipe velocity is large), or not a free jet.3.4 The current design methodsThe previous discussion has highlighted the main factors that should be considered with sink design. However, without the help of a certain number of models, computing hydrostatic sectional roof drainage system, the volume of the sump is possible. This large commercial and manufacturing industry, is a development opportunity, you can merge several kilometers of water routes. Thus, the conventional drainage system sump design methods are mainly based on experience, and assume that exports are free jet.Sump location in the building, it may cause the example to fail.Different interface sumpExcept in the case cited above, but also allows designers to use empirical data.3.5 Digital ModelLarge number of digital models can be used to accurately describe the flow of any form of catchment tank, regardless of whether the roof flows stable. An example of this model is a combination of roof space model. This model enables users to classify different aspects of the data indicated, includes: details of the rains, the roof surface drainage and other details. Kinematics have also been used to study rainwater tank to flow from the research collection. A typical method is based on open system to solve a basic problem of spatial mobility. This model automaticallyresolve the sump outlet flow situation, but also to deal with the case of free jet can also be simulated space limited mobility and submerged discharge. Output values include depth and flow rate.Currently, the model is essentially just a variety of research tools, but also through practical engineering test. However, we should face up to the various role models.4 pipe systems groupComposition in the form and scope of the tube group determines the roof drainage system relies mainly on the traditional system or siphon action.4.1 Traditional stormwater systemsConventional roof drainage systems, the ground plane is generally vertical pipe-line network, connected to the sump outlet and underground drainage systems, critical systems as well as compensating tube. It should be emphasized that the angle between the ground and the compensating tube is less than 10 °. Capacity of the entire system relies mainly on the outlet tube instead of down.Flow vertical tube is usually free-flowing, full of only 33%, the efficiency depends on the excess length of the tube. If the drop tube long enough (typically greater than 5m), there may be an annular flow. Similarly, under normal circumstances flow compensation pipe is free-flowing, full of up to 70%. Such designed process both for the design, various equations can also be used.4.2 Siphon roof drainage systemIn contrast with the traditional drainage systems, Siphon roof drainage system relies on air flow outside the system, and the tube is full pipe flow stream.The designs are usually made on the assumption that the design of heavy rain, the system can quickly siphon discharge rainwater. This assumption allows the application of hydrostatic siphon system theory. Often used steady flow energy equation. While this approach ignores the small amount of energy loss at the entrance, but after the experiment showed that there are still conducive to practical use.However, steady-state design methods in the siphon system is exposed to rain when the system does not meet the standard requirements or changes in rainfall intensity is large is not applied. In the first case, there will be some mixing of air quality, annular flow occurs. These problems are not integrated in the system when more serious. Because usually designed rains are common, it is clear now design methodology over time may not apply to siphon system. This is a major disadvantage, because the design of the main problem is the noise and vibration problems.Despite the disadvantages of the prior design approach, but a lot of the world's very few engineering failure reports. When a failure occurs, most likely for the following reasons: An incorrect understanding of the operation pointsSubstandard materials listInstallation defectsMaintenance mismanagementTo overcome these disadvantages, we have recently launched a series of research projects, to discuss the siphon system, and the development of digital models. From this work we learn a lot. In contrast with conventional design methods of some assumptions, siphon system mainly has the following aspects:1) non-flow system of full flow2) levels of certain pipe-flowing full pipe flow3) full pipe flow downstream propagation through a vertical pipe, riser, etc.4) the inner tube flow occurs over the vertical section, the system to reduce the pressure5) downward tube is full pipe flow, there will be air lock6) appears completely siphon action until well into the air system is lower than a certain levelTable 4a column data indicate that below the design point, the system will siphon unstable flow, depth of the water collecting tank is insufficient to maintain the siphon action. Table 4b show that the unsteady flow in siphon system when it will appear.Table 5 lists the data output of a digital model. It can be seen that the model can accurately describe the siphon action, siphon and steady state, the data also show that the model can accurately describe the complex siphon action.5 ConclusionThis article has illustrated the critical roof drainage systems, but these are often overlooked in the urban drainage system design. This article also shows that the design process is a complex process, rely mainly on the performance of exports. The following conclusions are based on the design summed up:1) Run depend on three interacting parts: the roof, sump, water pipes2) Green roofs can reduce traffic and beautify the city3) the export performance of the system is essential4) siphon drainage system have a greater advantage in large-scale projects, but must be considered high maintenance costs5) Design siphon drainage system should consider additional capacity and operational issuesAlthough the green roof is a more attractive option, but the traditional roof of a building in the country will continue to dominate. Green roofs will be gradually developed, and gradually been widely accepted. Similarly, the roof drainage system shown effective that it will continue to play a huge role in the commercial building drainage systems.Roof drainage system of the greatest threats from climate change, existing systems tend to be not simply aging; rainfall patterns of change will result in inefficient operation, self-cleaning rate will be reduced. Changes in wind speed and the roof will also accelerate the aging of the roof, it is necessary to carry out maintenance. Taking into account the climate change, the increase in materials, roof collected rainwater will be more extensive. Currently, the amount of rain around the globe per person per day 7-300 liters in the UK, with an average consumption of 145L / h / d, of which only about one liter is used by people, about 30 per cent of the toilet, study shows If water shortage, rainwater collected on the roof of developed and developing countries are recommended approach.屋顶排水设计性能的近期与远期优势最近十年见证了屋顶排水系统设计方面的巨大变化，特别的是，虹吸雨水排水系统已经得到逐步改善，并且有可能得到重点应用。
给排水常用专有名词中英文对照
给排水常用专有名词中英文对照1、给水工程 water supply engineering 原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
2、排水工程 sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统 water supply system 给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统 sewerage system 排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源 water source 给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water 存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤间隙中的水。
9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackish water ,alkaline water 碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water 含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water 用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水 wastewater 居民活动过程中排出的水及径流雨水的总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量 water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量。
-15、污水量 wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额 water flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额 wastewater flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
18、水质 water quality 在给水排水工程中，水的物理、化学、生物学等方面的性质。
给水排水中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North ChinaAbstract The conflict among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China.Efficient solutions to the conflict are tomaintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of theground water basins,and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water.All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality.This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage，water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve theproblem of unstable mine water supply,which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system.Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy,society,ecology,environment,insustuial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account.Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained.In the light of the conflict of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine,a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme,in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors.The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.Keywords combination system of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection,optimal combination,resourcification of mine water.1Analyses of necessity for the combinationThere are three related problems in the basin.It is well known that the major mine-hydrogeological characteristics of the coal accumulated basin in North China display a stereo water-filling structure,which is formed by multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically together with various kinds of inner or outer boundaries.Mine water hazards have seriously restricted the healthy development of coal industry in China because of more water-filling sources and stronger water-filling capacity in coal mines of the basin.Coal reserves in the basin are threatened by the water hazards.In Fengfeng,Xingtai,Jiaozuo,Zibao,Huaibei and Huainan coal mine districts,for example,it is estimatedthat coal reserves are threatened by the water hazards up to 52％,71.