国际经济学第8版习题库
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解(宏观经济政策和浮动汇率制下的国际协调)【圣才出品】
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解第19章宏观经济政策和浮动汇率制下的国际协调19.1复习笔记1．支持浮动汇率制的观点（1）货币政策自主性在布雷顿森林体系的固定汇率制度下，除美国以外的其他国家极少有机会运用货币政策来达到内部平衡和外部平衡。
由于要抵消资本流动的影响，货币政策的作用被弱化了。
但是，如果各国中央银行不再为固定汇率而被迫干预货币市场，各国政府就能够运用货币政策来达到内部平衡和外部平衡，并且各国不再会因为外部因素导致本国出现通货膨胀或通货紧缩。
浮动汇率制的提倡者认为，如果中央银行不必再承担稳定其币值的义务，那么它们将恢复对货币的控制。
货币贬值会降低本国产品的相对价格，从而使外国对本国产品的需求增加，进而减少本国的失业。
同样，在经济过热的国家中，中央银行可以通过压缩货币供给来抑制过热的经济活动，而不必担心过多的国际储备流入会破坏其稳定币值的努力。
通过加强对货币政策的控制，各国可以排除那些扭曲国际支付的障碍。
浮动汇率制的提倡者还认为，各国如果使用浮动汇率，就能够选择自己愿意接受的长期通货膨胀率，而不再会被动地引进国外的通货膨胀率。
支持浮动汇率最为有力的理论之一就是认为它能够通过汇率的自动调整来隔绝国外持续性通货膨胀带来的影响。
产生这种隔绝的机制是购买力平价。
（2）对称性浮动汇率制的支持者认为：浮动汇率制可以消除类似布雷顿森林体系所造成的不对称。
由于各国不再将本国货币钉住对美元的汇率，也就不必因此而持有美元作储备。
所以，各国都可以自主决定本国的货币状况。
同样，美国在运用货币政策或财政政策改变美元汇率时，不会再遇到特别的阻碍。
最后，在全球范围内，所有国家的汇率都将由市场而不是由政府决定。
（3）汇率自动稳定器功能与固定汇率相比，浮动汇率相对减少了需求冲击对就业的影响，从而有利于经济稳定。
当对本国产品和劳务的需求下降时，浮动汇率下的货币贬值，会使本国产品和劳务的价格下降，部分地减轻了这种需求下降的不利影响。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学一、概念题1．约束（binding）答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。
约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。
按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。
按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。
2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade）答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。
现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。
虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。
如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。
3．集体行动（collective action）答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。
如果某项活动或者福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。
因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。
集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。
这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》（第8版）课后习题详解（第11章贸易政策中的争议）【圣才出品】
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》（第8版）课后习题详解（第11章贸易政策中的争议）【圣才出品】第11章贸易政策中的争议一、概念题1．以邻为壑的政策（beggar-thy-neighbor policies）答：以邻为壑的政策是指以牺牲别国的利益来提高本国福利的政策，即当一个国家采取某种政策或行动的时候，事实上其得到的好处来自于另一个国家的损失，一个国家所得到的，最终会是另一个国家所失去的。
从货币角度来说，本国货币扩张会引起汇率贬值，净出口增加，从而增加产出与就业，但是本国增加净出口对应着国外贸易余额的恶化。
本国货币贬值使需求从国外商品转移到本国商品上，国外的产出与就业会因此下降。
正是由于这个原因，由贬值引起的贸易余额的变动就是以邻为壑的政策，它是输出失业，或以损害其他国家来创造本国就业的一种方式。
本国福利的提高是以牺牲别国利益为代价的，因此这一政策很容易引起别国的报复和贸易战的爆发，最终损害各方的利益。
从国际贸易角度来说，战略性贸易政策就是一种以邻为壑的政策。
战略性贸易政策通过鼓励国内特定产品的出口和限制国外特定产品的进口，来保持本国在世界市场上的竞争优势，虽然使本国受益，但使外国受到了损失，本国也面临着受到外国报复的问题。
反之，如果外国的净出口增加，相当于本国消费者购买了很多外国的商品。
这样，对本国该产业的产品需求的下降就是对本国的该产业的一个冲击。
这种冲击会阻碍对其进行的投资和经营，从而使得这个产业的状况变坏，进而影响本国经济。
总之，以邻为壑的政策将引发贸易战从而使得各方均受到损害。
2．外部性（externalities）答：外部性是指当某个企业的经济行为（或者某个人的消费行为），经过非价格手段，直接地、不可避免地影响了其他企业的生产（或者其他人的效用），并且成为后者自己所不能加以控制的情况时，对前者来说就存在着外部性问题。
外部性可以分为正外部性和负外部性。
正外部性是指某个经济行为主体的行为使他人或者整个社会受益，而受益者无须花费代价；负外部性是指某经济行为主体的行为引起他人成本的增加或者效用的减少。
国际经济学英文版上册(第八版)章节练习第五章
精选文档International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5The Standard Trade Model1)The concept "terms of trade" meansA)the amount of exports sold by a country.B)the price conditions bargained for in international markets.C)the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports.D)the quantities of imports received in free trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C2)A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA)the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.C)the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.D)the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.E)the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3)Tastes of individuals are represented byA)the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line.C)the indifference curve.D)the production function.E)None of the above.Answer: C4)If P C /P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA)all countries would be better off.B)the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C)the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries improve.E)None of the above.Answer: B5)If P C /P F were to increase,A)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.B)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.C)the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.D)Both A and C.E)None of the above.Answer: B精选文档6)If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA)have no effect on that country's economic welfare.B)increase the country's economic welfare.C)decrease the country's economic welfare.D)change the terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C7)Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade.B)this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade.C)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade.D)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: A8)Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB)this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE)None of the aboveAnswer: D9)When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA)biased growth.B)unbiased growth.C)immiserizing growth.D)balanced growth.E)imbalanced growth.Answer:D10)Export -biased growth in Country H willA)improve the terms of trade of Country H.B) trigger anti -bias regulations of the WTO.C)worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).D)improve the terms of trade of Country F.E)decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D精选文档11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA)worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B)improve the U.S. terms of trade.C)leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D)worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.E)None of the above.Answer: B12)If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA)increase production of its import competing good.B)increase consumption of its export good.C)increase the quantity of its imports.D) experience an export -biased shift in its production possibility frontier.E)None of the above.Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income - to France. If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biasedtoward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA)the world's relative price for food remains unchanged.B)the world's relative price for food increase.C)the world's relative price for food decrease.D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.E)None of the above.Answer: B14)During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observedA)falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.B)improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.C)no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.D) a decrease in the relative price of food.E)None of the above.Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.B)a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.C)a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.E)None of the above.Answer: A精选文档16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA)positive terms of trade.B)deteriorating terms of trade.C)improving terms of trade.D)immiserizing terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C17)If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA)the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.B)the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.C)the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.D)the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.E)None of the above.Answer: C18) If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B) improve the U.S. terms of trade.C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.E) None of the above.Answer: A19)If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a majorgrowth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan is internationally a large country in thesemarkets, this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's). However,such a bias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme,Japan may become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is alessening of specialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs(a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relativelylong period of time.20)At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand forGermany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated inthe Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.精选文档21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of all countries.C)improve the terms of trade of the United States.D)cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C22)If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B)harm Slovenia's real income.C)improve Slovenia's real income.D)improve the real income of its trade partners.E)None of the above.Answer: D25)An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A production subsidyfor the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade forthe country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems tocontradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade.精选文档26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier inthe figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B.Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus , worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.27)Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in thefigure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country ?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade. If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income.。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解(规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易)【圣才出品】
