2020年江苏版高考英语专题十五 任务型阅读
2020江苏英语高考-任务型阅读.
2020江苏英语高考-任务型阅读Human capital(资金) flight, more commonly referred to as “brain drain”, is the large－scale emigration(移民) of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into the departure of educated and professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions.Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the part of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. The contrary phenomenon is “brain gain”, which occurs when there is a large－scale immigration of technically qualified persons.The term itself was coined by the Royal Society(英国皇家学会) to describe the emigration of “scientists and technologists”to North America from post－war Europe. Another source indicates that this term was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx(流入) of Indian scientist and engineers.The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively(分别地) come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment such as lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc. in source countries and rich chances, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc. in host countries. In terms of individual reasons, there is familyinfluence(overseas relatives ), and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc.Brain drain is common amongst developing nations, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded.With rapid GDP growth and a higher degree of openness towards the rest of the world，China has also been facing brain drain. There has been upsurge in Chinese emigration to Western countries－particularly the United States，Canada and Australia—since the mid－first decade of the 21st century. China became the biggest worldwide contributor of emigrants in 2007. According to the official Chinese media, 65,000 Chinese secured immigration or permanent resident status(地位) in the United States, 25,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Australia. The largest group of emigrants consists of professionals and experts with a middle－class background，who are the backbone(骨干) for the development of China.However, in recent years, China's rapid development and the increasing number of international companies registering to do business in China have led many Chinese living abroad to swap their lives there for a new life back in China. According to the government statistics, more than 130 thousand people came back in 2010, and more in the following years. Better jobs, special government policies and more chances to make use of the experience and skills gained abroad have made the future look bright indeed for the overseas Chinese coming home.答案：易错点：。
2020年高三英语江苏好题分项汇编：任务型阅读(原卷版)
2020届高三江苏名校好题速递分项汇编（1）之任务型阅读（原卷版）04 【2020届江苏省南京市十校高三下学期5月调研】任务型阅读：请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
每个空格只填一个单词。
The term“organizational culture” refers to the norms and values of an organization, which together make the personality of the company. These values and norms are shared by people working throughout the organization. They govern the way employees interact with each other, within the workplace. Therefore, improving organizational culture is the need of the hour, as people want to work for a company that enables them to keep a balance between their work and personal life. The organizations that treat their employees well and provide a good working atmosphere have shown an increase in the productivity of their employees. As a result, the attritionrates(损耗率) are also lowered, which saves a company the costs spent in hiring and training the employees. So, a healthy organizational cultural is a win-win situation for the management, the customers, the shareholders and most importantly, the employees themselves.When it comes to improving organizational culture, raining your employees in the right way is an important step towards improving your organization’s work culture. When your employees know how to do things the right way and what the company expects from them, the rates of conflicts and errors can be brought down significantly. In addition, through the right training, your employees will become enthusiastic and be interested in working as a team and improving the work atmosphere as a whole. Then a productive environment will be created.Another good way to bring about positive changes in the culture of the organization is by analyzing the existing culture and comparing it with the expectations of your employees. Bring changes accordingly. You can also organize discussions with your team members and talk about matters related to the current culture of the organization. Try to bring about the changes you find justified.Conflicts are an unavoidable part of any organization and have direct bearing on the health of its culture. How they are handled is an indicator of the common organizational culture. Therefore, when conflicts do arise, the management must settle them quickly and kindly, in case they become worse over time. More importantly, an unmistakable and just conflict resolution mechanism should be created. If employees feel they are all being treated equally, they are more likely to accept their mistakes and the judgment of the management.Since the organization is a collection of people, cooperation is a must to attain the objectives. Team building is vital in this respect and the management must show the willingness or intention to involve employees in thisprocess. They may be fun activities, like sports, games or serious ones. At the end of the day, such exercises strengthen the team spirit and the employees’ loyalty towards the organization, because cooperative teamwork proves a healthy organizational climate.【2020届江苏省淮安市六校联盟高三第三次学情调查】请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填上一个最恰当的单词。
