外文翻译译文电池储能加强风力发电机在电力系统集成
九年级能源开发英语阅读理解30题

九年级能源开发英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Solar energy is one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. It is clean, abundant, and sustainable. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire communities.The advantages of solar energy are numerous. Firstly, it is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy does not produce any harmful emissions or pollutants. Secondly, it is a reliable source of energy. As long as the sun shines, solar panels can generate electricity. Thirdly, solar energy is cost-effective in the long run. Although the initial investment for installing solar panels can be high, the cost of electricity generated by solar panels is much lower than that of traditional sources of energy.In recent years, the development of solar energy has been remarkable. More and more countries are investing in solar power projects. The technology of solar panels is also constantly improving, making them more efficient and affordable. As a result, the use of solar energy is becoming more widespread.Looking into the future, solar energy is expected to play an even moreimportant role in meeting the world's energy needs. With the continuous advancement of technology, solar panels will become even more efficient and cost-effective. Moreover, new applications of solar energy, such as solar-powered cars and solar-powered water desalination plants, are being developed.In conclusion, solar energy is a great alternative to traditional sources of energy. It has many advantages and a bright future. As we strive to create a more sustainable world, solar energy will undoubtedly become an increasingly important part of our energy mix.1. What is one of the advantages of solar energy?A. It is expensive in the long run.B. It produces harmful emissions.C. It is environmentally friendly.D. It is unreliable.答案:C。
风力发电机组中英文词汇对照

风力发电机组中英文词汇对照Aa.t.c.system 加工中心机刀库abrasive disc 磨料盘abscissa axis 横坐标absolute encoder 绝对式编码器absolute humidity 绝对湿度ac motor 交流环电动机accelerated test 加速试验accelerating 加速acceleration amplitude 加速度幅值accelerometer 加速度传感器acceptance test 验收试验accumulator 储压罐accuracy 精度acetone 丙酮acknowledgement 确认acoustic reference wind speed 声的基准风速activation power (for wind turbines) 临界功率activation rotational speed 临界转速activation 活动,赋活,激活,活化,激励,启用active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件active component 有功分量active current 有功电流active in respect to 相对….呈阻性active power 有功功率active yawing 主动偏航acute angle 锐角addendum modification on gear 齿轮的变位address 地址adhesive 带粘性的,胶粘,粘合剂adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusting plate 调整板admittance 导纳admixture 混合,混合物adversely 逆地,反对地adze 扁斧aerial航空的,生活在空气中的,空气的,高耸的,天线aerodynamic characteristics of rotor 风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic chord of airfoil 气动弦线aerosol 浮质,气溶胶,气雾剂,烟雾剂ageing tests 老化试验aggregate 合计,总计,集合体aggressively 侵略地,攻势地air braking system 空气制动系统air gap 气隙air header 集气管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 通风口air permeability 透气性air set 空气中凝固,常温自硬自然硬化air-cushion 空气垫airfoil 翼型air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线air-termination system 接闪器alarm 报警algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的align 对准,校直alignment 对准,定位调整alkali-sensitive 碱性感测allen key 六方allen wrench 六方扳手alloy 合金alloy 合金alteration变更,改造alternating current machine 交流电机alternating current 交流电流alternating voltage 交流电压altitude 海拔aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续溶解保温炉ambient temperature 环境温度ammeter电流表ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机amplifier panel 放大器盘amplifier 放大器amplitude modulation(am 调幅amplitude 幅值anaerobic没有空气而能生活的,厌氧性的analog input terminals 模拟量输入端子analog signal 模拟信号analogue board 模拟盘analogue control 模拟控制analyzer分析器anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchor bolt 锚定螺栓anchor 锚,抛锚,锚定anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer无液气压表,无液晴雨angle grinder角锉angle of attack of blade 叶片几何攻角angle of rotor shaft 风轮仰角angle plate角盘annealing 退火annual average wind speed 年平均风速annual average 年平均annual energy production 年发电量annual extreme daily mean of temperature 年最高日平均温度annual maximum 年最高annual variation 年变化annulus环面anode阳极,正极anodization 阳极氧化antenna 天线;触角antifriction减低或防止磨擦之物,润滑剂anvil铁砧apparent sound power level 视在声功率级application drawing操作图,应用图approximate近似,接近,约计arbor 树阴;凉亭;藤架arc control device 灭弧装置arc cutting电弧切割arc gouging 电弧刨削arc welding 电弧焊arc welding 电弧焊arc 弧,弓形,拱,电弧Archimedean screw阿基米德螺线armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈Armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波armature 电枢articulated接合,链接,有关节的aspect ratio 叶片展弦比assemble集合,聚集,装配assembly 装配assorted files分类排列;相匹配(文件) assume假定,设想,采取,呈现asynchronous generator 异步电机attenuate 衰减attenuation变薄,稀薄化,变细,衰减audit 审计auger打孔钻,螺丝钻auto transformer 自耦变压器automatic station 无人值守电站automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器automatic voltage regulator(avr) 自动电压调整器auxiliary circuit 辅助电路auxiliary device 辅助装置auxiliary motor 辅助电动机auxiliary switch辅助接点availability 可利用率(风力发电机组)average noise level 平均噪声average 平均,平均水平,平均数,海损,一般的,通常的aviation light 航空灯awl 锥子axe斧,(经费的)大削减axial pitch 轴向齿距axle 轮轴,车轴Bback saw背锯back-feed反馈backlash反冲,无效行程;间隙,偏移;退balancing equipment 平衡设备ball bearing滚珠轴ball saddle滚珠支撑ball-eye 球头挂环ball-hook 球头挂钩ball-peen hammer 圆头锤band saw 带锯bandwidth 带宽band区;带,波段带子,镶边,波段,队,乐队. 联合,结合bar magnet磁条barometer气压计base material基底材料base 基极basic error 基准误差battery power drill电池钻baud rate波特率baud 波特bayonet 卡口beach海滨;湖滨;河滩bead 珠子,水珠beam compass长臂圆规beam idler gear 惰轮齿beam trammel骨架bearer 支架,托架,支座,载体bearing fittings 轴承配件bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机bearings 轴承bell crank曲柄bellow type 波纹管式belt drive 带传动belting制带的材料,带类,调带装置bend 弯管弯头bending machines 弯曲机bending 挠曲Bessemer converter 酸性转炉,贝塞麦转炉Bessemer酸性转炉钢bevel gear斜角;斜齿轮bevel-edge steel 斜缘薄钢板beveling 磨斜棱,磨斜边biconcave lens两面凹镜biconvex lens两面凸镜bifurcated rivet 开口铆钉;分叉的铆钉bilateral circuit 双向电路bimetallic双金属的bimotored 双马达的bin二进制biphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor (bjt) 双极性晶体管bit 位;比特black body 黑体blade for iron saw 剧刃blade losses 叶片损失blade 叶片blades 刀片blades,saw 锯片blast cleaning皮老虎blast furnace鼓风炉blast 强风bleed 放出(液体,气体等);漏出,漏入,泄漏,色料扩散bleeder valve 溢流阀blinding plate盲板blind挡板block and tackle滑轮组block diagram 方框图block diagram框图blocking(for wind turbines) 锁定(风力机)blowhole气泡,气孔blowlamp喷灯blowpipe吹风管blowtorch 吹管,喷灯board 底板,板boiler锅炉;煮器;烧水器bolt 螺栓bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝bolt螺栓,螺钉,支持,维持bonding bar 等电位连接带bonding conductor 等电位连接导体bonding wire 接合线,焊线bone 骨剔除bonnet软帽,汽车发动机罩boost 增压boost-buck 升压去磁bore钻孔,钻boring heads 搪孔头boring machines 镗床both sides welding.双面焊接bottom dead-centre 下死点;下顶点bow-spring compass 弓形片弹簧圆规box spanner inset 插入式套筒扳手box spanner管钳子brace 支柱,带子,振作精神bracket托架,括弧,支架brad 曲头钉bradawl小锥brake fluid 刹车油brake disc 刹车盘brake lining 闸衬片brake mechanism 制动机构brake pad 闸垫brake setting 制动器闭合brake setting 制动器闭合brake shoe 闸轨brake(for wind turbines) 制动器braking mechanism 制动机构braking releasing 制动器释放braking system 制动系统branch connection 分支接续branch of joint连接分支brass黄铜,黄铜制品,brazing铜焊breakaway force 起步阻力breakaway starting current of an a.c. 