生物医学工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
中英文对照外文翻译文献
Biological effects of the Magnetic Stimulation on the T oad Heart Abstract-W e stimulated the exposed toad heart by a low frequency and high energy magnetic. By analyze the data of this experiment, it shows that the pulsating of the weak toad heart would make change after stimulated by magnetic. W eak heartbeat strengthened, the single peak curve would become the two peaks curve with atria wave and ventricle wave after the magnetic stimulation. But the cycling of rhythmic pulsatile curve of toad doesn't change.
I. INTRODUTION
All life forms have magnetism. All kinds of magnetic field would have some effects on the configuration and activities of life forms that whichever environmental magnetic, additional magnetic or inside magnetic of organism. The biologic effects are related to the characteristics and
附录Ⅳ英文文献及翻译
the intension of the magnetic field, as well as the species and the tissues of the life forms.
The experimentation showed that magnetism stimulation in some range would control the growth of rat tumour, whatever they are in or out the body. Much more they can induce the cancer cells dead.30mT magnetic stimulation would increase the content of NO in the liver and the kidney.Magnetic also can improve the activity of some enzyme and promote the regeneration of nerve tissue.Cell would increase, the bones would be concrescence, the scar would be rehabilitate.The blood rheology and blood cell number both of human and rat would change obviously, DI the blood mucosity would be low.
Heart is the most important apparatus of life. It pulsates day and night. Heart once stop pulsating, the life for danger.Numerous scholar pays attention to the role of magnetic field.But they just studied the effects of magnetic stimulation of the heart pacemaker. The experiments about direct effects of stimulate heart by magnetic is very few.
The toads are our experiment animals.W e stimulated and noted by the magnetic stimulation equipment and the noted equipment of pulsatile curve made by ourselves. Analyze the results.
II. STUFF
A.Experiment equipments:①magnetic stimulation equipment; (magnetic intension 8-10T, impulse width 150ms,maximal stimulation frequency 5Hz);②software of noted pulsatile curve (made by ourselves);③cardiomuscular transducer;④Ringer.Sol ;⑤Batrachia instruments; ⑥clip of frog heart; ⑦cotton thread; ?burette.
B.Experiment animals: toads.
III. METHOD
A. Destroy the brain and the spinal cord of the toad by stylet:Penetrate into the occipital aperture upright with stylet,destroyed the brain upwards, take back the stylet and destroy the spinal downwards. If the limb of toad were relaxed, it showed that the brain and spinal were destroyed completely.
B. Expose the toad heart: Make the toad lying on its back on the winding center. The magnetic aspect is upright through the toad heart.Cut the ventral skin of toad, snip the breastbone,expose the rat heart. Nip the heart tip by clip carefully. Make the cotton thread tied with the clip of frog hear the linked with the cardiomuscular transducer. Do not make the toad heart leave thorax, or it would disturb the experiment results.
C.Noted the result:Connect the cardiomuscular transducer with the computer. Take notes the curve of toad heart without giving the stimulate of magnetic field
D. After three minutes, noted the weak pulsatile curve.
E . Make the magnetic intension 10T, electricize 10s.Stimulate the toad heart and record the pulsatile curve.
IV. RESUL TS
The abscissa of cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve is time, the ordinate is constriction power. Take notes for the pulsatile curve of toad heart that exposed just.W e can know the rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is 1.5s from fig 1 which show the cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad which was exposed the heart just now. There are two waves in each cycle, one is atria wave, the other is ventricle wave. The atria wave is 0.5s and the ventricle wave is 1.0s. The constriction power of atria is less than that of ventricle. The amplitude of constriction power of ventricle is the 2 times of the atria.
Fig. 4.1. It is rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad without magnetic stimulation.
The constriction power of toad heart would become weaker after the toad heart was exposed for a while. At the same time,atrium wave and ventricle wave can not be already distinguished. Heart contracting amplitude were reduced obviously, do not go to the half of original atrium wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.
Fig. 4.2. It is the weak pulsatile curve of toad without magnetic stimulation.
But we can distinguish the atria wave and the ventricle wave again after giving the toad heart a magnetic stimulation on following picture. And the amplitude of ventricle waves is more than that of the single wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.
There were six toads as experiment animal in our experiment.After exposing heart a time, the rhythmic pulsatile curve all became single peak curve. Stimulate them when the single amplitude
was 0.95. Noted the data and analyze them.