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易6.1复习笔记1．规模经济（1）规模经济和国际贸易①规模经济的表现规模经济表现为生产规模越大，生产效率越高，产出的增长大于投入的增长。
表6-1列出了某一行业的投入产出关系，且该产品的生产只需要劳动这一种投入。
从表中可以看出，生产10件产品需要15小时的劳动，而生产25件产品只需要30个小时的劳动。
规模经济表现为：劳动投入增加1倍（从15小时增加到30小时），产出却增加了1.5倍（从10件增加到25件）。
表6-1某一假定行业的投入产出关系②规模经济是国际贸易的动因之一假定世界上只有A和B两个国家，二者都具有生产这种产品的同样技术，最初都生产10个单位。
根据表6-1，该产量在每个国家均要15小时的劳动投入，即全世界用30个小时来生产20单位产品。
但是，现在假定该新产品的生产集中到一个国家，比如说A国，且A国在这一行业也投入30个小时的劳动。
然而，在一个国家内投入30个小时的劳动，却能生产出25件产品。
显然，生产集中到A国可以使得世界以同样的劳动投入多产出25%的产品。
可见，各国可以用比以往更有效的规模专业化地生产有限类别的产品；同时，它们之间的相互贸易又使得消费所有产品成为可能。
（2）规模经济和市场结构①规模经济的分类a．外部规模经济，指单位产品成本取决于整个行业规模而非单个厂商规模的规模经济类型。
b．内部规模经济，指单位产品成本取决于单个厂商的规模而不是其所在的行业规模的规模经济类型。
②规模经济对市场结构的影响外部的和内部的规模经济对市场结构具有不同的影响。
一个只存在外部规模经济的行业（即大厂商没有优势）一般由许多相对较小的厂商构成，且处于完全竞争的状态；相反，存在内部规模经济的行业中，大厂商比小厂商更具有成本优势，就形成了不完全竞争的市场结构。
外部规模经济和内部规模经济都是国际贸易的重要原因。
但是，由于它们对市场结构的影响不同，下面将对它们进行分别讨论。
国际经济学英文版（第八版）章节练习第一章
国际经济学英⽂版（第⼋版）章节练习第⼀章International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 What Is International Economics About?1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model.A) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776B) ”Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758C) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758D) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776E) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758Answer: E2) 2)Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries areA) not relevant to current policy analysis.B) are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy.C) are highly relevant in today’s modern international economy.D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy.E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists.Answer: C3) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other itA) is always beneficial to both countries.B) is usually beneficial to both countries.C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country.D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country.E) tends to create unemployment in both countries.Answer: B4) If there are large disparities in wage levels between countries, thenA) trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.B) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.C) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.D) trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.E) trade is likely to have no effect on either country.Answer: D5) Who sells what to whomA) has been a major preoccupation of international economics.B) is not a valid concern of international economics.C) is not considered important for government foreign trade policy since such decisions are made in the private competitive market.D) is determined by political rather than economic factors.E) None of the aboveAnswer: A6) The insight that patterns of trade are primarily determined by international differences in labor productivity was first proposed byA) Adam Smith.B) David Hume.C) David Ricardo.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Lerner and Samuelson. Answer: C7) The euro, a common currency for most of the nations of Western Europe, was introducedA) before 1900.B) before 1990.C) before 2000.D) in order to snub the pride of the U.S.E) None of the above.Answer: C8) For the 50 years preceding 1994, international trade policies have been governedA) by the World Trade Organization.B) by the International Monetary Fund.C) by the World.D) by an international treaty known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).E) None of the above.Answer: D9) The international capital market isA) the place where you can rent earth moving equipment anywhere in the world.B) a set of arrangements by which individuals and firms exchange money now for promises to pay in the future.C) the arrangement where banks build up their capital by borrowing from the Central Bank.D) the place where emerging economies accept capital invested by banks.E) None of the above.Answer: B10) Since 1994, trade rules have been enforced byA) the WTO.B) the G10.C) the GATT.D) The U.S. Congress.