2020江苏英语高考-任务型阅读
2020江苏英语高考-任务型阅读The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. It was a series of sand traps, forts, turrets (炮塔), and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost useless. The Maginot Line was named after the man who argued for its construction, French Minister of War AndréMaginot. AndréMaginot had fought with the French against the Germans in the First World War. Much of this conflict took place along the Western Front, which was a line of trenches (战壕) across which the two sides faced one another. Both sides dug in deep and each lost many men over little ground. Conditions were horrid for all and there was a deadlock for many years as neither side was able to move the other.Maginot never forgot these awful conditions. He wanted to build a line of defenses that would give the French an advantage in a similar conflict. It made sense that he feared that the Germans would attack France again. Germany's population nearly doubled France's. The line of defenses that Maginot pictured would allow a smaller French army to hold off a larger German force. In 1929, Maginot convinced the French Parliament to fund his vision. Though calling it a line makes it seem thin, the Maginot Line was in fact quite deep. It was fifteen miles wide at some points and varied in structure. There were outposts (前哨站) disguised(伪装) as houses. These were manned by troops and equipped with explosives.There were antitank rails and obstacles. These were planted in the ground to prevent tanks and trucks from passing. There were sand traps armed with mounted machine guns and anti-tank guns. These were for pushing back attackers. And there were many large and small fortresses (堡垒) along the line. Each had dining halls, lots of supplies, and air conditioning. The Maginot line would give the French a supreme edge in the case of a head-on invasion by the Germans.Unfortunately for the French, the Germans did not attack head-on. They positioned a decoy (诱饵) army in front of the line to distract the French. While the French waited, the Germans snuck a larger force through Belgium. Belgium is France's northeastern neighbor. The French did have some defenses along their border with Belgium, but this part of the Maginot line was weak. The Germans made quick work of these defenses. Within five days of their initial attack they were well into France.Once they were in France, the Germans attempted to seize the main forts along the Maginot Line. They were not successful. The forts had proved to be strong, but they failed to hold back the Germans. The Germans had taken Paris, France's capital city. Soon after the French commander ordered his men to stand down. He commanded the French defenders to leave their bases along the Maginot Line. These soldiers were then taken to POW camps.While the Maginot Line did not work in the way that the French had hoped, they did benefit by having built it. Belgium and England were strong allies. England had promised to protect Belgium. Belgium declared itself a neutral country, one which wanted to stay out of wars. When Germany invaded Belgium to bypass the Maginot Line, they violated Belgium'sneutrality. This led to England entering the war sooner.Though the Maginot Line is no longer used militarily, many of the buildings remain. Some of the forts are now wine cellars (酒窖) or mushroom farms. One was turned into a disco club. Today the Maginot Line is often used as a metaphor. People may refer to a failed project in which someone placed a lot of hope as a Maginot Line. Also, the Maginot Line lives on as the best-known symbol of the common saying that "generals always fight the last war."答案解析：1. second 2.spanning/extending/running 3.suffering 4.advantage 5.pretending 6.stop/prevent/block 7.Why 8.head-on 9.Functions 10.failure。
2020江苏高考英语任务型阅读全文翻译赏析
2020 江苏高考英语任务型阅读江苏高考英语任务型阅读 重难点赏析重难点赏析HumorIf you see humor as an If you see humor as an optional optionalform of entertainment, you’re missing some of its biggest benefits: Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people seem entertaining. Studies show that a good sense of humor even makes you seem smarter.Best of all, humor Best of all, humor raises your energy raises your energy , and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. The increase of energy will even make you more willing to exercise, and that will raise your exercise, and that will raise your overall overall energy even more.Humor also Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. transports your mind away from your daily troubles. Humor lets you better understand life and sometimes helps you understand life and sometimes helps you laugh at even the worst of your problems laugh at even the worst of your problems .In my experience , most people think they have a sense of humor, and to some degree that’s true. But But not all senses of humor are created equa not all senses of humor are created equa l. So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.You don’t have to be the joke teller in the group in order to show your sense of humor. You can be the one who be the one who directs directs the conversation the conversation to to fun topics that fun topics that are ripe for