Following is the pulsatile curve of the six toads recorded which were stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.3. It is the pulsatile curve of the fist toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.4. It is the pulsatile curve of the second toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.5. It is the pulsatile curve of the third toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.6. It is the pulsatile curve of the fourth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.7. It is the pulsatile curve of the fifth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 4.8. It is the pulsatile curve of the six toads which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.
V. COMPARISIION
Record ventricle wave amplitude and atrium wave amplitude of the six toads after magnetic stimulation.
T able. 5.1. From "T oad1"to "T oad6" expressed the six toads which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
amplitudes of atria wave amplitudes of ventricle wave T oad0 2.275 2.34
T oad1 1.140 1.170
T oad2 1.120 1.129
T oad3 1.165 1.18
T oad4 1.120 1.128
T oad5 1.214 1.230
T oad6 1.151 1.169
T oad7 0.95 Express the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic with"T oad 0", and express the toad which pulsate weakly with"T oad 7". Make histogram to contrast by these data. The first histogram was made by the data of the pulsatile amplitudes of when toad was not gets stimulate and pulsate
weakly, as well as the pulsatile amplitude of the fist stimulated toad. After magnetic stimulation, amplitudes of atria wave and ventricle wave were higher than single wave of weak heart. But it is more low than the amplitudes of heart when just exposes obviously.
Fig. 5.1. The histogram was make by the amplitudes of the toad exposed heart justly and the toad which stimulated by magnetic field, the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Make histogram respectively with the data of amplitude of each toad stimulated by magnetic field and the amplitude of single wave. Make histogram with the data of amplitudes of six toads stimulated by magnetic field, and compare them.
Fig. 5.2. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the first toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.3. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly The "T oad2" expressed the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.4. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 3" expressed the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.5. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 4" expressed the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field.The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.6. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fifth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad5" expressed the fifth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.7. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which puls,"T oad 6" expressed the sixth toad which was stimulated by ma "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.
Fig. 5.8. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field.
Fig. 5.9. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly.
There is discrepancy between the pulsatile a each toad which stimulated by magnetic field. This is dividual discrepancy, it is related with the strong of the experiment animals. But if compared these pulsatile amplitudes of toads which stimulated by magnetic field with amplitude of the toad which pulsated weakly at the same time of discrepancy is very not obvious.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
There are a P wave and a QRS wan https://www.360docs.net/doc/1f12885473.html,pare the pulsatile curve with the electrocardiogram to we can discover that the P wave that express atrium constriction is earlier than atria wave.the ORS wave that express ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle wave. Heart constriction connected closely with the change of biological electricity of cardiac muscle. Before heart contracts,must occur on muscle cell membrane a movement potential that can be conducted, pass through then excited-contract unite can just arouse muscle cell contract to respond. The P wave and QRS wave of electrocardiogram reflect atrium and ventricle respectively with the electrical change in polarization course. Atrium wave and ventricle wave reflect atrium and ventricle respectively the mechanical campaign. Mechanical campaign is only initiated from electrical campaign. So P wave is earlier than atrium wave, QRS wave are earlier than ventricle sixth toad which wave.
When the pulsatile rhythmically of heart stopped or in disorder.the electric attack would be helpful on clinic data. The magnetism stimulation may have the same effects as the electric stimulation based on electromagnetism.
The pulsatile curve of toad which just exposed heart can divide into atrium wave and ventricle wave. After a time, heart is weak gradually, right now, heart contracts intensity weakens obviously. Atrium wave can not already distinguish with ventricle wave on the curves of toad weak pulsatile
curve Original two summit curves change to single summit curve,and contract range reduces obviously. Do not go to the half of original atrium wave. But heart pulsatile period still ask 1 second. Stimulate toad heart, the direction of magnetic field vertical cross toad heart center from the back to belly. T ake T oad 6 notes at once, the pulsatile curve of toad recovery became original two summit curves. And the amplitude of ventricle six toads which wave worth than single wave is in height of.T ested result proves that the magnetic stimulation of high energy can promote toad heart strength obviously, but for the pulsatile curve period does not be acted on obviously. Can make the curve of pulsatile curve already can not be districted the atrium wave and ventricle of the weak heart recovery that atrium constriction with ventricle constriction alternately.
The cell of cardiac muscle has special electrical physiology.Electrical stimulate can affect the electrical physiology moving of heart obviously. Magnetic field and electric field have the characteristic that changes mutually. The role of extra magnetic field can also arouse the ion current in the organism toad 7 cell of cardiac muscle to occur change. Therefore, it changes the electrical physiological campaign of the cell of cardiac muscle, change heart contract condition.