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) Cost-benefit analysis of international tradeA) is basically useless.B) is empirically intractable.C) focuses attention primarily on conflicts of interest within countries.D) focuses attention on conflicts of interests between countries.E) None of the above.Answer: C12) An improvement in a country’s balance of payments means a decrease in its balance of payments deficit, or an increase in its surplus. In fact we know that a surplus in a balance of paymentsA) is good.B) is usually good.C) is probably good.D) may be considered bad.E) is always bad.Answer: D13) The GATT wasA) an international treaty.B) an international U.N. agency.C) an international IMF agency.D) a U.S. government agency.E) a collection of tariffs.Answer: A14) International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fieldsA) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.Answer: DInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 2 World Trade: An Overview2.1 Who Trades with Whom?1) What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?A) 10%B) 30%C) 50%D) 100%E) None of the above.Answer: B2) The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA) trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) According to the gravity model, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existing betweenany two countries isA) their cultural affinity.B) the average weight/value of their traded goods.C) their colonial-historical ties.D) the distance between them.E) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D4) Why does the gravity model work?A) Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B) Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on government promotion of trade and investment.C) Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a productive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D) Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D5) The two neighbors of the United States do a lot more trade with the United States than European economiesof equal size.A) This contradicts predictions from gravity models.B) This is consistent with predictions from gravity models.C) This is relevant to any inferences that may be drawn from gravity models.D) This is because these neighboring countries have exceptionally large GDPs.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of most countries' production being used in some other countryA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trend.E) both A and D above.Answer: B7) Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world tradeA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trendE) both A and D above.Answer: C8) In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking and financial services)A) dominates world trade.B) does not exist.C) is relatively small.D) is relatively stagnant.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: C10) In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) In the present, most of the exports from China are inA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: AInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries ifA) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods.E) Both C and D.Answer: A2) In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit labor requirementsA) oneB) twoC) threeD) fourE) fiveAnswer: D3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) None of the above.Answer: B4) Given the information in the table above, if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A5) Given the information in the table above, if the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and theUnit Labor Requirements doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A6) The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated withA) David Hume.B) David Ricardo.C) Adam Smith.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Bertil Ohlin.Answer: B7) The Gains from Trade associated with the principle of Comparative Advantage depends onA) the trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.B) there can be no more goods traded than the number of trade partners.C) there may be no more trade partners than goods traded.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: A8) The Ricardian model demonstrates thatA) trade between two countries will benefit both countries.B) trade between two countries may benefit both regardless of which good each exports.two countries may benefit both if each exports the product in which it has a comparative advantage. C)trade betweenD) trade between two countries may benefit one but harm the other.