others to are ripe for others to add humor. Every party needs a party needs a straight straight person. You’ll appear fun and funny appear fun and funny by association by association .When it comes to in-person humor, effort counts a lot. When people see you trying to be funny, it frees them to try it themselves. So even if your own efforts at humor it frees them to try it themselves. So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, fall short, you might be freeing the long kept humor in others . People need permission to be funny in social settings because there’s always a risk that comes with humor. For in -person humor, quality isn’t as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.Some people--and I was one of them--believe that Some people--and I was one of them--believe that humorous complaints humorous complaints about the little problems of life make humor, and sometimes that is the case. The problem comes when you start doing too much complaint-based humor . One funny observation about problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how smart you think you are. Funny complaints can wear people out .Self-deprecating(自嘲式) humor is usually the safest type, but here again you don’t want toovershoot the target . One self-deprecating comment is a generous and even confident form of humor. You have to be at least a bit You have to be at least a bit self-assured self-assured to laugh at yourself in front of others. But if you do it toooften, you can transform in the eyes of others from a confident joker to often, you can transform in the eyes of others from a confident joker to a Chihuahua dog a Chihuahua dog .Humor（文章的篇章结构图） 段落大意的主题段落大意的主题 细节支撑句细节支撑句Benefits of humor ●Humor is form of entertainment . Humor can improve one’s appearance/look and personality. ●Humor can make one energetic in his work, study, and life.●Humor has a positive phycologicaleffect when we are in difficulties. Tips to follow （Tips/Suggestions/Advice ） ●Prepareothers for a conversation of fun is as good as telling a joke yourself when showing your sense of humor.●Quality counts less than attitude and effort-even stupid joke can relieve/freeothers of risk and embarrassment.Traps to avoid（avoid/skip ） ●One humorous complaint makes funny person. But too many complaints willbore/tire/exhaust your audience. ●Self-deprecating comments show one’s assurance. But too much deprecationwill make a Chihuahua dog.HumorIf you see humor as an If you see humor as an optional optionalform of entertainment, you’re missing some of its biggest benefits:如果你将幽默视为娱乐的一种备选项，你就错过了幽默的一些最大好处。
2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试江苏卷真题英语试题解析版
2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试江苏卷真题英语试题解析版Section 1: Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)In this section, you will read several passages and answer questions based on the information provided. Below are the explanations and analysis of the questions from the 2020 National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) English test questions for Jiangsu Province.Passage 1The first passage discusses the benefits of reading books. The passage highlights the importance of reading, as it helps to broaden one's imagination and improve critical thinking skills. It also emphasizes the positive impact of reading on language development and vocabulary expansion.Question 1: According to the passage, what are the benefits of reading books?Answer: The benefits of reading books include broadening imagination, enhancing critical thinking, improving language skills, and expanding vocabulary.Passage 2The second passage introduces the concept of "eco-anxiety" and its effects on individuals. It explains how climate change and environmental issues can contribute to increased stress and anxiety. The passage also suggests ways to cope with eco-anxiety, such as engaging in environmental activism and seeking support from others.Question 2: What is eco-anxiety?Answer: Eco-anxiety refers to increased stress and anxiety caused by climate change and environmental issues.Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar (词汇与语法)In this section, you will be tested on your knowledge of vocabulary and grammar usage through various sentence completion and error correction tasks.Question 3: Choose the word that best completes the sentence: The company has experienced significant ________ since the new CEO took over.a) growthb) strengthc) deficitd) reductionAnswer: a) growthQuestion 4: Identify the grammatical error in the following sentence: She don't have enough time to finish her work.Answer: The sentence should be corrected to "She doesn't have enough time to finish her work." The verb "don't" should be changed to "doesn't" to match the singular subject "She."Section 3: Cloze Test (完型填空)In this section, you will read a passage with missing words and select the most appropriate option to fill in the gaps.PassageThe passage discusses the importance of perseverance in achieving goals. It shares stories of successful individuals who have overcome challenges and setbacks through their determination and hard work.Question 5: Which word best fits in the gap? In order to succeed, one must have ________ and never give up.a) ambitionb) motivationc) perseveranced) talentAnswer: c) perseveranceSection 4: Translation (翻译)In this section, you will be asked to translate a sentence from Chinese to English or vice versa.Question 6: Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: "He is studying at a prestigious university in the United States."Answer: "他正在美国一所著名的大学学习。