Compared with direct electrical stimulation, the magnetic stimulation has a lot of advantages. It shows by clinical information, eliminate the heart shake of human body with current (go through chest wall) to need the energy of 150-350 J probably, directly eliminate heart shake to need the energy of 16-24 J probably. Specific size and the current distribution of electrode have relevant uniformity. The magnetism of biological organization is even basically, magnetic field reaches the deeply layer organization of organism very easily on toad through skin and skeleton. The magnetic stimulation does not have wound. The resistance rate of skin and skeleton is great.Induction current and organization resistance become inverse ratio. There is a small current passes through organism when was stimulated by magnetic field, so person does not have uncomfortable feeling. The body and coil are not contacted in the magnetic stimulation therefore we can stimulate directly without doing any handling for skin in advanced, will not arouse pain.And the body does not have electricity connect with environment, so have very good safety.Just start for the study of biological effects of the magnetic stimulation on life-form.Quantification of the effects of the magnetic stimulation of pulsatile curve still needs to be study further
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinese (No. 59977024)
REFERENCES
[1] A.B. Smith, C.D. Jones, and E.F. Roberts, "Article Title", Journal,Publisher, Location, Date,
pp. 1-10.
医学文献中英文对照
动脉粥样硬化所导致的心脑血管疾病是目前发病率和死亡率较高的疾病之一。在动脉粥样硬化的形成过程中, 内皮细胞病变是其中极其重要的因素，最显著的变化是动脉内皮功能紊乱, 血管内皮细胞的损伤和功能改变是动脉粥样硬化发生的起始阶段。 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is one of diseases with higher mortality and morbidity at present . In the formation of atherosclerosis, the endothelial cell lesion is one of the most important factors, in which, the most significant change is endothelial dysfunction. In addition, the injuries and the changes of vascular endothelial cells are the initial factors of atherosclerosis. 许多因素会导致血管内皮细胞受损, 主要包括脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides , LPS)、炎症介质、氧自由基等。其中脂多糖因其广泛的生物学作用, 越来越引起研究者的关注。LPS 是一种炎症刺激物, 是革兰阴性杆菌细胞壁的主要组成成分，其通过刺激血管内皮细胞，引起其相关细胞因子和炎性因子的表达紊乱，尤其是Ca2+ 和活性氧簇(Reactive Oxygen Species , ROS的合成和释放发生改变诱导细胞氧化应激内环境紊乱。大量研究表明, LPS 直接参与动脉粥样硬化的形成过程, 特别是动脉粥样硬化血管炎症的初始阶段, LPS可通过直接作用或间接影响的方式激活并损伤内皮细胞，从而引 起血管内皮细胞形态与功能的改变。 Many factors induce vascular endothelial cell damage, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), inflammatory mediators and oxygen free
中英文参考文献格式
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
中英文论文对照格式
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
乳腺癌护理中英文对照外文翻译文献
乳腺癌护理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 宗教信仰在应对乳腺癌患者以后生活中的作用 目的： 识别并检查新诊断为乳腺癌的老年患者中是否存在宗教和精神应对策略现象。方法： 一个简易样本，由被招募来进行为期6个月的诊断的33名65岁女性组成。受访者被要求参加一个会提出灵活性问题的结构式访谈。访谈的誊本由三名研究人员各自独立分析讨论其主题,直至达成共识。 结果： 参加者的宗教背景为:17名新教徒,五,六名犹太人,天主教和另外四个其它教徒。她们在出席宗仪式的频率上存在着很大的不同。而在健康危机期她们的宗教和/或精神信仰或增加或保持不变。誊本分析显示出了三个主题。宗教和宗教信仰为受访者提供了必要的情感支持（91%)、社会支持(70%)来面对她们的乳腺癌，以及赋予了她们一些使日常生活变得有意义的能力,特别是癌症经验(64%)。 结论： 宗教和宗教信仰为新诊断为乳腺癌的老年女性患者提供了一些重要的应对这些疾病的方法,这些方法也得到了诊断医生的认可。这可能对于鼓励这些患者寻求宗教的支持和/或重新与她们的宗教团体再结合是非常重要的。 引言 一个关于乳腺癌的新的诊断已被证实对女性有重大的影响(格里，1979;琼斯和格林伍德1994；罗兰和马西，1996分;安徒生,1998)。在老年妇女中，乳腺癌是最常见的癌症，其影响还会因为人口老龄化继续上升。更好的了解老年妇女如何应对乳腺癌可以使人们更好的增强功能和改善生活质量。 最近日益让人们产生浓厚兴趣的是，宗教或信仰在患者对乳腺癌的反应中所扮演的角色。 在这些老年人中，宗教经常可以帮助她们缓解生理疾病中的固有压力,比如那些伴随着医师会诊、治疗及其它事件所产生的相关压力(包括罗斯,1982;考恩威博士