％40,％,60％,48％and 90％of total prospecting reserves respectively.It is obvious that un-mining phenomenon caused by the water hazards is serious.Water-bursting accidents under coal layers have seriously influenced safe production.Some statistical data show that there were 17 water-bursting accidents with over 1 m3/s inflow from 1985.Water drainage is an increasing burden on coal mines threatened by water hazards:high cost of water drainage raises coal prices and reduces profits of the enterprise.On the other hand,it is more and more difficult to meet the demand of water supply in coal mine districts in the basin.The reasons are not only arid and semi-arid weather conditions,but also a large amount of water drainage with deep drawdown in coal mines and irrational water exploitation.The deterioration of eco-environment is another problem.Phenomena of land surface karst collapse can be found.Many famous karst springs,which are discharge points for the whole karst groundwater syatem,stop flowing or their discharge rates decrease on a large scale.Desert cremophytes in large areas in west China die because of falling groundwater level.These three problems are related and contradictory.In order to solve the problems while ensuring safe mining,meeting water resource demands and slowing down the pace of eco-environment deterioration,it is necessary to study the optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in the basin.2The state of the art of research and the problemsAlthough research into the combination of water drainage and water supply started much earlier in some countries,their conception is simple and some shortcomings remain in their study on the theory and pattern of combination.China’s research history on the combination can be divided into three stages.The first stage is the utilization of mine water.A century ago mine water started to be used as water supply for mines.But the utilization scale and efficiency were quite limited at that time.The second stage is a comprehensive one:mine water was used while water hazards were harnessed.Great progress was made both in theory and practice of the combination.For example,the combination of water drainage and water supply not only means the utilization of mine water,but also means that it is a technique of preventing water hazards.It is unfortunate,however,that the combination research in this stage offered less sense ofeco-environment protection.Optimum combination management of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is the third stage.Main features in this stage are to widen traditional research,and to establish an economic-hydraulic management model,in which safe mining,eco-environment protection and sustainable development demands,etc.are simultaneously considered as constraint conditions.3Trinity systemThe trinity system combines water drainage,water supply and eco-environment quality protection.The water-collecting structures of the system consist of land surface pumping wells in the mines,shallow land surface well in groundwater recharge areas and artificial relief wells under the mines.Both integration and coordination for the trinity system are distinguished according to the combination.The integration for the system means to utilize drainage water under the mines and pump water onto the land surface as water supply for different purposes without harming the eco-environmental quality.The coal mines are not only drainage sites,but also water supply sources.The purpose of drilling pumping wells on the land surface is to eliminate special influences on different consumers,which are caused by terminating drainage processes under the mines due to unexpected accidents in mining.The coordination for the system means to bulid some water supply sources for different consumers while ensuring eco-environmental quality in groundwater recharge positions,where pumping groundwater is quite effective on lowering groundwater heads in the mine areas.Itintercepts in advance the recharging groundwater flow towards the mines,which may not only provide consumers with good quality groundwater,achieve the goal of dropping down groundwater heads in the mines,but also effectively reduce the high costs of drainage and water treatment,which are needed by traditional dewatering measures with large drainage flow rates under the mines.The coordination changes the traditional passive pattern of preventing and controlling groundwater hazards under the mines into that of active surface interception.Both very developed karst flow belts and accumulated groundwater recharge ones under the ground are relatively ideal interceptive coordination positions in the system.For the integration of the trinity system,artificial relief wells under the mines and the land surface pumping wells mainly penetrate into direct thin bedded karst aquifers interbedded with the mining coal layers,while for the coordination of the system,the shallow land surface wells mainly penetrate into very thick karst aquifer.Therefore,hydrogeological conceptual model for the system involves the multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically by different inner boundaries.Setting up stereo hydrogeological conceptual models and corresponding mathematical models is a prerequisite for solving the managemental problems for the system.Management of the trinity system not only considers the effects of lowering groundwater heads and safe operation for water drainage subsystem,but also pays attention to the water demands for water supply subsystem and quality changes for eco-environment protection subsystem.They play the same important role in the whole combination system.It controls the groundwater heads in each aquifer to satisfy the conditions of safe mining with certain water head pressures in the mines,and to guarantee a certain amount of water supply for the mines and near areas,but the maximum drawdown of groundwater must not be ex ceded,which may result in lowering eco-environmental quality.4Economic-hydraulic management modelIn the trinity system management,groundwater resources in the mines and nearby areas,which are assessed on the premise of eco-environment qualities and safe operation in the mines,may be provided as water supply prices,drainage costs,transportation costs(including pipeline and purchasing the land costs)and groundwater quality treatment costs for the three different waterconsumers,the optimum management models may automatically allocate to each consumer a certain amount of groundwater resources and a concrete water supply scenario based on comparisons of each consumer’s economic contribution to the whole system in objective function.Therefore the management studies on the optimal combination among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection involve both the management of groundwater hydraulic techniques and the economic evaluations,eco-environment quality protection and industrial structure programs.In addition to realizing an economic operation,they also guarantee a safe operation which is a key point for the combination of the whole system.5The management model for the trinity system can reach water supply goals with drainage water under the mines and the land surface pumping water on the premise of ensuring eco-environmental quality.And it can make use of one model to lay down comprehensively optimum management scenarios for each subsystem by means of selecting proper constraints and maximum economic benefit objective produced by multiple water consumers.The model can raise the security and reliability of operation for the whole trinity system,and the drainage water can be forecast for the mines and the management of water supply resource and the evaluation of eco-environment quality can be performed at the same time so as to respectively stop the separate or closed management,of departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation.This,in economic aspect,can not only avoid much geological survery and special assessment work which are often repeated by the three departments,and save a lot of funds,but also ,in technical aspect,make use of one model to simultaneously consider interference and influence on each other for different groundwater seepage fields so as to guarantee calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.The economic-hydraulic management model can be expressed as follows.6 A case studyA typical sector is chosen.It is located in the east of Jiaozuo coal mine,Henan Province,China.Itconsists of three mines:Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.The land surface is flat,and the whole area is about 30 km2.An intermittent river Shanmen flows through the sector from the north to the south.Average annual precipitation in the sector is about 662.3mm.Theprecipitation mainly concentrates inJune,July,August and September each year.Strata in the sector consist of very thick limestone in Middle Ordovician,coal-bearing rock series in Permo Carboniferous and loose deposits in Quaternary.There are four groups of faulted structures.The first is in northeast-southwest direction such as F3 and F1..The second is in the northwest-southeast direction such as Fangzhuang fault.The third is in the east-west direction such as Fenghuangling fault.The last is almost in north-south.These faults are all found to be normal faults with a high degree of dip angle.Four major aquifers have been found in the sector.The top one is a semi-confined porous aquifer.The next one is a very thin bedded limeston aquifer.The third is a thin bedded limestone aquifer.The last one at the bottom is a very thick limestone aquifer.Objective function of the management model is designed to be maximum economic benefit produced by domestic,industrial and agricultural water supply.Policy making variables of the model are considered as the domestic,industrial and agricultural groundwater supply rates in every management time step,and they are supplied by artificial relief flow wells under the mines,the land surface pumping wells in the mines and the shallow land surface wells in the groundwater recharge areas.All the 135 policy making variables are chosen in the model,27 for drainage wells under the mines in aquifer,27 for the land surface pumping wells in the mine districts in aquifer 27 in aquifer 27 in aquifer O2 27 for the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2Based on the problems,the following constraint conditions should be considered:(1)Safe mining constraint with groundwater pressure in aquifer L8.There are altogether three coalmines in the typical sector,i.e.Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.Elevations of mining level for these mines are different because it is about 88-150 m in the second mining level for Hanwang Mine,and -200m in the second mining level for Yanmazhuang Mine,and-225 m in the first mining level for Jiulishan Mine.According to mining experiences,pressure-loaded heights for groundwater heads in safe mining state are considered as about 100-130m.Therefore,the groundwater level drawdowns in the three management time steps for aquifer L8 at three mines have to be equivalent to safe drawdown values at least in order to pervert groundwater hazards under the mines and to guarantee their safe operation.(2)Geological eco-environment quality constraint.In order to prevernt groundwater leakage fromupper contaminater porous aquifer into bottom one and then to seepage further down to contaminate the thin bedded limestone aquifer in the position of buried outcrop,the groundwater heads in the bottom porous aquifer must keep a certain height,i.e.the groundwater drawdowns in it are not allowed to exceed maximum values.(3)Groundwater head constraint at the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2,The shallow landsurface wells should penetrate in aquifer O2 in order to avoid geological environment hazards,such as karst collapse and deep karst groundwater contamination.Groundwater head drawdowns in aquifer O2 for the shallow land surface wells are not allowed to exceed criticalvalues.(4)Industrial water supply constraint for the groundwater source in aquifer O2 .The rate ofindustrial water supply needed by the planned thermal power plant in the north of the sectoris designed to be 1.5 m3/s according to the comprehensive design of the system in thesector.In order to meet the demands of water,the rate industrial water supply for thegroundwater source in aquifer O2 in every management time step must be equivalent at leastto 1.5 m3/s.(5)Maximum amount constraint of groundwater resource available for abstraction.In order tomaintain the balance of the groundwater system in the sector for a long time and to avoid anyharmful results caused by continuous falling of groundwater head,the sum of groundwaterabstraction in each management time step is not allowed to exceed the maximum amount ofgroundwater resource available for abstraction.Since there is not only water drainage in the mines,but also water supply in the whole combination system,management period for the model is selected from June 1,1978 to May 31,1979,in which annual average rate of precipitation is about 50％.Management time steps for the period are divided into three.The first one is from June to September,the second from October to next January,and the last one from next February to May.According to comprehensive information about actual economic ability,economic development program and industrial structure adjustment in the sector at present and in the near future,and different association forms of water collecting structures among the land surface pumping wells,the shallow land surface wells and artificial relief flow wells under the mines,this paper designs 12 management scenarious,all of which take the safe operation in the trinity system as the most important condition.After making comparisons of optimum calculation results for the 12 scenarious,this paper comes to a conclusion that scenarios is the most ideal and applicable one for the typical sector.This scenario not only considers the effective dewatering advantage of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantage of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantage of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment in the land surface pumping wells.Meanwhile,eh shallow land surface wells inaquifer O2in this scenario would not only provide water supply for the thermal power plant as planned,but also play an important role in dewatering the bottom aquifer,which is major recharge source of groundwater for the mines.If the drainage subsystem under the mines runs normally,this scenario could fully offer the effective dewatering functions of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines,and makes the trinity system operate normally.But if the drainage subsystem has to stop suddenly because of unexpected accidents,the scenario could still fully utilize the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,and increae their pumping rates in order to make up for temporary shortage of water supply for the trinity system and to make its economic losses reduced to a minimum extent.Increasing groundwater abstraction rate for the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,in fact,is very favorable for harnessing the water-accidents under the mines and for recovery production of the mines.To sum up,this scenario sets up a new pattern for the combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection.It solves quite well the conflicts between the low safe guaranty rate and the effective dewatering result for the artificial relief flow wells under the mines.It makes full use of beneficial aspect of the conflicts,and meanwhile compensates for the unbeneficial one by arranging the land surface pumping wells in the coal mine districts.Therefore,this scenario should be comprehensive and feasible.In this scenario,Hanwan Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine are distributed optimally for certain amount of domestic and industrial water supply,but not for much agricultural water supply.The land surface pumping wells are also distributed for different purposes of water supply.The water supply for the thermal power plant (1.5 m3/s) is provided by the shallow land surface prehensive effects,produced by the above three kinds of water collecting structures,completely satisfy all of the constraint conditions in the management model,and achieve an extremely good economic objective of 16.520551million RMB yuan per year.In order to examine the uncertainty of the management model,12management scenarios are all tested with sensitive analysis.7Conclusion(1)The optimum combination research among water drainage,water supply and eco-environmentprotection is of great theoretical significance and application value in the basin of North China for solving unbalanced relation between water supply and demands,developing new potential water supply sources and protecting weak eco-environment.(2)The combination research is concerned not only with hydraulic technique management but alsowith constraints of economic benefits,society,ecology,environment quality,safe mining and sustainable development in the coal mines.(3)The combination model,for the first time,breaks up the closed situation existing for a longtime,under which the government departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation work respectively.Economically,it can spare the repeated geological survey and special assessment work done by the three departments and save a lot of funds;technically,one model is made use of to cover the interference and influence each other for different groundwater seepage fields soas to guarantee a high calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.(4)The management scenario presented in the case study is the most ideal and applicable for thetypical sector.This scenario not only makes full use of the effective dewatering advantages of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantages of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantages of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment for the land surface pumping wells.References1.Investigation team on mine-hydrogeology and engineering geology in the Ministry ofGeology and Mineral Resources.Investigation Report on Karst-water-filling Mines(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,19962.Liu Qiren,Lin Pengqi,Y u Pei,Investigation comments on mine-hydrogeological conditionsfor national karst-water-filling mines,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19793.Wang Mengyu,Technology development on preventing and curing mine water in coalmines in foreign countries,Science and Technology in Coal(in Chinese),19834.Coldewey,W.G.Semrau.L.Mine water in the Ruhr Area(Federal Republic of Germany),inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire:Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19945.Sivakumar,M.Morten,S,Singh,RN,Case history analysis of mine water pollution,inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire;Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19946.Ye Guijun.Zhang Dao,Features of Karst-water-filling mines and combination betweenwater drainage and water supply in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology(in China),19887.Tan Jiwen,Shao Aijun,Prospect analyses on Combination between water drainage andwater supply in karst water basin in northern China,Jounnal of Hebei College ofGeology(in Chinese),19858.Xin Kuide,Yu Pei,Combination between water drainage and water for seriouskarst-water-filling mines in northern China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19869.Wu Qiang,Luo Yuanhua,Sun Weijiang et al.Resourcification of mine water andenvironment protection,Geological Comments(in Chinese),199710.Gao Honglian,Lin Zhengping,Regional characteristics of mine-hydrogeological conditionsof coal deposits in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),198511.Jiang Ben,A tentative plan for preventing and curing measures on mine water in coal minesin northern China,Geology and Prospecting for Coaofield(in Chinese),1993中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护摘要为了开采中国北方煤炭资源丰富的区域，不合理的排水使排水、供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突日趋严重。