交流电动机的最初启动电流breakdown torque 极限转矩breakdown 击穿breaker 断路器breast drill 胸压手摇钻breather 呼吸者,喘息者,剧烈的运动bricklayer's hammer 砖匠锤bridges 管式桥bronze 青铜brush wastage 碳刷磨损bubble 磁泡,水泡,气泡buck 补偿bucket桶,一桶的量,铲斗buffing wheel 抛光轮,弹性磨轮bulkhead隔壁,防水壁bulk 大小,体积,大批,大多数,散装bulldozer 推土机Bunsen burner 本生灯burn through 烧蚀burr 芒刺;刺果植物;针球bursting disc 防爆膜bursting 突然破裂,爆发,脉冲bus bar separator 母线间隙垫bus bar support 硬母线固定金?bus bar 母线bus coupler 总线耦合器bus duct 母线槽bus-bar expansion joint 母线伸缩节bush 矮树丛,(机械)衬套bushing轴衬,套管butt weld 对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊byte 字节Ccabinet converter 变频器柜cabinet door 柜门cabinet nacelle transformer 机舱变压器柜cabinet nacelle 机舱机柜cabinet tower 塔基机柜cable armor电缆铠装cable bundle 束,光纤束;捆,卷cable cutter 电缆剪cable fitting电缆配件cable gland 电缆衬垫cable gland 电缆衬垫cable glands 电缆衬垫cable making tools 造线机cable reel 电缆盘cable routing电缆路由选择cable shear 电缆剪cable sheath电缆包皮层cable shoes电缆靴cable tie 电缆带cable tie电缆带cable tray 电缆盘cable trunk 电缆管道cable twist 扭缆cage 笼型calculation sheet计算书calibration标度,刻度,校准caliper测径器,卡钳,弯脚器calorimeter热量计camber 拱形camshaft凸轮轴cam凸轮cancel 取消,删去cantilever伸臂,悬臂;悬臂梁capacitance effect 电容效应capacitance 电容capacitor for voltage protection 保护电容器capacitor 电容器capacity 容量capping ends顶盖末端capstan lathe绞盘车床carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carburettor 汽化器cardan shaft万向轴carrier 载波cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cartridge额盒式磁盘[带](机);夹头cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子castellated coupling 牙嵌式联接casting 铸件,铸造casting, aluminium 铸铝casting, copper 铸铜casting, gray iron 铸灰口铁casting, malleable iron 可锻铸铁casting, other 其他铸造casting, steel 铸钢castle nut城堡螺母cast 投;掷;抛catalyst 催化剂,触媒catastrophic failure(for wind turbines) 严重故障cathode 阴极cathode-ray tube阴极射线管cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统catwalk桥上人行道,狭小通道caulking metal填隙合金[金属](材料) caulking 填…以防漏caution小心ccw 逆时针cement lined piping 水泥衬里cement 水泥,接合剂,接合,用水泥涂,巩固,粘牢center distance 中心距center gear 中心轮center puncher中心冲centralized control 集中控制centre bit中心位centrifugal unit 离心单元centrifugal 离心ceramics 陶瓷;陶瓷技术chain drive 链传动chain making tools 造链机chain vice 链式钳chain wheel 滑轮chain-grate stoker 链条炉排加煤机chamfer machines 倒角机change over switching 换接change over 改变成,对调位channel bases沟渠基底characteristic 特性characteristic curves 特性曲线charge 充电chaser猎人,驱逐舰check against 检查,核对check valve止回阀cheese 干酪,垫砖cheese-head screw 有槽凸圆柱头螺钉chemical corrosion 化学腐蚀chipping 修琢chisel 凿子砍凿chloride 氯化物,漂白粉choke valve 阻气阀choke 窒息,阻气门chopper circuit 斩波电路chord 弦,和音,情绪chrome 铬;铬矿石;氧化铬chronometer 精密计时表chuck 轻拍,抛掷,驱逐,丢弃,用卡盘夹住chucks 夹盘circlip 环形,弹性挡圈circuit branch 支路circuit breaker保护断路器circuit breaker断路开关circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数circular saw圆锯circular圆形,环;循环circulate 循环;流通circulating循环circumference周线;外围;周围circumferential backlash 圆周侧隙circumferential joint 周圈接缝civil engineer 土木工程师civil works土建工程,建筑工程clamp ammeter钳形表clamp 夹钳clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统clamp夹子,夹具,夹钳claw hammer 拔钉锤clearance 排除故障,清除clevis drawbar 牵引环,联结钩clevis joint 拖钩,脚架接头clevis u形夹climate 气候close grain 结晶粒closed circuit 闭合电路clout nail大帽钉club hammer锤子,榔头clutch离合器,联轴器cnc bending presses 电脑数控弯折机cnc boring machines 电脑数控镗床cnc drilling machines 电脑数控钻床cnc edm wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机cnc electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机cnc engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机cnc grinding machines 电脑数控磨床cnc lathes 电脑数控车床cnc machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件cnc milling machines 电脑数控铣床cnc shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机cnc toolings cnc 刀杆cnc wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机coarse粗(糙,略),近似coaxial cable同轴电缆coaxial 共轴的,同轴的cobalt钴(符号为co),钴类颜料,由钴制的深蓝色code 代码coefficient of torsional rigidity 扭转刚度系数coil 线圈coil spring弹圈coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collar bolt凸缘螺栓collar 凸缘;圈,环,套环,轴;卡圈;安装环collector ring 集电环collector 集电极color identification 彩色识别combination pliers 台钳combination 结合,联合,合并,化合,化合物combustion chamber 燃烧室command 命令commencement 开始commissioning test 投运试验common earthing system 共用接地系统commutation condition 换向状况commutation 换向commutator segment 换向片commutator 换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数complex terrain 复杂地形带compound generator 复励发电机compound 混合物,[化]化合物复合的,混合,配合compounded 复励compressor 压缩物,压缩机,收缩机concave lens 凹面镜concave-convex lens 凸凹镜concrete drill 混凝土钻concrete 混凝土;具体condensation 冷凝condenser 冷凝器;凝结器,电容器conductance 电导conductivity 导电性conductor clamp 卡线钳conductor holder 夹线器conductor 导体conductor 导体conduit box [电]导管分线匣conduit entry 导管引入装置conduit outlet 电线引出口conduit 管道,导管,沟渠,泉水,喷泉cone数、物]锥形物,圆锥体,(松树的)球果,使成锥形conical 圆锥的,圆锥形的conjunction联合,关联,连接词connecting rod连接杆connection 联结connector 接线器considerably 相当地consistency连结,结合,坚固性,浓度,密度,一致性,连贯性console 安慰,藉慰,控制台console 控制台constant chord blade 等截面叶片construction work 施工工程contact 触头contactor 接触器container箱;罐;容器,集装箱,货柜contaminate 污染,弄污continental climate 大陆性气候continuous operation 持续运行contrast使与…对比,使与…对照,和…形成对照,对比,对照,(对照中的) control apparatus 控制电器control cabinet 控制柜control cable 控制电缆操纵索control circuit 控制电路control console 控制台control desk 控制台control device 控制装置control gear 控制设备control panel 控制面板control system(for wind turbine) 控制系统control valve actuator 阀控传动机构control valve 控制阀,control wiring 控制线路control 控制器controller 控制器convection传送;运流;对流convenience receptacle 电源插座converter 变流器convex lens 凸透镜conveying chains 输送链coolers 冷却机cooling 冷却;冷却技术core sand 型芯沙correspond 符合,协调,通信,相当,相应corridor 通路corrosion of metals 金属腐蚀corrosion resistance tests 耐腐试验corrosion 腐蚀corrosion腐蚀,浸蚀cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by wtgs 度电成本cotter pin 开口销counted measured ,metered measured ,metered reading 计量值counter input 脉冲量输入counter weight 重锤countersink bit装定位countersink埋头孔,暗钉眼counting计算coupling bolt 联结,接合,耦合,耦合性,耦合技术coupling capacitor 结合电容coupling 联轴器coupling 联轴器coverage 覆盖;敷层;有效区域crack 裂纹,裂缝cramp 钳位(电路);压[夹板];卡子,夹(子);压[夹]紧crane 吊车crankcase曲柄轴箱crankshaft曲轴;机轴crank不稳定的,摇晃的,曲柄crate 柳条箱crimping tools 卷边工具criterion 标准,判据,准则critical damping 临界阻尼cross mark 十字标记cross slotted screw 十字长孔crosshead 小标题,子题,[机]十字头,丁字头cross-peen hammer 横头锤cross-section 横断面;横切面;截面crosswise 斜地,成十字状地,交叉地crowbar 撬棍;铁棍;起货钩crown wheel 顶圈crucible 坩锅,严酷的考验cubicle 室,箱cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机cupola furnace 园顶熔炉current ration 电流定值current 电流curvature function of airfoil 弯度函数customs 进口税,海关cut in wind speed 切入风速cut out wind speed 切出风速cutters 刀具cutter刀具,切割机cutting disk 切割盘cutting opening 切孔cutting 切割cutting-off machines 切断机cw 顺时针cylinder block 缸体cylinder head 缸头cylinder-head gasket 缸头垫片,垫圈;接合垫cylindrical gear 圆柱齿轮cylindrical 圆柱形,圆柱体;柱面Ddaily mean 日平均值dampen使潮湿,使沮丧damper 防振锤damping coefficient 阻尼系数damping ratio 阻尼比damping 阻尼data base 数据库data circuit 数据电路data terminal equipment 数据终端电路date set(for power performance measurement) 数据组(测试功率特性)dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机deactivate释放;去激励;停用;退出工作;使无效debris碎片,残骸decimal 十进的,小数的,小数decode 译码defective有缺陷的,欠缺的deflect (使)偏斜,(使)偏转deflection偏向;偏斜;转向deformation 变形,形变;畸变,失真degrease脱脂,除油污degree Celsius摄氏度degree of curvature 弯度delta connection 三角形联结demodulator 解调器deploy展开,配置deposit 堆积物,沉淀物,存款,押金,保证金,存放物depression 沮丧,消沉,低气压,低压depressurizes 使减压,使降压depress使沮丧,使消沉,压下,压低depth gauge 深度计design