中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
建设部文献中英文对照
贯彻落实科学发展观大力发展节能与绿色建筑 （2005年2月23日） 中华人民共和国建设部 节能建筑是按节能设计标准进行设计和建造、使其在使用过程中降低能耗的建筑。 绿色建筑是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期（物料生产，建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除过程）中实现高效率地利用资源（能源、土地、水资源、材料）、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。绿色建筑也有人称之为生态建筑、可持续建筑。 一、发展节能与绿色建筑的重要意义 建筑作为人工环境，是满足人类物质和精神生活需要的重要组成部分。然而，人类对感官享受的过度追求，以及不加节制的开发与建设，使现代建筑不仅疏离了人与自然的天然联系和交流，也给环境和资源带来了沉重的负担。据统计，人类从自然界所获得的50％以上的物质原料用来建造各类建筑及其附属设施，这些建筑在建造与使用过程中又消耗了全球能源的50％左右；在环境总体污染中，与建筑有关的空气污染、光污染、电磁污染等就占了34％；建筑垃圾则占人类活动产生垃圾总量的40％；在发展中国家，剧增的建筑量还造成侵占土地、破坏生态环境等现象日益严重。中国正处于工业化和城镇化快速发展阶段，要在未来15年保持GDP年均增长7％以上，将面临巨大的资源约束瓶颈和环境恶化压力。严峻的事实告诉我们，中国要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑刻不容缓。 绿色建筑通过科学的整体设计，集成绿色配置、自然通风、自然采光、低能耗围护结构、新能源利用、中水回用、绿色建材和智能控制等高新技术，具有选址规划合理、资源利用高效循环、节能措施综合有效、建筑环境健康舒适、废物排放减量无害、建筑功能灵活适宜等六大特点。它不仅可以满足人们的生理和心理需求，而且能源和资源的消耗最为经济合理，对环境的影响最小。 胡锦涛同志指出：要大力发展节能省地型住宅，全面推广节能技术，制定并强制执行节能、节材、节水标准，按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，搞好资源综合利用，实现经济社会的可持续发展。温家宝和曾培炎同志也多次指出，建筑节能不仅是经济问题，而且是重要的战略问题。 发展节能与绿色建筑是建设领域贯彻“三个代表”重要思想和十六大精神，认真落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，统筹经济社会发展、人与
生物医学工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文对照外文翻译文献 Biological effects of the Magnetic Stimulation on the T oad Heart Abstract-W e stimulated the exposed toad heart by a low frequency and high energy magnetic. By analyze the data of this experiment, it shows that the pulsating of the weak toad heart would make change after stimulated by magnetic. W eak heartbeat strengthened, the single peak curve would become the two peaks curve with atria wave and ventricle wave after the magnetic stimulation. But the cycling of rhythmic pulsatile curve of toad doesn't change. I. INTRODUTION All life forms have magnetism. All kinds of magnetic field would have some effects on the configuration and activities of life forms that whichever environmental magnetic, additional magnetic or inside magnetic of organism. The biologic effects are related to the characteristics and
中英文参考文献格式
中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。）来源：李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： ［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online) ［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) ［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
医学中文期刊英文刊名全称、缩写对照
首先，是我和我的小伙伴们：xx心血管杂志 Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine Chin J Cardiovasc Med xx神经免疫学和神经病学杂志 Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol 中华老年医学杂志 Chinese Journal of Geriatrics Chin J Geriatr A 癌症 Chinese Journal of Cancer Chin J Cancer 癌变·畸变·突变 Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis & Mutagenesis Carcinog Teratogenesis Mutagen 癌症xx Cancer Rehabilitation Cancer Rehabil xx医学
Anhui Medical Journal Anhui Med J xx中医药大学学报 Journal of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine J Anhui Univ Chin Med B xx医学院学报 Journal of Bengbu Medical College J Bengbu Med Coll 包头医学 Journal of Baotou Medicine J Baotou Med xx医学 Beijing Medical Journal Beijing Med J xx中医药 Beijing Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing J Tradit Chin Med 北京中医药大学学报 Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine J Beijing Univ Tradit Chin Med
英文引用及参考文献格式要求
英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.