建筑给水排水基本术语中英对照翻译
建筑给水排水基本术语中英对照翻译（中德工程建筑设施智能技术093132 张伟）1、给水工程water supply engineering 原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
2、排水工程sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统water supply system 给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统sewerage system 排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源water source 给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water 存在于地壳岩石裂缝或土壤空隙中的水。
9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackish water ,alkaline water 碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water 含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water 用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水wastewater 居民活动过程中排出的水及径流雨水的总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量。
15、污水量wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额water flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额wastewater flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
建筑工程及给排水专业中英文对照翻译
建筑工程及给排水专业中英文对照翻译Laminar and Turbulent FlowObservation shows that two entirely different types of fluid flow exist. This was demon- strated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube. The rate of flow could be controlled by a valve at the outlet, and a fine filament of dye injected at the entrance to the tube. At low velocities, it was found that the dye filament remained intact throughout the length of the tube, showing that the particles of water moved in parallel lines. This type of flow is known as laminar, viscous or streamline, the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive cross- sections.As the velocity in the tube was increased by opening the outlet valve, a point was eventually reached at which the dye filament at first began to oscillate and then broke up so that the colour was diffused over the whole cross-section, showing that the particles of fluid no longer moved in an orderly manner but occupied different relative position in successive cross-sections. This type of flow is known as turbulent and is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, which are accompanied by corresponding small fluctuations of pressure.When the motion of a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertiawill tend to carry it on in the new direction, but the viscous forces due to the surrounding fluid will tend to make it conform to the motion of the rest of the stream. In viscous flow, the viscous shear stresses are sufficient to eliminate the effects of anydeviation, but in turbulent flow they are inadequate. The criterion which determines whether flow will be viscous of turbulent is therefore the ratio of the inertial force to the viscous force acting on the particle. The ratioμρvl const force Viscous force Inertial ?= Thus, the criter ion which determines whether flow is viscous or turbulent is the quantity ρvl /μ, known as the Reynolds number. It is a ratio of forces and, therefore, a pure number and may also be written as ul /v where is the kinematic viscosity (v=μ/ρ).Experiments carried out with a number of different fluids in straight pipes of different diameters have established that if the Reynolds number is calculated by making 1 equal to the pipe diameter and using the mean velocity v , then, below a critical value of ρvd /μ = 2000, flow will normally be laminar (viscous), any tendency to turbulence being damped out by viscous friction. This value of the Reynolds number applies only to flow in pipes, but critical values of the Reynolds number can be established for other types of flow, choosing a suitable characteristic length such as the chord of an aerofoil in place of the pipe diameter. For a given fluid flowing in a pipe of a given diameter, there will be a critical velocity of flow corresponding to the critical value of the Reynolds number, below which flow will be viscous.In pipes, at values of the Reynolds number > 2000, flow will not necessarily be turbulent. Laminar flow has been maintained up to Re = 50,000, but conditions are unstable and any disturbance will cause reversion to normal turbulent flow. In straight pipes of constant diameter, flow can be assumed to be turbulent if the Reynolds number exceeds 4000.Pipe NetworksAn extension of compound pipes in parallel is a case frequently encountered in municipal distribution system, in which the pipes are interconnected so that the flow to a given outlet may come by several different paths. Indeed, it is frequently impossible to tell by inspection which way the flow travels. Nevertheless, the flow in any networks, however complicated, must satisfy the basic relations of continuity and energy as follows:1. The flow into any junction must equal the flow out of it.2. The flow in each pipe must satisfy the pipe-friction laws for flow in a single pipe.3. The algebraic sum of the head losses around any closed circuit must be zero.Pipe networks are generally too complicated to solve analytically, as was possible in the simpler cases of parallel pipes.A practical procedure is the method of successive approximations, introduced by Cross. It consists of the following elements, in order:1. By careful inspection assume the most reasonable distribution of flows that satisfies condition 1.2. Write condition 2 for each pipe in the formh L = KQ n(7.5) where K is a constant for each pipe. For example, the standard pipe-friction equation would yield K= 1/C2and n= 2 for constant f. Minor losses within any circuit may be included, but minor losses at the junction points are neglected.3. To investigate condition 3, compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around each elementary circuit. ∑h L= ∑KQ n. Consider losses from clockwise flows as positive, counterclockwise negative. Only by good luck will these add tozero on the first trial.4. Adjust the flow in each circuit by a correction, ΔQ , to balance the head in that circuit and give ∑KQ n = 0. The heart of this method lies in the determination of ΔQ . For any pipe we may writeQ = Q 0 ＋ΔQwhere Q is the correct discharge and Q 0 is the assumed discharge. Then, for a circuit100/Q h n h Q Kn Q K Q L L n n ∑∑∑∑?-=-=- (7.6) It must be emphasized again that the numerator of Eq. (7.6) is to be summed algebraically, with due account of sign, while the denominator is summed arithmetically. The negative sign in Eq.(7.6) indicates that when there is an excess of head loss around a loop in the clockwise direction, the ΔQ must be subtracted from clockwise Q 0’s and added to counterclockwise ones. The reverse is true if there is a deficiency of head loss around a loop in the clockwise direction.5. After each circuit is given a first correction, the losses will still not balance because of the interaction of one circuit upon another (pipes which are common to two circuits receive two independent corrections, one for each circuit). The procedure is repeated, arriving at a second correction, and so on, until the corrections become negligible.Either form of Eq. (7.6) may be used to find ΔQ . As values of K appear in both numerator and denominator of the first form, values proportional to the actual K may be used to find the distribution. Thesecond form will be found most convenient for use with pipe-friction diagrams for water pipes.An attractive feature of the approximation method is thaterrors in computation have the same effect as errors in judgment and will eventually be corrected by the process.The pipe-networks problem lends itself well to solution by use of a digital computer. Programming takes time and care, but once set up, there is great flexibility and many man-hours of labor can be saved.The Future of Plastic Pipe at Higher PressuresParticipants in an AGA meeting panel on plastic pipe discussed the possibility of using polyethylene gas pipe at higher pressures. Topics included the design equation, including work being done by ISO on an updated version, and the evaluation of rapid crack propagation in a PE pipe resin. This is of critical importance because as pipe is used at higher pressure and in larger diameters, the possibility of RCP increases.Se veral years ago, AGA’s Plastic Pipe Design Equation Task Group reviewed the design equation to determine if higher operating pressurescould be used in plastic piping systems. Members felt the performance of our pipe resins was not truly reflected by the design equation. It was generally accepted that the long-term properties of modern resins far surpassed those of older resins. Major considerations were new equations being developed and selection of an appropriate design factor.Improved pipe performanceMany utilities monitored the performance of plastic pipe resins. Here are some of the long-term tests used and the kinds of performance change they have shown for typical gas pipe resins.Elevated temperature burst testThey used tests like the Elevated Temperature Burst T est, inwhich the long-term performance of the pipe is checked by measuring the time required for formation of brittle cracks in the pipe wall under high temperatures and pressures (often 80 degrees C and around 4 to 5-MPa hoop stress). At Consumers Gas we expected early resins to last at least 170 hrs. at 80 degrees C and a hoop stress of 3 MPa. Extrapolation showed that resins passing these limits should have a life expectancy of more than 50 yrs. Quality control testing