limit 设计极限design pressure 设计压力design situation 设计工况detergent 清洁剂,去垢剂deviation 偏差,偏移dew 露dial gauge量规dial micrometer千分尺diameter and radius 直径和半径diamond cutters 钻石刀具dicing saws 晶圆切割机die casting dies 压铸冲模die casting machines 压铸机dielectric test 介质试验dielectric 电介质,绝缘体dies-progressive 连续冲模diestock 螺丝攻differential gear 差速齿轮differential protection 差动保护differentiation 微分diffuser 漫射体;(扬声器)纸盆;扩散器digger 挖掘者挖掘机digital clock 数字钟digital control 数字控制digital input terminal 数字量输入端子digital output terminal 数字量输出端子digitizing tablet 数字面板dilute 冲淡,变淡,变弱,稀释dimensional inspection 尺寸检验diode module 二极管模块direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct current machine 直流电机direct current 直流电流direct solar radiation 直接太阳辐射direct voltage 直流电压direct-current 直流directivity(for wtgs) 指向性discharge 卸下,放出,清偿(债务),履行(义务),解雇,开(炮),放(枪),射(箭),卸货,流注,放电dismantle拆除,拆卸dismount 拆卸,卸下displacement amplitude 位移幅值displacement current 位移电流display lamp 指示灯disposable tool holder bits 舍弃式刀头disposal 处理,处置,布置,安排,配置,支配disposition notice 处罚通知书dissipation 分散,浪费,损耗,耗散,消耗distance constant 距离常数distance ring间隔环distortion 畸变distributing apparatus 配电电器distribution board配电盘,配电屏distributor发行人,分电盘,配电器diurnal variation 日变化dividers 圆规dog clutch 瓜形(式)离合器,齿式离合器dolly 洋娃娃,移动车,台车,,移动摄影车domed nut 圆顶螺母double clamp 双卡头double phase 两相double-helical gear 人字齿轮doubt 不确定;疑惑dowel 木钉,销子,用暗销接合down conductor 引下线down wind 下风向drag coefficient 阻力系数drain tap 排气阀drain 排水管drain 泄油,排水沟,消耗,排水draw bar 绘图刀drawing board 画图板,制图板drawing machines 拔丝机drawing pin 图钉drawing point 绘图点drift 漂移,偏差drill gauge 钻规drill 训练,钻孔,条播,钻头;锥子;钻孔机;钻床;钻driller 钻孔者,钻孔机drilling machine 钻床drilling machines bench 钻床工作台drilling machines 钻床drilling machines, high-speed 高速钻床drilling machines, multi-spindle 多轴钻床drilling machines, radial 摇臂钻床drilling machines, vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头drip pan油滴盘drive train 传动链driving gear 主动齿轮drop hammer落锤drum brake鼓状刹车drum鼓,鼓声dry type transformer 干式变压器dryness干,干燥duplex transmission 双工传输durability 耐久性duration宽度,持续时间dust protected 防尘dust 灰尘,尘土,尘埃duty ratio 负载比dye penetrant examination 染料渗透试验法dynamic coupling 齿啮式联接dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计,功率计Ee.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势earth conductor 接地线earth electrode 接地体earth termination system 接地装置earth;ground 地earthed circuit 接地电路earthing reference points 接地基准点earthing switch 接地开关eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应efficiency of wtgs 机组效率efficiency 效率elastic coupling 弹性联接elbow 弯管接头electric arc电弧electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric coupling 耦合器electric current 电流electric discharge machines(edm) 电火花机electric energy transducer 电能转换器electric energy 电能electric heat tracing.电伴随加热electric machine 电机electric power tools 电动刀具electric shock 触电;电击electric wire and cable 电线电缆electric 电的electrical contact 电触头electrical device 电气设备electrical device 电气元件electrical discharge 放电electrical endurance 电气寿命electrical material电气材料electrical panel 配电板,配电盘electrical rotating machine 旋转电机electricity 电electrode 电焊条electrode 电极electrode 电极电焊条electrolysis 电解,电蚀electrolyte电解,电解液electromagnetic braking system 电磁制动系electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩electroplating 电镀,电镀术electrostatics 静电学eliminate消除,删去,排除;切断embedded pc 嵌入式pcemergency braking system 紧急制动系统emergency shutdown 紧急关机emergency stop push button 紧急停车按钮emergency-stop 紧急停止emery cloth砂布,金刚砂布emery wheel 金刚砂旋转磨石,砂轮emery 金刚砂,刚玉砂emitter 发射管放射器发射极encode 编码end ring 端环endplate终板endurance test 耐久性试验endwise 末端朝前或向上的,向前的energizing 使活跃,给予精力,加强,给与…电压energy converter 电能转换器engagement mesh 啮合engraving machines 雕刻机engraving machines, laser 激光雕刻机environment condition 环境条件environment 环境epicyclical gear计数齿epoch angle 初相角epoxy 环氧树脂epoxy-glued环氧胶equilateral triangle 等边三角形equipment failure information 设备故障信息equipotential bonding 等电位连接equivalent t circuit t型等值电路erection 架设erection直立,竖起,建筑物error codes 故障代码error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号etching machines 蚀刻机ethercat extension扩展端子event information 事件信息examination试验excitation response 励磁excitation response 励磁响应excitation system 励磁系统excitation励磁excited by 励磁exciter 励磁机exciting voltage 励磁电压exfoliation剥落exhaust pipe 排气管exhaust valve排气阀expanded metal膨胀金属expander扩展器,扩展电路,扩大器expansion bolt 伸缩栓,扩开螺栓expansion bolt伸缩栓,扩开螺栓expansion bolt自攻螺丝expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion joint 伸缩接头explanatory quad填充铅块extension tube伸缩管external armature circuit 电枢外电路external calipers 外卡钳external characteristic 外特性external conditions(for wind turbines) 外部条件(风力机)external conditions(for wtgs) 外部条件external gear 外齿轮external lightning protection system 外部放雷系统external power supply 外部动力源extern外(面)的,外来的extrapolated power curve 外推功率曲线extreme 极端extreme maximum 极端最高extreme wind speed 极端风速extrusion 挤压,挤压成形eye bolt 吊耳eye screw螺丝眼Ffabrication drawing 制造图纸,制作图fabrication tolerance 制造容差fabrication 加工,制造fabrication 制造;生产;结构fabrication.制造face width 齿宽faceplate面板,花盘facilitate使容易,使便利,推动,帮助,使容易,促进fag bolt,疲劳螺栓fail safe 安全性failure 失效fake假货,欺骗,伪造,赝造,捏造,假造,仿造fan belt风扇皮带fan heater 风扇加热器fault earthing 故障接地fault 故障feather position 顺桨位置feathering 顺浆feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统feeder 馈电线feeler gauge触规felling axe外轮轴ferritic 铁素体的fetch 接来,取来,带来,售得,引出,吸引,到达,演绎出fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field data 现场数据field effect transistor (fet) 场效应管field fabricated 工地制造的,现场装配的field installation 现场安装field instrument 携带式仪表field reliability test 现场可靠性试验field test with turbine 外联机试验field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组filament灯丝;细丝filler metal 焊料,焊丝filler rod焊条fillet weld 角焊,填角焊film density 影片密度film viewer底片观察用光源filter 过滤器finishing machines 修整机fire barriers防火间隔fire extinguisher灭火器firebrick 耐火砖fireman's axe消防斧firmer chisel 凿子fixing 固定fixture 夹具flange connection.凸缘联接flange coupling凸缘联轴器flange gasket 法兰垫片flange joint 凸缘接头flange 边缘,轮缘,凸缘,法兰flange 凸缘flanged nut凸缘螺母flanged union凸缘连接flank侧面,军队侧翼,侧腹flash plate闪熔镀层flash welding 闪光焊flashlight手电筒,闪光灯flashover 闪络flashpoint闪点flat nut平螺母flat 平坦的,扁平的,单调的,倒下的,浅的flat-head rivet平头铆钉flaw裂缝,缺陷,疵瑕flexible conduit软管flexible gear 柔性齿轮flexible rolling bearing 柔性滚动轴承flexural rigidity 抗挠刚度flexure 弯曲,挠曲flex弯曲(四肢),伸缩,折曲flicker coefficient for continuous operation 持续运行的闪变系数flicker step factor 闪变阶跃系数flicker 闪变float chamber浮子floating 漂浮的,浮动的,移动的,流动的,不固定的flow charts 流程图flow distortion 气流畸变flow instrument 流量计flow instrument流量计flow sheet 流程图flue烟洞,烟道,暖气管,蓬松的东西flushing 冲洗,填缝flush刷新flutter 颤振flux linkage 磁链flux 磁通,通量;焊剂;流动,熔化,流出flux 焊剂fog 雾foot pump脚泵forge炼炉;熔炉forging dies 锻模forging,aluminium 锻铝forging,cold 冷锻forging,copper 铜锻forging,other 其他锻造forging,steel 钢锻fork 派生(指令),分叉(指令),分支fork-lift truck 叉架式运货车,铲车formation 构造,结构;形成,建立;形式forming 印版form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数foundation earth electrode 基础接地体foundation 基础,根本,建立,创立,地基foundry equipment 铸造设备foundry铸造,翻砂,铸工厂,玻璃厂,铸造厂four-jaw chuck 四爪卡盘four-stroke 四冲程frame 帧,画面;框架机架,架,机柜free stand tower 独立式塔架free stream wind speed 自由流风速freezing rain 冻雨frequency converter 变频器frequency of wind speed 风速频率frequency shift keying(fsk) 移频键控frequency 频率frequency 频率fret-saw线剧friction grip摩擦盘friction 摩擦,摩擦力frictional摩擦的,摩擦力的front end processor 前置机frost霜,霜冻,严寒,结霜full load 