江苏省2020年高考英语任务型阅读精华练习(五)新人教版
江苏省2020年高考英语任务型阅读精华练习（五）A listener has written from China for advice about how to lose weight. Michael in Shanghai says he is 26 and has battled obesity for most of his life.Obesity , a severe weight problem, is a complex condition. A doctor may advise taking medicine along with changing one’s behaviors. Experts say that the most successful weight—loss plans include a well-balanced diet and exercise.People who want to avoid weight gain have to balance the number of calories they eat with the number of calories they use. To lose weight, you can reduce the number of calories you take in, increase the number you use, or both.A recent study looked at four of the most popular dieting plans in the US. Researchers at Stanford University in California studied over 300 overweight women, mostly in their thirties and forties. Each woman went on one of the four plans: Atkins, The Zone, Ornish or LEARN. The women attended diet classes and received written information about the food plans.At the end of the year, the women on the Atkins diet had lost the most, more than four and one-half kilograms on average. They also did better on tests for cholesterol levels and blood pressure.Christopher Gardner, who led the study, says the Atkins diet may be more successful because of its simple message to eat less sugar. He also says that the advice to increase protein in the diet leads to more satisfying meals. He says that there was not enough money to study men, but that men would probably have similar results.Last week, another report based on thirty-one studies suggested that only a small minority of people have long-term success with dieting. Most dieters regained their lost weight within five years and often they become more overweight. But those who kept the weight off generally were the ones who exercised.Title: 1.___________to lose weightKey: 1. Proper ways 2. changing one’s behaviors 3. weight-loss 4. take in 5. exercise6. increase7. Ornish8. another report9. regain 10. losing weight。
2020年新高考英语二轮复习专题15 任务型阅读讲解(学生版)
专题15 任务型阅读高考任务型阅读主要考查考生在限定的时间内获取信息、加工处理信息、综合概括信息和表达信息的能力。
相对于阅读理解，它更注重对考生在语言输入的基础上加强语言输出能力的考查，要求对摄取信息进行分析、概括、整理、理解并根据需要进行综合运用，属于综合能力考查题。
考题形式主要以表格形和树状形为主，文章体裁主要以议论文和说明文为主，阅读量大。
统计数据表明：在近三年的江苏高考任务型阅读中，原词再现题与词义转换归纳题所占的比例较大。
高考任务型阅读将继续坚持在词汇转换、句式转换、段落归纳能力的考查的基础上，加强对考生文章大意、文章结构、提纲和框架的考查。
同时会加大对题目信息的寻找难度，考查考生能力的考点会相对增加。
任务型阅读侧重考查语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即考查文章的结构和框架。
考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。
任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。
一、常用阅读方法1．扫读扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。
要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。
一般题目的结构是：(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根据文章填出所缺的关键词。
(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。
(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。
2．略读快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。
同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。
2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语江苏卷(附带答案及详细解析)
绝密★启用前2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试江苏卷英语注意事项:1、答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上:2、回答选择题时，选出每小题苦案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)播放完成时，先将客案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试巷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
一、听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
(共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分)（共5题；共5分）1.Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a supermarket.B. In the post officeC. In the street.2.What did Carl do?A. He designed a medal.B. He fixed a TV set.C. He took a test.3.What does the man do?A. He's a tailor.B. He's a waiter.C. He's a shop assistant.4.When will the flight arrive?A. At 18:20.B. At 18:35.C. At 18:50.5.How can the man improve his article?A. By deleting unnecessary words.B. By adding a couple of points.C. By correcting grammar mistakes.二、听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
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第四部分任务型阅读专题十五任务型阅读挖命题【考情探究】分析解读任务型阅读在江苏高考英语试题中占有较大比重,考题形式以表格形和树状形为主,文章体裁以议论文、说明文为主,文章篇幅往往较长,阅读量大,但结构清晰。
该题型综合性很强,思维含量较高,答案既要忠实于原文,又要不局限于原文,原词填空题和词性、词形变换题在逐渐减少,通过归纳总结得出答案的题逐渐增多,另外还有推断作者意图和态度的考题,这必将增加该题型的难度,所以得分一直偏低。
因此考生应具备不同的阅读技能和语言应用能力,涉及词性转换、词语释义、同义替换、语法结构、归纳演绎、结构分析、细节理解等。
过专题【五年高考】A组自主命题·江苏卷题组Passage 1(2018江苏)How Arts Promote Our EconomyWhen most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come”is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.T eCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce$298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small-business community benefits.It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B. But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.1.benefit2.Ways3.joint/collective4.promotion/marketing5.effect6.fares7.positive8.outside/beyond9.statistics/data/analyses10.alternativePassage 2(2017江苏)Population ChangeWhy is the world’s population growing?The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations), but you’d be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply?First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring?Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don’t bend, Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educatedrural areas and lowest in highly educated u rban areas. In total, 25% of India’s working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.