on shipments of pipe made fromthese resins sometimes resulted in product rejection for failure to meet this criterion.At the same temperature, today’s resins last thousands of hours at hoop stresses of 4.6 MPa. Tests performed on pipe made from new resins have been terminated with no failure at times exceeding 5,700 hrs. These results were performed on samples that were squeezed off before testing. Such stresses were never applied in early testing. When extrapolated to operating conditions, this difference in test performance is equivalent to an increase in lifetime of hundreds (and in some cases even thousands) of years.Environmental stress crack resistance testSome companies also used the Environmental Stress Crack Resistance test which measured brittle crack formation in pipes but which used stress cracking agents to shorten test times.This test has also shown dramatic improvement in resistance brittle failure. For example, at my company a test time of more than 20 hrs. at 50 degrees C was required on our early resins. Today’s resins last well above 1,000 hrs. with no failure.Notch testsNotch tests, which are quickly run, measure brittle crack formation in notched pipe or molded coupon samples. This isimportant for the newer resins since some other tests to failure can take very long times. Notch test results show that while early resins lasted for test times ranging between 1,000 to 10,000 min., current resins usually last for longer than 200,000 min.All of our tests demonstrated the same thing. Newer resins are much more resistant to the growth of brittle crack than their predecessors. Since brittle failure is considered to be the ultimate failure mechanism in polyethylene pipes, we know that new materials will last much longer than the old. This is especially reassuring to the gas industry since many of these older resins have performed very well in the field for the past 25 yrs. with minimal detectable change in properties.While the tests showed greatly improved performance, the equation used to establish the pressure rating of the pipe is still identical to the original except for a change in 1978 to a single design factor for all class locations.To many it seemed that the methods used to pressure rate our pipe were now unduly conservative and that a new design equation was needed. At this time we became aware of a new equation being balloted atISO. The methodology being used seemed to be a more technically correct method of analyzing the data and offered a number of advantages.Thermal Expansion of Piping and Its CompensationA very relevant consideration requiring careful attention is the fact that with temperature of a length of pipe raised or lowered, there is a corresponding increase or decrease in its length and cross-sectional area because of the inherent coefficient of thermal expansion for the particular pipe material. The coefficient of expansion for carbon steel is 0.012 mm/m?Cand for copper 0.0168mm/m?C. Respective module of elasticity a re for steel E = 207×1.06kN/m2 and for copper E = 103×106 kN/m2. As an example, assuming a base temperature for water conducting piping at 0?C, a steel pipe of any diameter if heated to 120?C would experience a linear extension of 1.4 mm and a similarly if heated to copper pipe would extend by 2.016 mm for each meter of their respective lengths. The unit axial force in the steel pipe however would be 39% greater than for copper. The change in pipe diameter is of no practical consequence to linear extension but the axial forces created by expansion or contractionare con- siderable and capable of fracturing any fitments which may tend to impose a restraint;the magnitude of such forces is related to pipe size. As an example,in straight pipes of same length but different diameters, rigidly held at both ends and with temperature raised by say 100?C, total magnitude of linear forces against fixed points would be near enough proportionate to the respective diameters.It is therefore essential that design of any piping layout makes adequate com- pensatory provision for such thermal influence by relieving the system of linear stresses which would be directly related to length of pipework between fixed points and the range of operational temperatures.Compensation for forces due to thermal expansion. The ideal pipework as far as expansion is concerned, is one where maximum free movement with the minimum of restraint is possible. Hence the simplest and most economical way to ensure com- pensation and relief of forces is to take advantage of changes in direction, or where this is not part of the layout and long straight runs are involved it may be feasible to introducedeliberate dog-leg offset changes in direction at suitable intervals.As an alternative,at calculated intervals in a straight pipe run specially designed expansion loops or “U” bends should be inserted. Depending upon design and space availability, expansion bends within a straight pipe run can feature the so called double offset “U” band or thehorseshoe typ e or “lyre” loop.The last named are seldom used for large heating networks; they can be supplied in manufacturers’ standard units but require elaborate constructional works for underground installation.Anchored thermal movement in underground piping would normally be absorbed by three basic types of expansion bends and these include the “U”bend, the “L”bend and the “Z”bend.In cases of 90 changes indirection the “L” and “Z”bends are used.Principles involved in the design of provision for expansion between anchor points are virtually the same for all three types of compensator. The offset “U” bend is usually made up from four 90° elbows and straight pipes; it permits good thermal displacement and imposes smaller anchor loads than the other type of loop. This shape of expansion bend is the standardised pattern for prefabricated pipe-in-pipe systems.All thermal compensators are installed to accommodate an equal amount of expansion or contraction; therefore to obtain full advantage of the length of thermal movement it is necessary to extend the unit during installation thus opening up the loop by an extent roughly equal the half the overall calculated thermal movement.This is done by “cold-pull” or other mechanical means. The total amount of extension between two fixed pointshas to be calculated on basis of ambient temperature prevailing and operational design temperatures so that distribution of stresses and reactions at lower and higher temperatures are controlledwithin permissible limits. Pre-stressing does not affect the fatigue life of piping therefore it does not feature in calculation of pipework stresses .There are numerous specialist publication dealing with design and stressing calculations for piping and especially for proprietary piping and expansion units; comprehensive experience back design data as well as charts and graphs may be obtained in manufacturers’publications, offering solutions for every kind of pipe stressing problem.As an alternative to above mentioned methods of compensation for thermal expansion and useable in places where space is restricted, is the more expensive bellows or telescopic type mechanical compensator. There are many proprietary types and models on the market and the following types of compensators are generally used.The bellows type expansion unit in form of an axial compensator provides for expansion movement in a pipe along its axis; motion in this bellows is due to tension or compression only.There are also articulated bellows units restrained which combine angular and lateral movement; they consist of double compensator units restrained by straps pinned over the center of each bellowsor double tied thus being restrained over its length.Such compensators are suitable for accommodating very pipeline expansion and also for combinations of angular and lateral movements.层流与紊流有两种完全不同的流体流动形式存在，这一点在1883年就由Osborne Reynolds 用试验演示证明。
给水排水设计基本术语中英对照翻译
给水排水设计根本术语中英对照翻译一、通用术语给水排水工程的通用术语与其涵义应符合以下规定：1、给水工程 water supply engineering 原水的取集和处理以与成品水输配的工程。
2、排水工程 sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统 water supply system 给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统 sewerage system 排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源 water source 给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳外表，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water 存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤空隙中的水。
9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackish water ,alkaline water 碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water 含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water 用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水 wastewater 居民活动过程中排出的水与径流雨水的总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以与流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量 water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量。
15、污水量 wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额 water flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额 wastewater flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
给水排水工程专业英语文献翻译原文第一篇
Abbreviations: ADF, Aerobic Dynamic Feeding, also designated as “feast and famine”; CSTR, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor; C/N, Carbon to nitrogen ratio; HAc, Acetic acid; HB, Hydroxybutyrate; HBut, Butyric acid; HLac, Lactic acid; HProp, Propionic acid; HV, Hydroxyvalerate; HVal, Valeric acid; HRT, Hydraulic Retention Time; OUR, Oxygen Uptake Rate; PHA, Polyhydroxyalkanoate; qP, Maximum specific polymer storage rate; -qS, Maximum specific substrate uptake rate; SBR, Sequencing Batch Reactor; SRT, Sludge Retention Time; TOC, Total Organic Carbon; VFA, Volatile Fatty Acid; VSS, Volatile Suspended Solid; VSSmax, Volatile Suspended Solids at the time of maximum polymer accumulation; X, Active Biomass; Xi, Initial active biomass concentration; YO2/X, Respiration yield, in Cmmol/Cmmol VFA; YP/S, Polymer storage yield, in Cmmol HA/Cmmol VFA; YX/S, Growth yield in Cmmol X/Cmmol VFA