满载full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩funnel 漏斗,烟窗furnace炉子,熔炉furnish 供应,提供,装备,布置fuse 溶断器fusion 熔融Ggage glass 液位玻璃管gain 增益gain 增益gale强风,大风galvanizing 通电流于,电镀gang saw 直锯gas burner 煤气灶,煤气火焰gas cutting 气割gas main 煤气总管gas mask防毒面具gas pedal气体,煤气,毒气,汽油,瓦斯gas turbine 燃气涡轮gas well 天然气井gas works煤气厂gaskets垫片,垫圈;接合垫gasket垫片,垫圈;接合垫gasometer 煤气厂,气量计gate pole门极gate valve门阀gauge board样板,模板规准尺gauge board仪表板gauge标准尺,规格,量规,量表,测量gavel 槌gear bearing de 齿轮轴承驱动端gear bearing nde 齿轮轴承非驱动端gear box ratio 齿轮箱变比gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机gear fan 齿轮箱冷却风扇gear lever 变速杆gear motor 齿轮马达gear oil pump hs 齿轮油泵高速gear oil pump ls 齿轮油泵低速gear pair with parallel axes 平行轴齿轮副gear pair 齿轮副gear pump 齿轮泵gear train齿轮系gear water pump 齿轮水泵gear wheel齿轮gear 齿轮gears with addendum modification 变位齿轮gears 齿轮geiger counter盖格计数器gel-coated胶衣generating 发电generator fan external 发电机外部风扇generator fan internal 发电机内部风扇generator voltage 发电机电压generator 发电机geometric chord of airfoil 几何弦长geometrical position 几何位置gimbals 平衡环,平衡架gimlet手钻;螺丝锥girder bridgegirder 梁,钢桁的支架girth weld环形焊缝gland腺,密封管glass cutter玻璃刀glaze釉料,釉面,光滑面,上釉,上光globe valve球形阀gloss paint光滑涂料glossy 平滑的,有光泽的gloss注释;注解;评注,光泽的表面,光彩,欺人的表面,假象,glove手套glue胶,胶水,胶合,粘贴,粘合goggle 眼睛睁视,(复数)风镜,护目镜goggles 护目镜gold leaf金叶goons细打包麻布gouge弧口凿,半圆凿gouging 刨削槽governor 调节器;控制器grab 抢夺,攫取,夺取grader 分类机,分级机grading ring 均压环grain 颗粒,晶粒,粒度;纹理graph 图表,曲线图gravity casting machines 重力铸造机grazing angle 掠射角grease gun注油枪;滑脂枪grease nipple油管grease油膏;润滑油greenhouse effect 温室效应grid 电网grind off 磨掉grinder bench 磨床工作台grinder 磨床grinders,thread 螺纹磨床grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机grinding disk 磨擦盘grinding machines 磨床grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床grinding machines,universal 万能磨床grinding machine磨床grinding tools 磨削工具grinding wheel 砂轮grinding wheels 磨轮grinding磨的,磨擦的,碾的groove凹槽,惯例,最佳状态grounding conductor 接地导体grout 薄泥浆,水泥浆grouting 灌浆grouting给…灌灰浆,给…涂薄胶泥grub screw自攻螺丝guide bars导向棍guide block导向块guide ring导向绳guide wire 尺度[定距]索,准绳guiding shaft导向轴guillotine闸刀,处斩刑,切(纸) gumming树胶分泌gusset plate角撑板,加固板gust influence 阵风影响gust 阵风guy clip 线卡子guyed tower 拉索式塔架gyroscope 陀螺仪,回旋装置,回转仪,纵舵调整器Hhacksaw可锯金属的弓形锯,钢锯hail 冰雹hairspring细弹簧,游丝half duplex transmission 半双工传输half shaft半轴half-round file半圆锉halfway中途的,部分的,不彻底的,半路地,在中途,在半途hand tools 手工具handling 处理(技术,方法)hanger 吊架hanger吊架hanging顶端对齐,悬挂hard hat 安全帽hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组hardener 固化剂,硬化剂harder硬的,坚固的,(问题,工作等)困难的,艰苦的,猛烈的,确实的hardware platform 硬件平台hardware 硬件harmonic 谐波的harmonics 谐波harness导线,装备;利用harrow 耙hatch,舱口,舱口盖,开口,孵,孵出,策划,图谋hatchet 短柄斧hazard 冒险(性);相关危险;事故,故障head screw 主轴螺杆headstock主轴箱heat preserving furnaces 保温炉heater 加热器heating appliance 电热器heating boxes加热室heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉helical gear; single-helical gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gearing 螺旋齿helix 螺旋,螺旋状物hemp 大麻,纤维hereafter 今后,从此以后Herringbone gear 人字(齿)轮,双螺旋齿轮hexagon screw die 六角板牙,六角螺丝钢板hexagon spanner六方hexagonal nut六角螺母high frequency generator 高频发电机high voltage高压high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能的hightensile 高强度high-tension cable高压电缆hissing发嘶嘶声,蔑视hob滚刀,铁架hoe 锄头,用锄耕地,锄hoist升起;吊起;推起,起重机,(台、架等)支持物,固定器hollow空的,中空的honing machines 搪磨机hook bolt吊耳hook spanner 钩,弯脚扳手hook 挂钩hook's joint 钩结合,钩(连)接hopper 单足跳者horizontal axis wind turbine 水平轴风力机horizontal line 水平线horizontal地平线的,水平的horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁horseshoe magnet马蹄形磁铁hose clip管夹hose 软管,胶皮管,蛇管hot-dip热沾hottest 热的,热烈的housing住房,房屋,护盖,框架hovercraft 水翼船hub height 轮毂高度hub rigidity轮毂刚度hub 轮毂hubcap 轮毂罩hull外壳,船体humidity湿气,潮湿,湿度hydraulic block液压块hydraulic braking system 液压制动系统hydraulic components 液压元件hydraulic cylinder 液压缸hydraulic filter 液压过滤器hydraulic fluid 液压油hydraulic motor 液压马达hydraulic power tools 液压工具hydraulic power units 液压动力元件hydraulic pump 液压泵hydraulic ram液压活塞hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸hydraulic system 液压系统hydraulic水压的;液压的hydropower station 水电站hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验hydrostatic test 流体静力学试验,水压试验hygrographs 自动湿度记录计hygrometer湿度计hysteresis 滞后作用,[物]磁滞现象Iice sensor 结冰传感器ideal source 理想电源identification mark 识别标志idler pulley惰轮,空转轮,导轮idling(for wind turbines) 空转(风力机)imaginary part 虚部impedance voltage 阻抗电压impedance 阻抗impedance 阻抗impeller 推进者,叶轮imperfection 缺陷impinge 撞击,冲击imprint 印记imprison监禁,关押impulse load tests 冲击动荷试验impulse推动,刺激,冲动,推动力,脉冲impurity杂质,混杂物,不洁,不纯incident 入射的inclusion 杂质incremental encoder 增量式编码器incremental outputs 增量式输出indoor climate 室内气候induced current 感生电流inductance 电感induction coil电感线圈induction generator 感应电机induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性(无功)分量inductive 诱导的,感应的inductor 电感器inertia switch惯性开关inertial sub range 湍流惯性负区infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inflammable易燃的,易怒的influence by the tower shadow 塔影响效应influence by the wind shear 风切变影响information 信息ingot 条,块,锭initial 最初的,词首的,初始的initialize 初始化initials 缩写injector 注射器injure 损害,伤害inlet valve入口阀inlet 进口,入口inner 内部的,里面的,内心的,内部inoperative不起作用的;无效的input 输入input power 输入功率input shaft 输入轴inrush current 涌流inspection earthing 检修接地inspection 审查,检查instance 例图;事[实,范]例,样品,实例,建议,要求,情况,场合instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous measured 瞬时侧值instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous value 瞬时值instantaneous瞬间的,即刻的,即时的,瞬时,立即instrument air仪表气源instrument rack 计测器支架instrument rack 计测器支架,计测器框架insufficient不充足的,不适合的,不能胜任的insulant 绝缘物insulated sleeve绝缘套管insulating boots 绝缘靴insulating bushing 绝缘套管insulating glove 绝缘手套insulation level 绝缘比insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulation 绝缘insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘子integrated coupling 固定联接integrated,total integrated value 累计值integration 积分下限intensifying screen 增光屏,光增强屏interconnection(for wtgs) 互连(风力发电机组)interface 接口。
风力发电外文文献翻译中英文

风力发电外文翻译中英文英文Wind power in China – Dream or reality?HubacekAbstractAfter tremendous growth of wind power generation capacity in recent years, China now has 44.7 GW of wind-derived power. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues - the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems - must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term.The study shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmitting clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Finally, the introduction of wind power to the coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. Frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants lead to lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which are likely to negate some of the emission savings from wind power.The current power system is heavily reliant on independently acting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, and this is partly incompatible with building a robust system supportingrenewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure is recommended.Keywords: Wind power, China, Power grids, Back-up systems1. IntroductionChina’s wind energy industry has exper ienced a rapid growth over the last decade. Since the promulgation of the first Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of wind energy amounted to 44.7 GW by the end of 2010 [1]. The newly