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) Given the information in the table aboveA) neither country has a comparative advantage.B) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.C) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.D) Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.E) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.Answer: B10) Given the information in the table above, if wages were to double in Home, then Home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A11) In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases inA) consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.B) output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.C) total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countries.D) consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both products.E) None of the above.Answer: B12) A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundleA) inside its production possibilities frontier.B) on its production possibilities frontier.C) outside its production possibilities frontier.D) inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E) on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.Answer: C13) In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?A) limit specialization and the division of laborB) reduce the volume of trade and the gains from tradeC) cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curvesD) may result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantageE) None of the above.Answer: C14) If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of Hand that of F, thenA) country H but not country F will gain from trade.B) country H and country F will both gain from trade.C) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.D) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.E) None of the above.Answer: B15) According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which itsA) labor productivity is relatively low.B) labor productivity is relatively high.C) labor mobility is relatively low.D) labor mobility is relatively high.E) None of the above.Answer: B16)Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B) U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.C) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.D) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.E) None of the above.Answer: A17) Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of one hour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model, if twocountries under autarky engage in trade thenA) the real wage will not be affected since this is a financial variable.B) the real wage will increase only if a country attains full specialization.C) the real wage will increase in one country only if it decreases in the other.D) the real wage will rise in both countries.E) None of the above.Answer: D18) In a two country and two product Ricardian model, a small country is likely to benefit more than the largecountry becauseA) the large country will wield greater political power, and hence will not yield to market signals.B) the small country is less likely to trade at price equal or close to its autarkic (domestic) relative prices.C) the small country is more likely to fully specialize.D) the small country is less likely to fully specialize.E) None of the above.Answer: B19) An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result thattrade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for anexpanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion ofproduction of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it isnot clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation ofnon-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for theworld as a whole? Explain.Answer: If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any change in production points (from autarky tospecialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for another from the world'sperspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly involve the production of more of bothgoods. However, since we know that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true thatthe original points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in factpossible to make some people better off without making others worse off, so that the new solutiondoes indeed represent a welfare improvement from the world's perspective.20）Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign? Answer: One half a widget.21) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets? Answer: 1/2 Cloths.22) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods with each other incontext of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth? Answer: One half a widget.23) Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets inForeign?Answer: 2 widgets.24) If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then production occurs underconditions ofA) constant opportunity costs.B) increasing opportunity costs.C) decreasing opportunity costs.D) infinite opportunity costs.E) None of the above.Answer: B25) If the production possibilities frontier of one the trade partners ("Country A") is bowed out (concave to theorigin), then increased specialization in production by that country willA) increase the economic welfare of both countries.B) increase the economic welfare of only Country A.C) decrease the economic welfare of Country A.D) decrease the economic welfare of Country B.E) None of the above.Answer: A26)If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), thenA) it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.B) it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares throughimports.C) it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.D) it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.E) None of the above.Answer: D27) In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germany enjoys a comparative advantageover France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ships.