建筑给水排水基本术语中英对照翻译
建筑给水排水基本术语中英对照翻译建筑给水排水基本术语中英对照翻译中德工程建筑设施智能技术093132 张伟）1、给水工程water supply engineering 原水取集和处理以及成品水输配工程。
2、排水工程sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、输送、处理和处置废水工程。
3、给水系统water supply system 给水取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成总体。
4、排水系统sewerage system 排水收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成总体。
5、给水水源water source 给水工程所取用原水水体。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取来原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气水。
8、地下水ground water 存在于地壳岩石裂缝或土壤空隙中水。
9、苦咸水（碱性水） brackish water ,alkaline water 碱度大于硬度水，并含大量中性盐，PH 值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water 含盐量小于500mg/L 水。
11、冷却水cooling water 用以降低被冷却对象温度水。
12、废水wastewater 居民活动过程中排出水及径流雨水总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染来自生活和生产排出水。
14、用水量water consumption 用水对象实际使用水量。
15、污水量wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水对象排入污水系统水量。
16、用水定额water flow norm 对不同排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理单位排水量数值。
17、排水定额wastewater flow norm 对不同排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理单位排水量数值。
给水排水工程专业英语文献翻译译文第一篇
一种利用蜜糖废水产生PHA的侧流工艺的建立方法摘要试验建立了一种利用蜜糖废水生产聚羟基烷酸脂（PHA）的三阶段过程。
该过程包括（1）糖蜜废水酸酵解，（2）PHA富集菌的筛选，（3）利用富集完毕的污泥和酵解之后的糖蜜废水批次累积PHA。
在发酵阶段，试验评估了PH（5~7）对有机酸型体分布以及产率的影响。
PH较高时乙酸和丙酸为主要产物，然而较低的PH值有利于丙酸和戊酸的产生。
试验评估了利用乙酸盐和发酵糖蜜废水为基质筛选的两类菌群的PHA积累能力。
考察了有机酸型体分布对利用醋酸盐筛选菌群产生的多聚体的组成以及产率的影响。
PHA富集产率在0.37到0.50CmmolHA/Cmmol VFA之间变化。
试验观察到了被利用有机酸的类型和多聚物成分的一种直接关系。
在糖蜜废水中，低氨氮浓度（0.1Nmmol/l）促进了PHA 的储存（0.59 Cmmol HA/Cmmol VFA）。
此外，试验建立了一种控制反应器运行利用发酵糖蜜废水筛选PHA富集菌群的方法。
利用高有机负荷以及低氨氮浓度选择了一种具有稳定储存PHA能力的菌群，富集产率达到0.59Cmmol HA/Cmmol VFA)，这一能力与醋酸盐筛选菌相似。
前言聚羟基烷酸脂被认为是优良的可生物降解塑料的候选者。
这类含有多种单体组分具有热塑性的多聚物是被细菌作为能量和碳储存物质的。
它们的结构特性与聚丙烯的结构性质一致，同时又具有诸多优势：可生物降解、可生物相容、能进一步由可再生碳源产生从而使可持续生产过程成为可能。
然而，PHAs与石化工业衍生的塑料制品在成本上相当大的差异成了这类高聚物部分替代后者的阻碍。
目前，商业可行的PHAs是由纯菌（野生的和基因重组的菌种）和纯底物（通常很昂贵）工业化生产而来。
PHAs的价格主要取决于底物成本，约占总成本的40%（Choi和Lee，1997）。
最近十年来，一系列低成本的碳源基质（例如淀粉、木薯粉水解物、乳清和蜜糖）在纯菌生产PHA过程中得到检验。
中英文对照的建筑给排水设计说明
中英文对照的建筑给排水设计说明MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORTSTADIUM1.给排水设计饮用水和污水1.Sanitary DesignWater and sewage water.设计基础- 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图- 建筑专业提供的条件图- 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章.Design basesDesign Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client. Condition drawings from architectural discipline.Current national design codes and related stipulations2. 给水系统通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水.2. Water supply systemFor water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes 1.0 m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks. 设计范围包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防.Design scopeDesign scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line. 给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设.Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth.3.用水量标准- 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K=2.0- 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K=2.0- 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K=2.0- 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K=2.0- 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日- 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计- 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计- 消防用水:消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时;自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时卷帘水幕用水0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时;Water consumption standard- Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K=2.0- Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K=2.0- Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K=2.0- Staff 25L/perso n·day K=2.0- Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·dayMake-up water for cooling tower: 2% of theactual cold water consumption.Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the dailywater consumption.Water for fire protectionHydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fireduration time is 3h;Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h;Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration time is 3h;在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败.在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵.在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水.为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头.Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration.Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot watercirculating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water.Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing.Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning.4.用水量最大日用水量:2.200m3/日最大时用水量:220m3/时Water consumption demandMaximum daily water consumption: 2.200m3/dayMaximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour却循环系统冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供.Cooling water circulation systemThere are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network.在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心.30.0m3 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙.In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby).Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four 30.0m3 fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages.消防用水消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计卷帘水幕用水量 0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3;自动喷洒用水量为79.2 m3;卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3;一次火灾用水量为1.861,2;Water for fire protectionWater consumption standard for fire protectionHydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3hSprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1hDrencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration is 3hWater consumption for fire protectionHydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively Sprinkler: 79.2 m3Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3Water consumption for one fire: 1.105,2 m3消火栓的布置在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器.Hydrant arrangementNecessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided.Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system.消防系统防水泵房及消防水池供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为2.000m3.Fire protection systemWater pump room and water pool for fire protectionThe lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are installed.Two water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is 2.000m3.自动喷淋系统自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内.Sprinkler systemSprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments.除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外.Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided.Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors.排水系统为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天.9. Drainage systemMain vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank,then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day.卷帘水幕系统地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外Drencher system for rolling shuttersRolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system.地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制.地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网.There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps.Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers. Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks.在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统.Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms.在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器.According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box.在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外.Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps.雨水系统雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水.雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=998.002(1+0.568lgP)/(t+1.983)0.465计算.沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井.10. Rainwater systemPressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system. Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula:Q=998.002(1+0.568lgT)/(t+1.983)0.465Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells.11.管材- 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接.- 直饮水管采用不锈管.- 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接.- 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接.-二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接.- 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接.Pipe materialCopper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers.Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes.Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes.Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes.Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes. Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage.当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池. When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins.围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池.此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约7.500 m .喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里.The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield andas reservoir for outdoor greening.The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about 7.500 m .The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building.2.0 制冷2.0 Cooling冷源:空调冷负荷(估算):本工程建筑面积共50.000平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为2.4MW,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW.Refrigerating sourceCooling load of air conditioning systemTotal floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW.每台1200kW制冷机配一台流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵一次泵采用压差旁路控制.通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水.A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pumpVia earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded.冷源的选择:根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%.冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C.Selection of refrigerating sourceAccording to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity (1.200 kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted.Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C.二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路.二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速.二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式.Secondary pump system:Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions.Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes.Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps空调冷冻水系统由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统.Chilled water systemDue to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system.管材:水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管.本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接.Pipe and duct materialsThe water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes.Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges.一次泵系统:供应楼冷冻机房2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵.Primary pump system:Chiller room supply buildingA centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. Oneoperation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.保温材料:空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温.空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温.- 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充.Thermal materialsphenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes.Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers.Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through.消声与隔振:冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪.在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接.- 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离.Noise reduction and vibration isolationShock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise.Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators. Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes.3.0空调和通风系统3.0 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems方案设计范围Scope of schematic design空调设计Air Conditioning Design在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为:西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室东侧地下二层酒店门廊地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区.首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdividethemselves as follows:VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2Hotel lobby in the east of level –2Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0空调和通风机组设置于靠近地下一层楼梯底部的机防.新风从楼梯底的风室被引入机房而被空调处理器吸入.从此,通过水平和垂直风道送至使用区.用于以上区域的空调机组分为12 台暖通空调机组,具有以下特点The air conditioning and ventilation units for the using ranges are placed in die mechanical plantroom nearby the stairs in the bottom of the stadium in Level -1. The outside air will be brought into the Plantrooms from fresh air chambers under these stairs and let to the air handling units. From here, the will be led via horizontal an vertical duct to the using ranges.The air conditioning units for the ranges specified above will be devided into 12 HV AC- units (drawings) with the following characteristics:以下区域仅设置排风系统:地下二层停车区域地下二层电气机房地下一层卫生间首层卫生间一层卫生间宾馆客房设置分散式风机盘管加新风系统.贵宾室设置风机盘管.For the following ranges, only exhaust air systems are planed:Parking area in Level –2Electrical Plantrooms in Level –2Toilets in Level –1Toilets in Level 0Toilets in Level +1For the guestrooms of the Hotel decentralized Fancoil Units with ourside air connection are planed. The VIP- boxes will be equiped with Fancoil Units.AC1, AC6, AC7, AC12地下一层的附属用房(储存,机房,楼层,观众区 )换气次数 2 – 6 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC1, AC6, AC7, AC12Siderooms ( Storage, Plantrooms, Floors, Spectaors area) in Level -1Air Changing rate 2- 4 times/ h; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100% Dual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smoke.AC 2地下一层的医务服务,热身区,运动员更衣间,裁判区换气次数 2 – 4 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出夏季最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %冬季最高室内温度 22 –24°C室内发热量:- 照明 20 W/m- 机器 10 W/ m- 人员 50 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 2Medival Service Area, Warm up Area, Changing rooms Athletes, Judges Are in Level- 1Air Changing rate 2- 4 times/ h; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100% Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityin SummerRoomtemperatur 22 –24 °C in WinterIndoor heat loadLighting 20 W/mMachines 10 W/ mPersonnel 50 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smoke.AC 4地下一层的医务中心,办公室换气次数 4 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %室内发热量:- 照明 35 W/m- 机器 30 W/ m- 人员 50 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 4Media Center, Offices in Level –1Air Changing rate 4 times/ h; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100% Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityIndoor heat loadLighting 35 W/mMachines 30 W/ mPersonnel 50 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smoke.AC 3地下二层的贵宾休息室,地下一层的贵宾大堂,混合区,首层的贵宾办公室和贵宾区换气次数 4 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %室内发热量:- 照明 20 W/m- 机器 10 W/ m- 人员 50 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 3VIP Lobby in Level –2, VIP Lobby, Mixed zone in Level –1, VIP Offices and VIP area in Level 0Air Changing rate 4 times/ h; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100% Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityIndoor heat loadLighting 20 W/mMachines 10 W/ mPersonnel 50 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smoke.AC 5地下一层的厨房,服务和特许区厨房的换气次数 100m /m 小时,新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出服务和特许区的换气次2-4数次/小时, 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出双风机,全空气系统最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %室内发热量:- 照明 35 W/m- 机器 30 W/ m- 人员 80 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 5Kitchen, Service and Concession area in Level -1Air Changing rate 100 m /m h for the Kitchen; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100%Air Changing rate 2-4 times/h for the Service and Concession area; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100%Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityIndoor heat loadLighting 35 W/mMachines 30 W/ mPersonnel 80 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smokeAC 8地下一层的健身中心,员工更衣间,特许区换气次数 2 – 4 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %室内发热量:- 照明 35 W/m- 机器 30 W/ m- 人员 80 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 8Fitness Center, Changingrooms Staff, Concessio in Level -1Air Changing rate 2-4 times/h; Fitness Center 6 times/ h; supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100%Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityIndoor heat loadLighting 35 W/mMachines 30 W/ mPersonnel 80 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smokeAC 10地下二层地的宾馆走廊,地下一层的宾馆走廊和餐厅,首层的宾馆区换气次数 4 次/小时; 新风100%, 通过螺旋风口送出最高室内温度29°C, 相对湿度 65 %室内发热量:- 照明 35 W/m- 机器 30 W/ m- 人员 50 W/ m双风机,全空气系统排风机同时作为机械排烟用AC 10可能亦用于人防区的送风.此部分的设计由人防技术设备设计工程师审核.AC 10Hotel Lobby in Level- 2, Hotel Lobby and Restaurant in Level -1, Hotel area in Level 0Air Changing rate 4 times/h; Restaurant 8 times/h;supply via spiral outlets, outdoor air 100%Room temperature 29°C max, 65 % humidityIndoor heat loadLighting 35 W/mMachines 30 W/ mPersonnel 50 W/ mDual- fan- all- air system.Exhaust air fan is also be used for mechanical removal of smoke.The AC- unit No. 10 might also be used as a supply air unit for the shelter. This has to be checked by the engeneers who will plan the technical equipment for the shelter.AC 9通风地下车库:设计一个换气次数 6次/小时的排气排烟通风系统.由地下一层的空调机组送风,送风经过车库顶棚的垂直风口进入水平风道,然后送至各处.输送区:输送区设置一个隧道通风系统.空气通过北侧被吸入建筑物,然后通过轴流风机输送到输送区.空气通过南侧的就近道路排出.VentilationUnderground Garage:For the underground garage an air exhaust an smoke exhaust ventilation system with an air exchange rate of 6 times/h is provided. The supply air for the garage will be delivered from the AC- Units in Level- 1 an brougt into the garage via vertical openings in the ceiling of the garage and distributed over horizontal ducts. Delivery Circle:For the delivery circle a tunnel ventilation system is installed. Air is sucked at the south side of the stadium into the building and transported by axial jet fan through the delivery zone.各功能区的规划包括水平管道和竖井.各区域无异味和污染物的排风将被作为送风送入车库. 剩余的排风和排烟将通过一个地下风道送到供应楼,并通过屋顶排出.排烟内部区域均设置机械排烟.通风系统的管道亦即排烟道. 在空调机房内,烟气通过一条旁通风道送至车库排风机,亦为排烟机(300°/ 30 分).The development of the functional areas is made by horizontal ducts and vertical pits. The exhaust air from ranges which are not smell-loaded or contained pollutants are brought as supply air into the garage.The remaining exhaust air and the removal of smoke exhaust air are led over an underground channel to the supplying building and blown out there over roof. Smoke ExhaustionAll ranges on the inside are exhaustet from smoke mechanically.The duct system of the existing ventilation systems is used. In the HVAC plant rooms, the flue gases are led over a bypass channel to the exhaust air fan for the garage, which have to be designed to be used as smoke- exhaust fan (300°/ 30 min).室内储存和技术房:此区内,设置简单的送排通风系统.卫生间:地下一层和首层的卫生间由临近区域的通风系统供应新风.一层卫生间通过向外开口进风.地下一层卫生间排气排入输送区.首层和一层卫生间将通过独立的排气扇将废气排入在看台下部.Indoor storing and technical plant rooms:For this ranges simple supply- and exhaust ventilationsystem will be installed Toilets:The WCs in level -1 and level 0 are supplied with fresh air by the ventilation systems of the adjacent ranges.The WCs in level +1 receive the fresh air over opening to the outside.The WC in level -1 is aired out separately into the range of the delivary circle. The exhaust air of the WC ranges in level 0 and level +1 will be led by separate exhaust fans into the ranges underneath the grandstand.车库的排气和烟气被加压,通过地下风道送至供应楼,而通过其屋顶排出.停车场有烟雾时,空调机组的送风量是不足的.