installed capacity in 2010 reached 18.9 GW which accounted for about 49.5% of new windmills globally. The wind energy potential in China is considerable, though with differing estimates from different sources. According to He et al. [2], the exploitable wind energy potential is 600–1000 GW onshore and 100–200 GW offshore. Without considering the limitations of wind energy such as variable power outputs and seasonal variations, McElroy et al. [3] concluded that if the Chinese government commits to an aggressive low carbon energy future, wind energy is capable of generating 6.96 million GWh of electricity by 2030, which is sufficient to satisfy China’s electricity demand in 2030.The existing literature of wind energy development in China focuses on several discussion themes. The majority of the studies emphasize the importance of government policy on the promotion of wind energyindustry in China [4], [5], [6], [7]. For instance, Lema and Ruby [8] compared the growth of wind generation capacity between 1986 and 2006, and addressed the importance of a coordinated government policy and corresponding incentives. Several studies assessed other issues such as the current status of wind energy development in China [9]; the potential of wind power [10]; the significance of wind turbine manufacturing [11]; wind resource assessment [5]; the application of small-scale wind power in rural areas [12]; clean development mechanism in the promotion of wind energy in China [4], social, economic and technical performance of wind turbines [13] etc.There are few studies which assess the challenge of grid infrastructure in the integration of wind power. For instance, Wang [14] studied grid investment, grid security, long-distance transmission and the difficulties of wind power integration at present. Liao et al. [15] criticised the inadequacy of transmission lines in the wind energy development. However, we believe that there is a need to further investigate these issues since they are critical to the development of wind power in China. Furthermore, wind power is not a stand-alone energy source; it needs to be complemented by other energy sources when wind does not blow. Although the viability and feasibility of the combination of wind power with other power generation technologies have been discussed widely in other countries, none of the papers reviewed thesituation in the Chinese context. In this paper, we discuss and clarify two major issues in light of the Chinese wind energy distribution process: 1) the capability of the grid infrastructure to absorb and transmit large amounts of wind powered electricity, especially when these wind farms are built in remote areas; 2) the choices and viability of the backup systems to cope with the fluctuations of wind electricity output.2. Is the existing power grid infrastructure sufficient?Wind power has to be generated at specific locations with sufficient wind speed and other favourable conditions. In China, most of the wind energy potential is located in remote areas with sparse populations and less developed economies. It means that less wind powered electricity would be consumed close to the source. A large amount of electricity has to be transmitted between supply and demand centres leading to several problems associated with the integration with the national power grid system, including grid investment, grid safety and grid interconnection.2.1. Power grid investmentAlthough the two state grid companies-(SGCC) State Grid Corporation of China and (CSG) China Southern Grid - have invested heavily in grid construction, China’s powe r grid is still insufficient to cope with increasing demand. For example, some coal-fired plants in Jiangsu, which is one of the largest electricity consumers in China, had to drop the load ratio to 60 percent against the international standard of 80percent due to the limited transmission capacity [16]. This situation is a result of an imbalanced investment between power grid construction and power generation capacity. For example, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan, Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan,1 power grid investments accounted for 13.7%, 37.3% and 30% of total investment in the electricity sector, respectively. The ratio further increased from 31.1% in 2005 to 45.94% in 2008, the cumulative investment in the power grid is still significantly lower than the investments in power generation [17]. Fig. 1 gives a comparison of the ratios of accumulative investments in power grid and power generation in China, the US, Japan, the UK and France since 1978. In most of these countries, more than half of the electric power investment has been made on grid construction. By contrast, the ratio is less than 40% in China.According to the Articles 14 and 21 of the Chinese Renewable Energy Law, the power grid operators are responsible for the grid connection of renewable energy projects. Subsidies are given subject to the length of the grid extension with standard rates. However, Mo [18] found that the subsidies were only sufficient to compensate for capital investment and corresponding interest but excluding operational and maintenance costs.Again, similar to grid connection, grid reinforcement requires significant amounts of capital investment. The Three Gorges power planthas provided an example of large-scale and long-distance electricity transmission in China. Similar to wind power, hydropower is usually situated in less developed areas. As a result, electricity transmission lines are necessary to deliver the electricity to the demand centres where the majority are located; these are the eastern coastal areas and the southern part of China. According to SGCC [19], the grid reinforcement investment of the Three Gorges power plants amounted to 34.4 billion yuan (about 5 billion US dollars). This could be a lot higher in the case of wind power due to a number of reasons. First, the total generating capacity of Three Gorges project is approximately 18.2 GW at this moment and will reach 22.4 GW when fully operating [20], whilst the total generating capacity of the massive wind farms amount to over 100 GW. Hence, more transmission capacities are absolutely necessary. Second, the Three Gorges hydropower plant is located in central China. A number of transmission paths are available, such as the 500 kV DC transmission lines to Shanghai (with a length of 1100 km), Guangzhou (located in Guangdong province, with a length of 1000 km) and Changzhou (located in Jiangsu province, with a length of 1000 km) with a transmission capacity of 3 GW each and the 500 kV AC transmission lines to central China with transmission capacity of 12 GW. By contrast, the majority of wind farm bases, which are located in the northern part of China, are far away from the load centres. For example, Jiuquan locatedin Gansu has a planned generation capacity of 20 GW. The distances from Jiuquan to the demand centres of the Central China grid and the Eastern China grid are 1500 km and 2500 km, respectively. For Xinjiang, the distances are even longer at 2500 km and 4000 km, respectively. As a result, longer