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) None of the above.Answer: A28) Suppose the United states production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereasGermany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S.wages do not change at all. We now know thatA) the United States has no comparative advantage.B) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.D) Not enough information is given.E) None of the above.Answer: B29) We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how to producethis product. From this information we learn thatA) China enjoyed a comparative advantage in silk.B) China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not a comparative advantage in silk.C) no comparative advantage exists because technology was not diffused.D) China should have exported silk even though it had no comparative advantage.E) None of the above.Answer: A30) The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New IndustrializingCountries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels.Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what doyou think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) ofChina in the coming decade? Explain your reasoning.Answer: Following the logic of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the East Asian countries played to their respective comparative advantages. This allowed the world demand to provide excessdemands for their relatively abundant labor, which in turn tended to raise these wages. If Chinafollows the same pattern, their wages levels should also be expected over time to converge to those intheir industrialized country markets.Answers to Textbook Problems1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400(1200/3)and the banana axis at 600(1200/2).b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor toharvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple,this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 bananas.c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price ofgoods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equalsthe wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit laborrequirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas. 2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160(800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800(800/1).b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity.International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border wouldA) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.B) shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.C) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensiveproduct.D) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensiveproduct.E) None of the above.Answer: D2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) military capabilities.C) size.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) labor productivities.Answer: D3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the formerA) has only two countries.B) has only two products.C) has two factors of production.D) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).E) None of the above.Answer: C4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss.Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factorintensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres perworker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statementabove, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assumethat the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres perperson required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive.5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss.Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than doesthe other country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmeticimpossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.6) Refer to above figure. Can you guess which group of producers in Country P might lobby against free trade? Answer:In Country P, the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production are the owners of capital. Their relative and realincomes will decrease, and so they may well attempt to lobby for protectionism, which may prevent the country frommoving to a free trade equilibrium.An Economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total supply of labor is 100 units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on labor input as follows:7) Refer to the table above.(a) Graph the production functions for good 1 and good 2(b) Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?Answer: The production possibility frontier is curved because of the diminishing returns associated with the expansion of output in the short run in each of the two industries.8) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefit theowners ofA) capital.B) the relatively abundant factor of production.C) the relatively scarce factor of production.D) the relatively inelastic factor of production.E) the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution.Answer: B9) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country'sA) technology.B) advertising.C) human capital.D) factor endowments.E) Both A and B.Answer: D10) The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or servicewhose production is relatively intensive in the ________ with which the country is relatively abundant.A) tastesB) technologyC) factor of productionD) opportunity costE) scale economyAnswer: C11) According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,A) everyone automatically gains from trade.B) the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade.C) the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.D) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.E) None of the above.Answer:CAssume that only two countries, A and B, exist.12) Refer to the table above. If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,A) country A will export good S.B) country B will export good S.C) both countries will export good S.D) trade will not occur between these two countries.E) Insufficient information is given.Answer: B13) In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,A) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.B) the capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for it by the capital poor country.C) the capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.D) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.E) the workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country.Answer: B14) The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) the volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第4章 资源、比较优势与收入分配)【圣才出品】
第4章资源、比较优势与收入分配一、概念题1．充裕要素（abundant factor）答：充裕要素是“稀缺要素”的对称，是指一国相对充裕的生产要素。
充裕要素的“充裕”是相对的，指的并不是一国所拥有的该生产要素的绝对数量的充裕，而是该生产要素相对于其他生产要素的相对充裕。
充裕要素是以资源禀赋解释国际贸易的赫克歇尔-俄林定理中的重要概念。
根据赫克歇尔-俄林定理，各国倾向于生产并出口国内充裕要素密集型的产品，一国充裕要素的所有者能够从国际贸易中获利。
2．要素价格（factor prices）答：要素价格即生产要素的价格，是指每一单位的生产要素在一定时期内给所有者带来的收入。
生产要素主要有四种：劳动力、土地、资本和企业家才能。
相应地，其价格分别称为工资、地租、利息和利润。
生产要素价格同产品的价格一样，主要是由生产要素市场上供求的相互作用决定的。
在市场经济中，工资主要由劳动力市场上的供求关系决定；地租主要由土地市场上的供求关系决定；利息主要由资本市场上的供求关系决定；利润作为企业家收入，主要由企业家市场上的供求关系决定。
3．生产可能性边界的偏向性扩张（biased expansion of production possibilities）答：生产可能性边界的偏向性扩张是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一方向上扩张的幅度，如图4-1所示。
图4-1（a）说明了生产可能性曲线偏向于X的扩张，图4-1（b）则说明了生产可能性曲线偏向Y的扩张。
图中的生产可能性边界都从1TT移到了2TT。
图4-1 生产可能性边界的偏向性扩张4．要素比例理论（factor-proportions theory）答：要素比例理论又称“赫克歇尔-俄林理论”、“生产要素禀赋理论”，是指从资源禀赋角度对国际贸易中生产成本和价格的差异做出解释的国际贸易理论。
要素比例理论的主要内容是：国际贸易源于不同国家之间商品的价格存在差异，而价格差异的原因在于不同国家生产成本有高有低，生产成本的高低又是因为各国生产要素价格有差别，生产要素价格的差别又与各国生产要素丰裕程度密切相关。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第16章 产出与短期汇率)【圣才出品】
第16章产出与短期汇率一、概念题1．AA曲线（AA schedule）答：AA曲线表示在开放经济下，货币市场和外汇市场达到均衡时的汇率和产出水平之间的所有组合。
在给定实际货币供给、外国利率和预期未来汇率的情形下，对任意一个产出水平Y，都有一个唯一的满足利率平价条件的汇率E与之对应。
由于在其他条件不变时，产出增加将使本币升值，汇率将下降，因此，如图16-1所示，AA曲线的斜率为负。
图16-1 AA曲线的推导2．通货膨胀偏向（inflation bias）答：通货膨胀偏向是指政府试图实现充分就业产出水平的扩张性的宏观经济政策往往会倾向于导致在经济中的产出增加的同时，物价水平上升，从而引发通货膨胀的经济现象。
3．总需求（aggregate demand）答：总需求是“总供给”的对称，是指一个国家的各个市场主体依据一定的收入和价格水平，在一定时期内通过市场反映出来的购买产品和服务的计划支出总量。
总需求通常由四个部分构成，即消费总支出、投资总支出、政府总支出和净出口总额。
在最新的国民核算体系中，政府总支出被分解为政府消费和政府投资，分别归入消费总支出和投资总支出。
因此，总需求的构成又被认为是：总需求＝总消费+总投资+净出口。
4．J曲线（J-curve）答：J曲线是描述货币贬值所引起的经常项目净收入变化轨迹的曲线。
J曲线如图16-2所示。
一国货币贬值会引起国际收支中经常项目净收入先降后升，呈J形变化轨迹。
本国货币贬值直接造成对外贸易收入的减少，引起国际收支恶化，甚至会出现赤字。
但另一方面，本国货币贬值也有利于对外贸易，尤其是出口商品的外币价格下降提高了产品的国际竞争力。
因此，经过一个时期的调整之后，赤字将会被消除，经常项目转为盈余。
这种变化隐含的假设是：进出口对本国货币贬值所引起的相对价格变化反应迟缓，因而原有的进出口状况在本国货币贬值之后的一个时期内还将维持。
这时如果出口商和进口商都按调整后的汇率报价，那么出口所得的外汇就会减少，为进口所支付的货币就会增加。
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第三章：劳动生产率和比较优势——李嘉图模型多线选择题1.国家之间进行贸易是因为他们是（），也是由于（）A.不同的，成本B.相似的，规模经济C.不同的，规模经济D.相似的，成本E.以上都不对答案：C2．如果满足下列哪个条件的话，这两个国家都会从贸易中得利。