平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
医学护理中英文对照外文翻译文献word版
医学护理中英文对照外文翻译文献 宗教信仰在应对乳腺癌患者以后生活中的作用 目的： 识别并检查新诊断为乳腺癌的老年患者中是否存在宗教和精神应对策略现象。 方法： 一个简易样本，由被招募来进行为期6个月的诊断的33名65岁女性组成。受访者被要求参加一个会提出灵活性问题的结构式访谈。访谈的誊本由三名研究人员各自独立分析讨论其主题,直至达成共识。 结果： 参加者的宗教背景为:17名新教徒,五,六名犹太人,天主教和另外四个其它教徒。她们在出席宗仪式的频率上存在着很大的不同。而在健康危机期她们的宗教和/或精神信仰或增加或保持不变。誊本分析显示出了三个主题。宗教和宗教信仰
为受访者提供了必要的情感支持(91%)、社会支持(70%)来面对她们的乳腺癌，以及赋予了她们一些使日常生活变得有意义的能力,特别是癌症经验(64%)。 结论： 宗教和宗教信仰为新诊断为乳腺癌的老年女性患者提供了一些重要的应对这些疾病的方法,这些方法也得到了诊断医生的认可。这可能对于鼓励这些患者寻求宗教的支持和/或重新与她们的宗教团体再结合是非常重要的。 引言 一个关于乳腺癌的新的诊断已被证实对女性有重大的影响(格里，1979;琼斯和格林伍德1994;罗兰和马西，1996分;安徒生,1998)。在老年妇女中，乳腺癌是最常见的癌症，其影响还会因为人口老龄化继续上升。更好的了解老年妇女如何应对乳腺癌可以使人们更好的增强功能和改善生活质量。 最近日益让人们产生浓厚兴趣的是，宗教或信仰在患者对乳腺癌的反应中所扮演的角色。 在这些老年人中，宗教经常可以帮助她们缓解生理疾病中的固有压力,比如那些伴随着医师会诊、治疗及其它事件所产生的相关压力(包括罗斯,1982;考恩威博士(1985 - 1986);曼弗雷德和皮克特,1987)。
统计学中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
卓顶精文2019医学文献翻译(中英对照)
Currentusageofthree-dimensionalcomputedtomographyan giographyforthediagnosisandtreatmentofrupturedcereb ralaneurysms KenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuyasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,Toshiyu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaya,Saitama,Japan SummaryOurpreviousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycou ldreplacedigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyinmostcasesofrupt uredcerebralaneurysms,especiallyintheanteriorcirculation.Th isstudyreviewedourfurtherexperience.Onehundredandfiftypatie ntswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsweretreatedbetweenNovember1 998andMarch20XX.Only3D-CTangiographywasusedforthepreoperati vework-upstudyinpatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurysms,un lesstheattendingneurosurgeonsagreedthatDSangiographywasrequ ired. Both3D-CTangiographyandDSangiographywereperformedinpati entswithposteriorcirculationaneurysms,exceptforrecentcasest hatwerepossiblytreatedwith3D-CTangiographyalone.Onehundreds ixteen(84%)of138patientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneu rysmsunderwentsurgicaltreatment,butadditionalDSangiographyw asrequiredin22cases(16%).Onlytworecentpatientsweretreatedsu rgicallywith3D-CTangiographyalonein12patientswithposteriorc irculationaneurysms.Mostpatientswithrupturedanteriorcircula tionaneurysmscouldbetreatedsuccessfullyafter3D-CTangiograph yalone.However,additionalDSangiographyisstillnecessaryinaty picalcases.3D-CTangiographymaybelimitedtocomplementaryusein patientswithrupturedposteriorcirculationaneurysms. a20XXElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Keywords:3D-CTangiography,cerebralaneurysm,subarachnoidhaem orrhage,surgery INTRODUCTION Recently,three-dimensionalcomputedtomography(3D-CT)angiogra phyhasbecomeoneofthemajortoolsfortheidentificationofcerebra laneurysmsbecauseitisfaster,lessinvasive,andmoreconvenientt hancerebralangiography.1– 7Patientswithrupturedaneurysmscouldbetreatedunderdiagnosesb asedononly3D-CTangiography.5;63D-CTangiographyhassomelimita tionsforthepreoperativework-upforrupturedcerebralaneurysms,
中英文论文参考文献范例
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1f12885473.html, 中英文论文参考文献 一、中英文论文期刊参考文献 [1].面向中英文混合环境的多模式匹配算法. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.孙钦东.黄新波.王倩. [2].基于自适应特征与多级反馈模型的中英文混排文档分割. 《自动化学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年3期.夏勇.王春恒.戴汝为. [3].基于最大熵方法的中英文基本名词短语识别. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2003年3期.周雅倩.郭以昆.黄萱菁.吴立德. [4].中英文指代消解中待消解项识别的研究. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.朱巧明.周国栋. [5].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解?. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [6].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [7].一种并行中英文混合多模式匹配算法. 《计算机工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年4期.王震.李仁发.李彦彪.田峥. [8].中英文混合文章识别问题. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年5期.王恺.王庆人.