答案1.lower2.size/scale3.immediate4.economic5.old/older6.earlier7.living/life8.equalitypensatePassage 3(2016江苏)An Extension of the Human BrainOther people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system”. Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthe tic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internetfunctions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing;I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed,Wikipedia, or other websites.Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea”, I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).But that’s the upside (好处). The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.1.Internet2.participates/joins3.keeping4.all/different/various5.heart/core6.check7.judge8.mixed/two9.convenient10.reducePassage 4(2015江苏)People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle,the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names,we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.In general,the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption,accidents and disasters,sports,social events,and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs,economic matters,social problems,science,education,and health.News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder,shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane,identify himself with the winning team,laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.News of the second kind,however,pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as,for example,when he reads of the threatening foreign situation,the mounting national debt,rising taxes,falling market,sca rce housing,and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”.It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news,he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind,he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.For any individual,of course,the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example,a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem,rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value:he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting,not for its delayed reward,but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster,a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience,but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore,while the division of categories holds in general,an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another,or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.答案1.rewards/rewarded2.Explanations3.involvement4.share5.threat6.prepare7.withdraw8.profession(s)/intention9.adapt10.dependsPassage 5(2014江苏)The expression,“everybody’s doing it,”is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group,especially of children,on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way during their lives.People are social creatures by nature,and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others.This instinct(天性)is why the approval of peers,or the fear of disapproval,is such a powerful force in many people’s lives.It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work,or to answer “fine”when a stranger asks“how are you?”even if it is not neces sarily true.There is a practical aspect to this:it helps society to function efficiently,and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.For certain individuals,seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction;in order to satisfy the desire,they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs,or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior.Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work,or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to“keep up with the Joneses”.However,peer pressure is not always negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs,or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves,and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.Similarly,it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.答案1.feeling2.influences3.practical4.unconsciously5.individuals6.moral7.spirit8.habits9.independent10.noB组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组Passage 1(2015安徽)Put a group of strangers in a room together,and they’ll probably start a conversation.“Hot today,isn’t it?”one might sa y.“You said it,”another replies.Why do we talk so much about the weather?When we meet new people,we don’t begin by telling them our life story.We start with small talk,a polite conversation about something like traffic or weather.Research suggests that small talk can build new friendships.When we begin conversations with new people,we want to feel comfortable,and so do they.We use small talk to find common interests.Once we have a common interest,a friendship can begin.Small talk even helps people get hired.In order to impress at a job interview,you need to bond with the interviewer right away.Proper small talk can make that first impression get you the job.So,how can you make small talk lead to a new friendship or job?First off,find common ground.Select something around you that you share with the other person.Next,keep the conversation pliment(赞美)the other person to make him or her feel comfortable,and ask questions to show interest.Third,keep eye contact(接触).When you look people in the eye,they feel you appreciate what they are saying.It makes you appear honest and builds trust.Naturally,shy people might not have enough confidence to start up conversations with strangers.Talking to someone you don’t know is not the easiest thing to do!Some e xperts say with more practice,small talk does get easier.Some people avoid small talk because they dislike discussing things like traffic or weather.For them,they are just too small.However,when you think about it,small talk is anything but small.In fact,it is actually a very big deal!Small talk can help people form4friendships.Small talk can also help people get a5.Find some topics6with the other person.Keep the talk going by making compliments and7questions.Keep eye contact in conversation to build8.9more in order to make small talk easier.