transmission lines are required. Fig. 2 depicts the demand centres and wind farms in detail.2.2. Grid safetyThe second problem is related to grid safety. The large-scale penetration of wind electricity leads to voltage instability, flickers and voltage asymmetry which are likely to cause severe damage to the stability of the power grid [21]. For example, voltage stability is a key issue in the grid impact studies of wind power integration. During the continuous operation of wind turbines, a large amount of reactive power is absorbed, which lead to voltage stability deterioration [22]. Furthermore, the significant changes in power supply from wind might damage the power quality [23]. Hence, additional regulation capacity would be needed. However, in a power system with the majority of its power from base load provider, the requirements cannot be met easily [24]. In addition, the possible expansion of existing transmission lines would be necessary since integration of large-scale wind would cause congestion and other grid safety problems in the existing transmission system. For example, Holttinen [23] summarized the majorimpacts of wind power integration on the power grid at the temporal level (the impacts of power outputs at second, minute to year level on the power grid operation) and the spatial level (the impact on local, regional and national power grid). Besides the impacts mentioned above, the authors highlight other impacts such as distribution efficiency, voltage management and adequacy of power on the integration of wind power [23].One of the grid safety problems caused by wind power is reported by the (SERC) State Electricity Regulatory Commission [25]. In February and April of 2011, three large-scale wind power drop-off accidents in Gansu (twice) and Hebei caused power losses of 840.43 MW, 1006.223 MW and 854 MW, respectively, which accounted for 54.4%, 54.17% and 48.5% of the total wind powered outputs. The massive shutdown of wind turbines resulted in serious operational difficulties as frequency dropped to 49.854 Hz, 49.815 Hz and 49.95 Hz in the corresponding regional power grids.The Chinese Renewable Energy Law requires the power grid operators to coordinate the integration of windmills and accept all of the wind powered electricity. However, the power grid companies have been reluctant to do so due to the above mentioned problems as well as technical and economic reasons. For instance, more than one third of the wind turbines in China, amounting to 4 GW capacity, were not connectedto the power grid by the end of 2008 [17]. Given that the national grid in China is exclusively controlled by the power companies –SGCC and CSG - the willingness of these companies to integrate wind energy into the electricity generation systems is critical.2.3. The interconnection of provincial and regional power gridsThe interconnection of trans-regional power grids started at the end of 1980s. A (HVDC) high voltage direct current transmission line was established to link the Gezhouba2 dam with Shanghai which signifies the beginning of regional power grids interconnection. In 2001, two regional power grids, the North China Power Grid and Northeast China Power Grid were interconnected. This was followed by the interconnection of the Central China Power Grid and the North China Power Grid in 2003. In 2005, two other interconnection agreements were made between the South China Power Grid with North, Northeast and Central China Power Grid, and the Northwest China Power Grid and the Central China Power Grid. Finally, in 2009, the interconnection of Central China Power Grid and the East China Power Grid was made. In today’s China, the Chinese power transmission systems are composed of 330 kV and 500 kV transmission lines as the backbone and six interconnected regional power grids and one Tibet power grid [26].It seems that the interconnectivity of regional power grids would help the delivery of wind powered outputs from wind-rich regions todemand centres. However, administrative and technical barriers still exist. First, the interconnectivity among regions is always considered as a backup to contingencies, and could not support the large-scale, long-distance electricity transmission [27]. In addition, the construction of transmission systems is far behind the expansion of wind power. The delivery of large amounts of wind power would be difficult due to limited transmission capacity. Furthermore, the quantity of inter-regional electricity transmission is fixed [27]. Additional wind power in the inter-regional transmission might have to go through complex administrative procedures and may result in profit reductions of conventional power plants.3. Are the backup systems geographically available and technically feasible?Power system operators maintain the security of power supply by holding power reserve capacities in operation. Although terminologies used in the classification of power reserves vary among countries [28], power reserves are always used to keep the production and generation in balance under a range of circumstances, including power plant outages, uncertain variations in load and fluctuations in power generations (such as wind) [29]. As wind speed varies on all time scales (e.g. from seconds to minutes and from months to years), the integration of fluctuating wind power generation induces additional system balancing requirements onthe operational timescale [29].A number of studies have examined the approaches to stabilize the electricity output from wind power plants. For example, Belanger and Gagnon [30] conducted a study on the compensation of wind power fluctuations by using hydropower in Canada. Nema et al. [31] discussed the application of wind combined solar PV power generation systems and concluded that the hybrid energy system was a viable alternative to current power supply systems in remote areas. In China, He et al. [2]investigated the choices of combined power generation systems. The combinations of wind-hydro, wind-diesel, wind-solar and wind-gas power were evaluated respectively. They found that, for instance, the wind-diesel hybrid systems were used at remote areas and isolated islands. This is because the wind-diesel hybrid systems have lower generation efficiency and higher generation costs compared to other generation systems. Currently, the wind-solar hybrid systems are not economically viable for large-scale application; thus, these systems have either been used at remote areas with limited electricity demand (e.g. Gansu Subei and Qinghai Tiansuo) or for lighting in some coastal cities [2]. Liu et al. [32] adopted the EnergyPLAN model to investigate the maximum wind power penetration level in the Chinese power system. The authors derived a conclusion that approximately 26% of national power demand could be supplied by wind power by the end of 2007. However, theauthors fail to explain the provision of power reserves at different time scales due to wind power integration.Because of the smoothing effects of dispersing wind turbines at different locations (as exemplified by Drake and Hubacek [33] for the U.K., Roques [34] for the E.U. and Kempton et al. [35] for the U.S.), the integration of wind power has a very small impact on the primary reserves which are available from seconds to minutes [36]. However, the increased reserve requirements are considerable on secondary reserves (available within 10–15 min) which mainly consist of hydropower plants and gas turbine power plants [29]. Besides, the long-term reserves, which are used to restore secondary reserves after a major power deficit, will be in operation to keep power production and consumption in balance for a longer timescale (from several minutes to several hours). In the following subsection, we examine the availability of power plants providing secondary and long-term reserves and investigate the viability of energy storage system in China.中文中国的风力发电–梦想还是现实?胡巴切克摘要经过近几年风力发电能力的巨大增长,中国现在拥有44.7吉瓦的风力发电。