教育类的中英文文献对照
对菲律宾学校辅导员学习观的探索 艾伦 B.I.贝尔纳多著 [摘要]学生学习改革是学校改革的重中之重，辅导员在学生的学习和进步中起着推动作用.然而，辅导员对学习过程有着怎样的理解呢？在这个研究中，我们调查了115个菲律宾学校的辅导员.就学习过程和影响学习的因素，他们对42个州的看法和做法表明了态度.一个对42个州的回应分析报告阐释了三个因素：（F1）社会认知构建主义，（F2）以教师或课程为中心的行为主义，（F3）个别差异.研究的主要成果是菲律宾学校辅导员的学习观对引导并促进学生的学习和进步起着很大影响. [关键词]学习观，学习概念，学校辅导员，学生学习，菲律宾 世界上许多不同地区的学校改革都将重点放在学生学习上.特别是，大多数学校改进项目都将学生能接受高质量的教育和技能作为自己的目标，以帮助学生活跃于当今竞争激烈的全球经济社会（如：Lee & Williams, 2006）.在这方面，学校改革项目吸取了当代一些学习理论和研究（如：Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998）.其中中心思想是学校改进的重点应致力于保证学生高质量的学习或接受有明确目标和标准的课程.例如，教科书（Chien & Young, 2007），计算机与教育技术（Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003），教育评估体系（Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005）被重新考虑，因为这些支撑性的技术和资料影响着学生学习的进步.同样地，学校财政资源的管理和分配也被评估，以验证它们是否被充分调动起来促进学生学习.（Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007） 从这方面来说，一些支持者号召在改革中对学校辅导员进行测试（Herr, 2002）.在美国，House and Hays (2002) 提出学校辅导员在引导学生进步中应扮演积极的领导角色.与此同时，美国学校辅导员协会在1997年倡导，“学校辅导员计划视是为了促进和加强学习过程”.为了回应这个提议，一些人推荐了所谓的最好办法，让学校辅导员全面参与到促进学生学习中来.（如：Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005）. 提高学生的学习也是菲律宾学校改革的主题之一（Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernado & Mendoza, 2009）.然而，尽管学校辅导员在学生学习中的作用引起人们的
医学中文期刊英文刊名全称、缩写对照
首先，是我和我的小伙伴们： 中国心血管杂志 Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine Chin J Cardiovasc Med 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志 Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol 中华老年医学杂志 Chinese Journal of Geriatrics Chin J Geriatr A 癌症 Chinese Journal of Cancer Chin J Cancer 癌变·畸变·突变 Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis & Mutagenesis Carcinog Teratogenesis Mutagen 癌症康复 Cancer Rehabilitation Cancer Rehabil 安徽医学 Anhui Medical Journal Anhui Med J 安徽中医药大学学报 Journal of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine J Anhui Univ Chin Med B 蚌埠医学院学报 Journal of Bengbu Medical College J Bengbu Med Coll 包头医学 Journal of Baotou Medicine J Baotou Med
北京医学 Beijing Medical Journal Beijing Med J 北京中医药 Beijing Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing J Tradit Chin Med 北京中医药大学学报 Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine J Beijing Univ Tradit Chin Med 北京大学学报（医学版） Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences) J Peking Univ Health Sci 北京生物医学工程 Beijing Biomedical Engineering Beijing Biomed Eng 标记免疫分析与临床 Labeled Immunoassays and Clinical Medicine Labeled Immunoassays & Clin Med 病毒学报 Chinese Journal of Virology Chin J Virol C 长春中医药大学学报 Journal of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine J Changchun Univ Tradit Chin Med 重庆医学 Chongqing Medicine Chongqing Med J 成都中医药大学学报 Journal of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine J Chengdu Univ Tradit Chin Med D 第一军医大学分校学报 Journal of Branch Campus of the First Military Medical University