A.每个国家出口自己有比较优势的产品B.每个国家都有优越的贸易条件C.每个国家对进口产品有更高的需求弹性D.每个国家对出口产品有更高的供给弹性E.C和D都对答案：A3李嘉图的比较优势理论认为，假如符合下列哪项，该国在小饰品产品上具有比较优势呢?A.该国每个小饰品工人的产量更高B.该国的汇率很低C.该国的工资率很高D.该国小饰品工人的生产率和该国其他产品的生产率之比高于国外E.B和C都对答案：D4.为了确定一个国家在一个特殊产品上的生产是否具有比较优势，我们至少需要知道几个单位产品劳动投入量的消息A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个E.五个答案：D5.根据比较优势原理，一个国家进行国际贸易从中得到收益，是以为A.间接生产出口产品比直接生产更有效B.间接生产进口产品比国内生产更有效C.可以用更少的劳动力生产出口产品D.使用更少的劳动力间接生产出口产品E.以上都不对答案：B6.根据下面的信息：单位劳动力需求布料小饰品国内 10 20国外 60 30A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产方面具有比较优势C.国外在布料生产方面具有比较优势D.国内在饰品生产方面具有比较优势E.国内在这两件产品上都具有比较优势答案：B7.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，而不进口D.不从事任何进口和出口E.上面都对答案：A8.假如国内经济遭受了大萧条，每种产品的单位劳动需求翻了四倍。
那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口或进口E.以上都正确答案：A9.假如国内工资水平翻倍了，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口和进口E.以上都正确答案：A10.根据下面的信息一个单位劳动力生产的数量布料小饰品国内 10 20国外 60 30A.没有一个国家有比较优势国内在布料生产上有比较优势B.国外在布料生产上有比较优势国外在饰品生产上有比较优势C.国内在两种产品上都有比较优势答案：C11.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，国外生产布料的机会成本是小饰品的生产，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不进口，也不出口E.以上都正确答案：B12.假如国内工资翻倍了，国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不出口也不进口E.以上都对答案：B14.假设只有两个国家进行贸易，这两个国家只生产两种产品，那么国际贸易会使什么增加A.假如两种产品的产量都增加了，消费者福利才会增加B.两种产品的生产量和两个国家的消费者福利都会增加C.两种产品的生产量都增加了，但不是两个国家的消费者福利都增加D.两个国家的消费者福利增加了，但不是两种产品的总生产量都增加了E.以上都不正确答案：B15.根据李嘉图模型，贸易的结果会带来哪个趋于专业化A.16.根据李嘉图模型，参加贸易的国家会发现他的消费束A.在生产边界线内部B.在生产边界线上C.在生产边界线外部D.在他贸易国生产边界线内部E.在他贸易国生产边界线上答案：C17.在李嘉图模型中，假如一个国家的贸易受到限制，下列哪项不会发生？A.有限的专业化和劳动分工B.贸易额和贸易所得都减少C.使国家在生产边界线内部进行生产D.可能导致一个国家生产一些不具有比较优势的产品E.以上都不是答案：C18.根据李嘉图模型，假如一个很小的国家和一个非常大的国家进行贸易，那么A.小国家的经济福利会下降B.大国际的经济福利会下降C.小国家将从贸易中获利D.大国家将从贸易中获利E.以上都不正确答案：C19.假如一个国家的世界相对价格在H国和F国的国内生产成本比率之间，那么A.H国将从贸易中获利，而不是F国B. F国和H国都将从贸易中获利C.H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D.只有进行出口补贴的国家能从贸易中获利E.以上都不对答案：B20.假如F国的国内两种商品的相对价格等于世界贸易条件，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：A21．假如H国的国内两种商品的相对价格等于世界贸易条件，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：E22．假如生产可能性曲线凹向原点，那么下列哪种情况会进行生产A．机会成本不变B．机会成本递增C．机会成本递减D．机会成本无限E．以上都不正确答案：B23．假如两个国家有相同的生产可能性曲线，那么在下列哪种情况下他们之间的贸易不可能发生A．他们的供给曲线相同B．他们的成本函数相同C．他们的需求函数相同D．他们的收入相同E．以上都不正确答案：C24．比较优势原理最早是谁提出的？A．大卫。
休谟B．大卫。
李嘉图C．亚当。
史密斯D．阿里。
郝克斯克E．贝尔特。
奥里答案：B25．假如一个国家的相对工资水平高于其他国家（相对工资超过相对劳动生产率），那么假如他们都使用相同的货币A．任何一个国家都没有比较优势B．只有低工资水平国家有比较优势C．只有高工资水平国家有比较优势D．从消费者的观点来看，贸易仍然是有价值的E．以上都不正确答案：E26．假如一个国家的相对工资水平高于其他国家（相对工资超过相对劳动生产率），那么A．每个国家的生产者都不可能认为出口市场是有利润的B．两个国家的消费者都认为进口不可能提高他们的福利C．两国都不能从贸易中获利D．两国都将从经常性贸易中获利E．以上都不正确答案：D27．李嘉图模型的假设条件不包括下面哪个？A．只有两个国家和只生产两种产品B．不存在边际收益递减C．劳动力是唯一的生产要素D．国家间的产品质量不同E．以上都不是答案：D28．李嘉图的比较优势最初的理论似乎没什么实际价值，因为它的理论前提是A．劳动价值理论B．资金价值理论C．土地价值理论D．企业家价值理论E．以上都不是答案：A31．根据李嘉图理论，在下列哪种情况国家在产品上具有比较优势A．劳动生产率比较低B．劳动生产率比较高C．劳动力流通性比较低D．劳动力流通性比较高E．以上都不正确答案：B32．假设只有两个国家，且只生产两种产品，“和造船业相比，德国比法国在汽车制造业上享用比较优势”的意思是A．在造船业，法国比德国有比较优势B．法国在制造汽车和造船业上都比德国具有比较优势C．德国在制造汽车和造船业上都比法国具有比较优势D．和德国比较起来，法国不具有任何比较优势E．以上都不是答案：A33．假设劳动力是生产的唯一因素，美国的工资是每小时20美元，日本是每小时10美元。
在下列哪种情况下，美国的生产成本比日本要低？A．美国劳动生产率是每小时40，日本是每小时15B．美国劳动生产率是每小时30，日本是每小时20C．美国劳动生产率是每小时20，日本是每小时30D．美国劳动生产率是每小时15，日本是每小时25E．以上都不是答案：A34．假如美国的小饰品生产可行性曲线比较比黄油的平坦，而德国的黄油生产可能性曲线更为平坦，那么我们可以认为A．美国没有比较优势B．德国在黄油上具有比较优势C．美国在黄油上具有比较优势D．信息不够，无法判断E．以上都不是答案：B问答题1．很多沙哈拉沙漠附近的非洲国家在很多生产领域，在制造业和农业等方面的生产率都很低下。
他们认为除非是在贸易保护体制下他们才有可能建立他们自己的工业，因为他们认为他们无法跟国外高生产率国家竞争。
用李嘉图模型的比较优势讨论答案：李嘉图的比较优势理论认为每个国家在某些产品上都具有比较优势（假设产品种数多于国家个数）2．在1975年，南韩的工资水平只有美国的5%，很明显假如美国允许南韩的产品自己出口到美国的话，会导致美国人的生活水平恶化，因为美国没有任何一个生产者可以和这么低工资水平国家竞争。
用李嘉图的比较优势理论讨论这个推断答案：无论工资水平如何，美国通过贸易能提高美国人更高的生活水平。
低工资水平意味着低生产率3．这一章节引用的东亚新兴国家的证据，表明随着国际产品同一化，国际工资水平也趋向于同一化。
你为什么认为东亚NICs 会出现这样的情况呢？根据你的回答，中国的工资水平在接下来的十年会出现趋同吗？解释你的推理答案：根据李嘉图比较优势，东亚国家根据他们各自的比较优势进行贸易。
这使世界需求有超过原本他们相对丰富的劳动力的需求，而这反过来会提高他们的工资水平。
假如中国遵循统一的模式，他们的工资水平也会随时间推移逐渐向那些工业国家靠拢4．当我们对李嘉图比较优势模型中假设只存在两个国家和两种产品的情况进行检测，我们注意到比较优势完全是由实体生产率之比决定的。
任何一个国家改变工资水平，均不能影响到实际生产率，所以也不能影响到哪个产品该出口到哪个国家去。
然而当两个国家生产的产品多于两种时，一个国家的工资水平的改变是能实际影决定了每个国家的哪种产品该出口。
你如何解释这种反常现象？答案：这并不是一个正真的异常。
只要存在两种产品，只要贸易存在，每个国家都有比较优势或者是都不具备比较优势。
然而假如产品种类多于国家个数，比较优势的实体生产力定义就变得模糊不清了。
相对工资的改变将改变国际竞争力。
5．对李嘉图比较优势模型的解释得到一个很明显的结论——国际贸易由于为任何一个国家提高了更多的消费选择，从而使得贸易对双方都有利。
然而，对于世界这个整体，对一种产品进行扩大生产，意味这减少对其它产品的生产，所以它并没有很清楚的解释了，国际贸易是否对世界整体来说更为有利，和不进行国际贸易相比。
世界整体实际上真的能从国际贸易中获利吗？请解释。
答案：假如我们可以把两个国家的生产可行性曲线加总生产一条世界生产可能性曲线，那么从世界的视角上来看，进行生产的那点发生移动意味着一种产品的增加，而另一种产品数量减少。
换句话说，新的解决方案不能使两种产品的数量都增加。
然而，在这种新方案下，这两个国家的福利都得到了改善。
那么可以肯定的是最先并没有在两国间的贸易合同曲线上进行生产，实际上可以在不恶化任何一方福利的情况下使某些人的情况得到改善。
所以新的解决方案确实提高了世界福利。
计算题/图表题1．根据下面的信息：单位劳动力要求布料小饰品国内 100 200国外 60 301．国外每生产一单位布料的机会成本是多少？用小饰品来表示答案：2单位的小饰品2．根据下面的信息：单位劳动力要求布料小饰品国内 100 200国外 60 30假如这两个国家根据李嘉图比较优势理论进行贸易，那么小饰品的最低均衡价格是多少？答案：布料的价格的一半4．根据下面的信息：单位劳动力要求布料小饰品国内 100 200国外 60 30国内每单位布料的机会成本是多少？用小饰品表示答案：小饰品的一半6．根据下面的信息：每个劳动力每小时生产的产品布料小饰品国内 100 200国外 60 30假如这两个国家根据李嘉图比较优势模型进行交易，那么世界布料的最低均衡价格是多少？答案：小饰品价格的一半第4章：资源和贸易：赫克歇尔-俄林模型1.在2要素2产品的赫克歇尔-俄林模型中，境外工人流入将A.使生产点沿着生产可能性曲线移动。