Unit 2 Energy in Transition (补充汉译英)

Unit 2 Energy in Transition ( 补充汉译英 )1.汉普顿-悉尼学院以其诚信制度与其军事化管理体系一样儿享有盛名。
而且此诚信制度扩展到学生在校内和校外的所有活动中。
并且认为对违规行为的包容本身就是一种违规行为。
( on a par with )Hampden-Sydney College is reputed for an honor system on a par with military systems, and this honor system extends to all student activities both on and off campus, and considers tolerance of a violation itself a violation.2.虽然全球变暖对地球构成威胁,但是人类或许可以通过提高大气层中二氧化碳含量(值)来缓和其所导致的气候威胁。
( pose a threat on sth/sb. )Although global warming poses a threat to the earth, humans can probably ease the climate threat brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.3.对于厄尔尼诺潜在的破坏性人们已了解许多,但其现象本身却仍是令人沮丧的费解之谜。
( enough is known about sth )Enough is known about Elnino’s destructive potential, but the phenomenon itself remains a frustrating mystery.4.中国就生态和环保已形成全社会共识并正在率先行动起来。
光伏发电和风力发电混合发电系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

中英文资料对照外文翻译译文在混合光伏阵列中采用滑模技术的电源控制发电系统摘要变结构控制器来调节输出功率的一个独立的混合发电系统。
该系统包括光伏发电和风力发电,存储电池组和一个变量的单相负载。
控制律承认两种操作模式。
第一条用在当日晒度足够满足对电力的需求的情况下。
第二运作模式应用在日晒度不足的时候。
后者致使系统在最大功率操作点(MPOP)操作下存储尽可能多的能量。
根据IncCo nd算法开发的一种新方法。
滑模控制用于技术设计的控制律。
这些技术提供了一个简单的控制律设计框架,并有助于它们自带的鲁棒性。
最后,指导方针根据考虑为实际系统的设计。
1引言可再生能源,如风力和太阳能被认为是非常前途的能源。
它们拥有可以满足不断增加的世界能源需求的特点。
另一方面,他们是基于无公害转换流程,它们需要的主要资源是取之不尽,用之不竭,并且免费的。
对于远程、远离电网的地方,它往往是比用输电线路[1] 提供一个独立的电力来源拥有可行性。
在这些电网中,在混合动力系统结合模块的基础上,可再生能源发电以柴油为动力的备用发电机已考虑ERED等效为一个可行的选择[2, 3]。
然而,柴油发电机在孤立的燃料供应和其运作领域是相当麻烦,相比较可再生能源,显得不划算[4]。
为了取代柴油备用发电机,独立的混合动力系统经常采用结合可再生能源来源的TARY 型材,如风力和光伏发电,合适的存储设备,如电池。
自存储成本仍然是一个重大的经济约束,通常光伏/风能/电池系统是用“适当”的大小以减少资本成本。
本文提出了一种控制策略,以规范的混合动力系统,包括光伏发电和风力发电,蓄电池组和可变负载的输出功率作为研究。
控制可调整的光伏发电、风力发电,以满足负载和电池充电的电源要求。
系统以在独立控制下的最大发电的主要目标。
该控制器的设计开发,在之前的文献[5]中提过。
因此,根据不同的大气条件,不同的光伏阵列控制律使用的范围不同。
第一条用在暴晒的地方,运作模式足以提供的总功率需求,和风力发电一起适用。
未来的科技畅想英语作文

In the realm of future technology,our imaginations can run wild.Heres a detailed English composition that envisions the technological advancements of the future.Title:A Glimpse into the Future of TechnologyAs we stand on the precipice of the next era of technological innovation,it is both thrilling and daunting to consider the potential changes that lie ahead.The future of technology promises to be a tapestry woven with threads of artificial intelligence, quantum computing,biotechnology,and sustainable energy solutions.Artificial Intelligence AIThe integration of AI into daily life will be seamless and ubiquitous.Personal AI assistants will not only manage our schedules and provide information but will also understand our emotions and predict our needs.In the workplace,AI will collaborate with humans to enhance productivity,offering insights and solutions that we might not have considered.Autonomous vehicles will revolutionize transportation,reducing accidents and traffic congestion while optimizing routes for efficiency.Quantum ComputingQuantum computers will unlock new frontiers in data processing and problemsolving. With their ability to perform complex calculations at unprecedented speeds,they will transform fields such as cryptography,drug discovery,and materials science.Quantum encryption will ensure unprecedented security in digital communications,while quantum simulations will enable the design of new materials with tailored properties. BiotechnologyAdvancements in biotechnology will lead to breakthroughs in personalized medicine. Genetic editing technologies like CRISPR will allow us to correct genetic disorders and potentially enhance human capabilities.Synthetic biology will give rise to new forms of life,designed to perform specific functions,such as cleaning up pollution or producing renewable energy.Sustainable EnergyThe quest for sustainable energy will yield innovative solutions to combat climate change. Solar and wind energy will become more efficient and affordable,with advancements in energy storage allowing for a more stable and reliable power grid.Fusion power,once adream of science fiction,may become a reality,providing a nearly limitless and clean source of energy.Virtual and Augmented RealityThe boundaries between the digital and physical worlds will blur as virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR become more sophisticated.VR will offer immersive experiences for entertainment,education,and therapy,while AR will overlay digital information onto the physical world,enhancing our perception and interaction with the environment.Space ExplorationThe future will see a new age of space exploration,with private companies and international collaborations pushing the limits of what we know.Mars may become the first offworld colony,with sustainable habitats and infrastructure built to support human life.Space tourism will become a reality,offering breathtaking views of Earth from the cosmos.CybersecurityAs our reliance on technology grows,so does the importance of cybersecurity.Advanced encryption methods and AIdriven threat detection systems will protect our digital infrastructure from cyber attacks.Quantumresistant algorithms will safeguard our data against the power of quantum computers.Ethical ConsiderationsWith great power comes great responsibility.The future of technology will demand a robust ethical framework to guide its development and use.Issues such as privacy,data ownership,and the digital divide will require thoughtful solutions to ensure that technological advancements benefit all of humanity.In conclusion,the future of technology is a canvas waiting for the brushstrokes of innovation.It holds the promise of a world that is more connected,efficient,and sustainable.However,it also presents challenges that we must navigate with wisdom and foresight.As we step into this future,let us do so with a commitment to using technology for the betterment of all.。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习四

《科技英语翻译》课程练习四答案一、词类转换1. 英语名词的转译1) Integrated circuits are fairly recent development.译文:集成电路只是近年才发展起来的。
2) The air is made up of mixture of gases.译文:空气是由若干种气体混合而成的。
3) He was a good calculator,so we considered the answer correct.译文:他甚得很好,因此,我们认为这个答案是正确的。
4) The electrical conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. 译文:在选择电气材料时,电导率是很重要的。
5) This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route. 译文:对确立最佳工艺流程而言,这次实验是绝对必要的。
2. 英语形容词的转译1) When the switch is off, the electric circuit is open.译文:拉下开关,电路断开。