在这种情况下,新风将通过阀门从新风室(在体育馆底层楼梯下)直接向车库进风.The exhaust air of the garage and the smoke will be pressed through the circularly air duct and then through the underground channel to the supplying building and will there be led over roof into the free.In case that smoke is detected in Parking garage, the supply air from the AC- Units which is normaly used for the supply of the garage is not sufficient.In this case the fresh air will be brought directly into the garage via dampers from the freshair chamber, placed underneath the stairs in the bottom of the stadium. 主送风和回风道均设防火阀. 当温度超过70°C, 防火阀将自动关闭,同时风机停止运行,关闭信号将被传送.自动转换防火阀安装于排风排烟共用系统.Both, the main air supply and return ducts of all AHUs are provided with fire dampers. Then a temperature over 70°C happens, the fire dampers wil l be closed automatically and at the same time the fan stops operation and cut-off signal is transmitted. Automatic changeover fire damper is provided for the system used both return air and smoke exhaust.空调和通风系统的电力供应控制与消防控制中心相连. 当某个防火分区火灾报警, 而且消防中心对此信号经过分析确认后,此防火分区内的通风系统停止运行,而同时排烟系统和加压送风系统启动.The power supply controls for the air conditioning and ventilation systems are connected to the fire control center. When fire alarm occurs in a certain fire compartment, the ventilation system in this fire compartment stops operation and at the same time the smoke exhaust system and pressurized air supply system are started after judgement and confirmation by the fire control center.被其它房间包围的楼梯间将设置有加压通风系统.The staircases that are surounded by other rooms will be provided with overpressure ventilation systems.空调机组的详细技术参数集合在被报告末的技术数据报告.The exact technical datas of the AC- units are summarized in the " Technivcal Data Report at the end of the Report.。
建筑给排水中英文对照外文翻译文献_图文03
建筑给排水中英文对照外文翻译文献_图文03 建筑给排水中英文对照外文翻译文献_图文03建筑给排水中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Sealed building drainage and vent systems—an application of active air pressure transient control andsuppression AbstractThe introduction of sealed building drainage and vent systems is considered a viable proposition for complex buildings due to the use of active pressure transient control and suppression in the form of air admittance valves and positive air pressure attenuators coupled with the interconnection of thenetwork's vertical stacks.This paper presents a simulation based on a four-stack network that illustrates flow mechanisms within the pipework following both appliance discharge generated, and sewer imposed, transients. This simulation identifies the role of the active air pressure control devices in maintaining system pressures at levels that do not deplete trap seals.Further simulation exercises would be necessary to provide proof of concept, and it would be advantageous to parallel these with laboratory, and possibly site, trials for validation purposes. Despite this cautionthe initial results are highly encouraging and are sufficient to confirm the potential to provide definite benefits in terms of enhanced system security as well as increased reliability and reduced installation and material costs.Keywords: Active control; Trap retention; Transient propagationNomenclatureC+-——characteristic equationsc——wave speed, m/sD——branch or stack diameter, mf——friction factor, UK definition via Darcy Δh=4fLu2/2Dgg——acceleration due to gravity, m/s2K——loss coefficientL——pipe length, mp——air pressure, N/m2t——time, su——mean air velocity, m/sx——distance, mγ——ratio specific heatsΔh——head loss, mΔp——pressure difference, N/m2Δt——time step, sΔx——internodal length, mρ——density, kg/m3Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction—air pressure transient control and suppression2. Mathematical basis for the simulation of transient propagation in multi-stack building drainage networks3. Role of diversity in system operation4. Simulation of the operation of a multi-stack sealed building drainage and vent system5. Simulation sign conventions6. Water discharge to the network7. Surcharge at base of stack 18. Sewer imposed transients9. Trap seal oscillation and retention10. Conclusion—viability of a sealed building drainage and ventsystem1.Air pressure transients generated within building drainage andvent systems as a natural consequence of system operation may be responsible for trap seal depletion and cross contamination of habitable space [1]. Traditional modes of trap seal protection, based on the Victorian engineer's obsession with odour exclusion [2], [3] and [4], depend predominantly on passive solutions where reliance is placed on cross connections and vertical stacks vented toatmosphere [5] and [6]. This approach, while both proven and traditional, has inherent weaknesses, including the remoteness of the vent terminations [7], leading to delays in the arrival of relievingreflections, and the multiplicity of open roof level stack terminations inherent within complex buildings. The complexity of the vent system required also has significant cost and space implications [8].The development of air admittance valves (AAVs) over the past two decades provides the designer with a means of alleviating negative transients generated as random appliance dischargescontribute to the time dependent water-flow conditions within the system. AAVs represent an active control solution as they respond directly to the local pressure conditions, opening as pressure falls to allow a relief air inflow and hence limit the pressure excursions experienced by the appliance trap seal [9].However, AAVs do not address the problems of positive air pressure transient propagation within building drainage and vent systems as a result of intermittent closure of the free airpath through the network or the arrival of positive transients generated remotely within the sewer system, possibly by some surcharge event downstream—including heavy rainfall incombined sewer applications.The development of variable volume containment attenuators [10] that are designed to absorb airflow driven by positive air pressure transients completes the necessary device provision to allow active air pressure transient control and suppression to be introduced into the design of building drainage and vent systems, for both ‘standard’ buildings and those requiring particularattention to be paid to the security implications of multiple roof level open stack terminations. The positive air pressure attenuator (PAPA) consists of a variable volume bag that expands under theinfluence of a positive transient and therefore allows system airflowsto attenuate gradually, therefore reducing the level of positive transients generated. Together with the use of AAVs the introduction of the PAPA device allowsconsideration of a fully sealed building drainage and vent system. illustrates both AAV and PAPA devices, note that the waterless sheath trap acts as an AAFig. 1. Active air pressure transient suppression devices to control both positive and negative surges. Active air pressure transient suppressionand control therefore allows for localized intervention to protect trap seals from both positive and negative pressure excursions. This has distinct advantages over the traditional passive approach. The time delay inherent in awaiting the return of a relievingreflection from a vent open to atmosphere is removed and the effectof the transient on all the other system traps passed during its propagation is avoided.2.Mathematical basis for the simulation of transient propagation in multi-stack building drainage networks.The propagation of air pressure transients within building drainage and vent systems belongs to a well understood family of unsteady flowconditions defined by the St Venant equations of continuity and momentum, and solvable via a finite difference scheme utilizing the method of characteristics technique. Air pressure transient generation and propagation within the system as a result of air entrainment by thefalling annular water in the system vertical stacks and the reflection and transmission of these transients at the system boundaries, including open terminations, connections to the sewer, appliance trap seals and both AAV and PAPA active control devices, may be simulated with proven accuracy. The simulation [11] provides local air pressure, velocity and wave speed information throughout a network at time and distanceintervals as short as 0.001 s and 300 mm. In addition, the simulation replicates localappliance trap seal oscillations and the operation of active control devices, thereby yielding data on network airflows and identifying system failures and consequences. While the simulation has been extensively validated [10], its use to independently confirm the mechanism of SARS virus spread within the Amoy Gardens outbreak in 2003 has provided further confidence in its predictions [12].Air pressure transient propagation depends upon the rate of changeof the system conditions. Increasing annular downflow generates an enhanced entrained airflow and lowers the system pressure. Retarding the entrained airflow generates positive transients. External events mayalso propagate both positive and negative transients into the network.The annular water flow in the ‘wet’ stack entrains an airflowdue to the condition of ‘no slip’ established between theannular water and air core surfaces and generates the expected pressure variation down a vertical stack. Pressure falls from atmospheric above the stack entry due to friction and the effects of drawing air through the water curtains formed at discharging branch junctions. In the lower wet stack the pressure recovers to above atmospheric due to the traction forces exerted on the airflow prior to falling across the water curtain at the stack base.The application of the method of characteristics to the modelling of unsteady flows was first recognized in the 1960s [13]. The relationships defined by Jack [14] allows the simulation to model the traction force exerted on the entrained air. Extensive experimental data allowed the definition of a ‘pseudo-frictionfactor’ applicable in the wet stack and operable acro ss the water annular flow/entrained air core interface to allow combined discharge flows and their effect on air。