答案1.Deal2.first3.Benefits/Advantages4.new5.job/position/post6.shared7.asking/raising8.trust9.Practice/Practise10.matters/meansPassage 2(2014安徽)Many people believe that classical music is not relevant to young people today.However,this issue(问题)frequently causes heated debate.Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people.For example,if you look at the audience at a classical concert,the majority is over the age of fifty.Others say it is more popular than we first imagine.Many young people listen to classical music without realising.It is often used in films and advertisements.For example,a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup.Not many people could have given its name,but millions enjoyed it.Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas;for example,it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912,but it is now used by young people in pop music.However,young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越)by technology.To play a classical instrument,such as a violin,you need to study hard and practise for hours.Nowadays,you don’t need to get aching arms from practising.A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.A final point to bear in mind is that the term“classical music”is used to refer to a great variety of music,from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.So,it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments,but when it comes to enjoying classical music,it depends on the piece of music.It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realise!答案1.relevant2.Most3.realise(realize)/know/recognise(recognize)4.basise6.Technologyfortably8.kinds/types/sorts9.ranges10.enjoyed/loved/likedC组教师专用题组Passage 1(2013江苏)Quiet Virtue:The ConscientiousThe everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)—being punctual,careful in doingwork,self-disciplined,and scrupulous(一丝不苟的)in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen,the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules,help out,and are concerned about the people they work with.It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence,who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves,who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance,outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs,from semi-skilled labor to sales and management,depends on conscientiousness.It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization:the secretary whose message taking is perfect,the delivery truck driver who is always on time.Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer,those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(缓冲)against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market,because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives,their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputatio n for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work,giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves,they can hold other people to their own standards,and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious,for example,tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized,which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations,it can discourage creativity.In creative professions like art or advertising,openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自发性)are scarce and indemand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance,however;without enough conscientiousness to follow through,people become mere dreamers,with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.答案1.strict2.helpful/good3.Importance/Significance/Functions/Roles4.running/working/going/operating/functioning5.performance(s)6.fired/dismissed/jobless7.problems/troubles8.higher/subjective/unfair/unjust/prejudiced9.damaged/tense/poor/bad10.discourage/affect/damagePassage 2(2012江苏)“Happiness Advantage”EffectIn July 2010 Burt’s Bees,a personal-care products company,was going through enormous change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries.In this kind of high-pressure situation,many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands.In doing so,managers lift everyone’s anxiety level,which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex(大脑皮层),which is responsible for effective problem solving.Burt’s Bees’s then-CEO,John Wolfgang,took a different approach.Each day,he’d send out an e-mail praising a team membe r for work related to global marketing.He’d interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the company’s values.He asked me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion ef fort.As one member of the senior team told me a year later,Wolfgang’s emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one.。