2) Also present in solids are numbers of free electrons.译文:固体中也存在着大量自由电子。
3) In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.译文:在裂变过程中,裂变碎块的放射性很强。
4) Computers are more flexible,and can do a greater variety of jobs.译文:计算机的灵活性较大,因此,能做更多不同的工作。
5) With slight repairs,the old type of motor can be used.译文:只要稍加修理,这台旧电机便可重新使用。
风力发电原理英语作文

风力发电原理英语作文Wind Power Generation Principle。
Wind power is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in the world today. It is a clean and sustainable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity. The principle of wind power generation is simple. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted into electrical energy through a process called wind power generation. The following is a detailed explanation of the wind power generation principle.Wind power generation is a process that involves the conversion of the kinetic energy of the wind intoelectrical energy. The process involves the use of wind turbines, which are designed to capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electrical energy. Wind turbines consist of three main components: the rotor, the generator, and the control system.The rotor is the part of the wind turbine that captures the kinetic energy of the wind. It consists of two or three blades that are attached to a hub. The blades are designedto be aerodynamic, which means that they are shaped in such a way that they can capture the maximum amount of wind energy. When the wind blows, it causes the blades to rotate.The generator is the part of the wind turbine that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. It consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is connected to the blades of the wind turbine and rotates when the wind blows. The stator is stationary and containsa series of coils that are connected to an electrical circuit. As the rotor rotates, it generates an electrical current in the coils of the stator.The control system is the part of the wind turbine that regulates the speed of the rotor. It consists of a set of sensors and a controller. The sensors measure the speed and direction of the wind, and the controller adjusts the position of the rotor to optimize the amount of energy that is captured.In summary, wind power generation is a process that involves the conversion of the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. It is a clean and sustainable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity. Wind turbines consist of three main components: the rotor, the generator, and the control system. The rotor captures the kinetic energy of the wind, the generator converts it into electrical energy, and the control system regulates the speed of the rotor.。
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电池储能加强风力发电机在电力系统集成Sharad W. Mohod and Mohan V. Aware摘要风力发电,因其在电网的电网穿透率因而正在覆盖到世界各地。
由于其随时间变化的性质和造成稳定性的问题,风力发电是一直波动的,这种弱的互联风在电网的发电来源会直接影响电能质量和它的可靠性,局部能源库应当赔偿波动功率和支持加强电力的风力发电机系统。
在本文中提出了在电流控制模式下电压源逆变器(VSI)蓄能,即通过直流总线的电池。
风力发电测量出风速的变化,并储存在蓄电池中,这个储能直流电压保持在整个刚性总线的电压源逆变器上,所提出来的方案提高了电力系统的可靠性和稳定性和维护单位功率因数,它也可以运行在电力系统的独立模式下,在风力发电的功率交换和动态情况下的负载是可行的,在普通点耦合时能保持规范的电能质量。
它加强了电力系统的薄弱电网部分,在这种控制策略评估动态条件使用测试模拟系统,结果通过比较,验证了控制器的性能。
关键词:Terms-Battery储能;电能质量;风能发电系统。
1.简介在最近几年,风力发电已经作为一种干净的和取之不尽,用之不竭的新能源而备受关注的,风力发电的普及率已经在世界各地持续增加,电力发电可再生能源投资的增长速度也正在世界范围内增加,德国大约有16%的电力来自风能,丹麦也有12%电力来自风能,美国正在计划产生20%的来自风能的电力,印度是全球第五大风能生产国,其在2009年总风电潜力估计为45195兆瓦,装机容量为10925兆瓦。
然而,风电场输出功率是波动的,并且会影响到互联电网。
所以这就需要一些措施来减少输出波动率并保持在网格的电能质量。
已经做了很多评估研究试图减轻风力发电系统的影响,在互联电网系统有一些基于氢,电容器,电池储能和超导磁储能的形成研究。
在日本,电池储能被用于减缓风电场稳定短期波动输出的变化,提出了大量的能量储存为了提供所需设备去管理风电波动,加强风力吸收,实现节省燃料成本,并减少CO2排放的目的。
提出的一种统计方法就是利用两节电池储能,其中风力是用于一个充电电池储存,而另一个是用于放电电池储存,该控制方法是为电池充电状态提出的,静态补偿器和储能电池固定速度的风力发电机为电力系统提高了电能质量和增加了稳定性。
风力发电渗入到电力系统将会增加对风力变速的进一步运用以容纳电力系统的最大功率,因此,它通过今天的电池储能促进了风力发电系统,电池储存能对充电放电快速反应,使它在电力系统中作为一个恒定电压源,当风速波动,特别是在高输出低于正常运行速度时,电池储存是有效的,因此,输出曲线平滑很大程度上取决于电池的储能能力。
在本文中,该系统在加强电力系统上是高效和经济。
为了验证该系统的有效性,电池储存和风力发电系统提出了电流电压源逆变器的控制方式,位置控制器在MATLAB/Simulink 中模拟运行是基于瞬时建模的,提出电能储存的控制系统有以下目标:*在公共耦合总线的单位功率因数*风力发电机的无功功率支持和电池负载*在电网故障情况下独自操作本文结构如下:第2部分介绍了广义薄弱网络系统,第3部分给出了系统配置加强了电力系统,第4部分提出了数学模型,第5部分介绍了系统的性能,第6部分是结论总结。
2.薄弱网格系统的弱发电机广义风力发电机接口系统在电力系统中对各侧都有电压,风力发电机所连接的总线是电力系统中的一个薄弱节点,它可以通过阻抗连接到强大的网格上,如图1.所示。
在广义电力系统中,三相电源被对称地发送,线电压与倍相电压相等,并且总3的三相功率恒定,电压降阻抗可以写成:V 1−V 2= IZ (1)3 其中V 1和V 2是均方根(RMS)电压,I 是均方根电流,Z 是传输阻抗线路以及变压器进网格。
在公共连接点(PCC ),风电场和本地负载也连接起来,风力连接的短路功率SK 可以写成:(2) Z /V S 21k图1 .电力系统的广义风力发电机风力发电量的变化通过阻抗Z 就会引起电流的变化,这些电流的变化又会引起电压V 2的变化。
在实践中,使网络连接短路比小于2.5是可以避免的,因为它增加了电压波动被称为弱网格。
阻抗Z=R+JX 是存在于基波频率中的,普遍存在的阻抗谐波为:Z h = R + jhX (3)其中h 是谐波顺序,也就是说,感应电抗随着频率线性变化。
风力发电量和负荷的组合表示为P+jQ ,其中P 是有功功率,Q 是无功功率。
无功功率则依赖于电压和电流相位之间的移动,如式(4):(4) )P Q (tan 1-=φ 风力的无功功率对电压V 2有一定的影响,这些影响依赖于本地负载和反馈的电网阻抗,因此,在风能产生电力系统中使用能量储存系统去强化弱电网是很有必要的。
3 .加强系统的系统配置该储能加强了风力产生的网格在电力系统上配置其工作原理和所述开关逆变器的控制策略,如图2所示:图2.储能加强风力发电机的计划3.1工作原理在这个系统中,电源电流的大小是通过瞬时电流源、功率变换器和负载来测定的,电池作为一种能源达到电压调节的目的,该风能发电系统被连接到不受控制的整流桥,其输出电压为可变直流,并且连接到电池储存充电。
该电池还可以从低需求的电网中带电,用于调峰需求,误差电流可以在公共耦合点的网格注入电流控制电压源逆变器。
3.2系统的控制策略利用该控制策略去加强风力发电系统,如图3所示。
在实施控制策略并入电网系统过程中,直流环节需要通过功率变换器连接风能发电系统并入电网中,感应发电机的输出是通过整流器的第一轮转换,电池储能系统的(BESS )的直流电压与参考值连接,它的误差会被送入比例积分器,比例积分控制器的输出被乘以一个基准正弦波发生器,因此,可以得到预期的参考电流I*Ref ,实际电流可以通过电流传感器从所需的参考电流检测和削减出来,使误差发送到滞后电流模式控制器生成开关模式。
因此,这种控制策略在电网系统的开关逆变器中作为一种瞬时脉冲宽度调制的电流反馈控制方法(PWM )。
图3.系统的控制策略图4.PWM 瞬时反馈控制逆变器运行的电流控制模式表现为: i ia sa i ia i ia L /)'(L /i )R (dt di ν-ν+-= (5)(6) i ib sb ib i t ib L /)'(Li /i )R (d di ν-ν+-=i ic sc i ic i ic L /)'(L /i )R (dt di ν-ν+-= (7 ) (8) C /)S i S i S i (dtd C ic B ib A ia dc ++=νia ν,和是逆变器电压,,和PCC 电压,是逆变器电流,通过ib νic νsa 'νsb 'νsc 'νic ib ia i i ,i 和和参考电流的比较获得开关信号,是实际的源电流,误差电sc sb sa *i *i ,*i 和sc sb sa i i i 和,流被应用于滞后控制器,会对开关电源产生正确的信号,是开关进行开和c b a i i ,i ∆∆∆和关的操作,直到电流超过或者低于有效值。
在这种技术中,一种独立的比较器用于驱动逆变器,一个三臂桥逆变器的导通状态用三变量逻辑开关函数表示,分别是。
滞后控制器相位A 反转得到开关函数的特性,这一特性构成C B A S S ,S 和)i (f S a A ∆=了所描述的磁滞回线。
(9)2/h i if ,1S 2/h i if ,0S a A a A >∆=-<∆= 其中,h 表示环的宽度,表示开关的状态。
1'S 0S A A ==和 由于这种开关函数,逆变器用电源电流无谐波的方式将电流注入电网中。
注入的电流将会抵消一部分有反应性的和高次谐波的负载电流,从而提高功率因数,为了实现这个目标,电网检测并产生电流同步逆变命令,一个三相平衡电压源在电网上被表示为:(10))120t sin(V )120t sin(V )t sin(V o c sc o b sb a sa +ω=ν-ω=νω=ν 因此,对于比较的参考电流必须来自源(电网)电压,这些电流可以表示为:(11))240t sin(I i )120t sin(I i )t sin(I i o sc o sb sa -ω=-ω=ω= 其中I 和幅值滤波相电源电压成正比,这确保了控制电流源是为了看正弦波时电源电压是否平衡。
风力发电系统和储能电池系统是最合适的,因为它可以迅速注入或者吸收无功功率去稳定电网,它还以非常快的速度控制这些线路分布和传输系统。
4.风力电池发电系统的数学模型风力电池发电系统的数学模型描述如下:4.1风能发电系统感应发单机已用风涡轮发电系统,因为它的优点就是从变速原动机发电,与同等级的其他机器相比,更适合高速运行,便于维护,降低成本,电压和频率控制的电网,风力发电系统输出功率表示为:(12) 3win AV 21P ρ=是空气密度,A(m 2)是通过的涡轮叶片横扫的区域,利用所有的风能是不可能)m .kg (3-ρ实现的,因而只能提取一部分的风能,被称为风力涡轮功率系数C P ,如下式表示:(13)wind p mech P C P =其中P mech 是风力发电机的机械功率;(14) 59.01716Cp ==这也被称为Betz’ s 限制。
这个系数可以表示包含速度和倾角的函数,它是一个高度非线性的λ和θ的函λθ数的功能,如果机械扭矩T mech 被应用,可以很方便地生成系统,其中是计算涡轮转ω速的。
turbine mech mech /P T ω= (15)因此:)V ,(f P wind turbine mech ω= (16)(17) p wind 2C V R 21Pmech ∏ρ=其中,V win 是风的速度,单位是m/s 。
图5.直流电池存储和风力风电机4.2直流电池和风力发电机在逆变器中,电容器作为中间元件,减弱了风力发电系统,电网系统系统如图3所示,使用来建模的电容器比电 感更加有效和昂贵。
(18) b )inv (dc )inv (dc dc I I I V dt d C --= 其中C 是电路电容,V dc 是整流电压,I dc (矩形)是整流后的直流测电流,I dc (mv) 是逆变器直流侧电流,如图5所示。
电池存储连接到直流电网,由一个电压源Eb 和一个内部电阻Rb 代表,内部电压随着电池充电而变化,终端电压V dc 表示如下:(19)bb b dc R I E V -= Ib 代表电池电流。
保持足够的直流链接级以满足电压逆变器是很有必要的。
(20) inv dc V M 22V ≥ V inv 是到线中性的电压逆变器电压,交换频率是2kH, 输出频率是50HZ,M 是调制指数(0.9),因此,这个直流线性电路专门为800V 。