卓顶精文2019医学文献翻译(中英对照)
资料中医文献翻译
心气heart qi心血heart blood心阴heart yin心阳heart yang神明mental activity; mind; spirit清窍①theseven orifices ②the brain泥丸①brain ②clay pellet (a point in the head used in Daoist meditation; níwán, 泥丸)奇恒之腑extraordinary fu organ(s); extraordinary bowel(s)肺合皮毛the lung is connected to the skin and bodyhair肺为娇脏the lung is the delicate viscus肝主身之筋膜the liver governs the sinew-membranes of the body精室essence chamber水火之脏viscus of water and fire (referring to the kidney)肾精kidney essence天癸tiāngu?0?9(reproduction-stimulating essence, corresponds with the tenth heavenly stem; 天癸)三焦sanjiao upper/middle/lower脑户back of the head发际hairline头部皮肤生长头发的边缘部分头者精明之府the head is the house of bright essence元神之府house of original spirit女子胞、胞宫、子宫、子脏、子处uterus乙癸同源y?0?9(乙;i.e., liver) and gu?0?9(癸;i.e., kidney) are from the same source腠理striae and interstices; interstitial space哮喘wheezing and panting (asthma)中风 1. wind-strike (Shang Han Lun, TCM concept)stroke;CVA; apoplexy (Western medicine concept)痞①p?0?9 (痞) (see 痞证for definition to include inglossary) ②chest or abdominal mass (of the category of jījù) -- see "accumulations andgatherings" (积聚)for definition to include in glossary痞证p?0?9 syndrome (p?0?9 zhâng, 痞证; localized sensation of blockageoccuring in the chest or abdomen with or without palpable lumps, painless uponpressure) 厥证；厥①fainting(loss of consciousness); syncope ②reversal cold of the limbs痹病bì(痹);bìdisease (痹病)痹证bìsyndrome (痹证)疮疡sores and ulcers肿疡swollen sore(s)湿疮eczema疖boil (furuncle)疔boil痈abscess (carbuncle)phlegmon; cellulitis月经先期early periods崩漏flooding and spotting (bēng lîu, 崩漏)胎动不安restless fetus; threatened miscarriage (spotting with lumbar aching andabdominal pain)癥瘕concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng ji?0?0, 癥瘕) 恶阻morningsickness; pernicious vomiting during pregnancy恶露lochia恶露不尽persistentflow of lochia; lochiorrhea滑胎habitual miscarriage("slippery fetus"; huátāi, 滑胎)堕胎①earlymiscarriage (within 12 weeks of pregnancy) ②induced abortion产后郁冒①postpartumdepression and dizziness ②postpartum fainting戴阳证floating yang syndrome阳虚气滞证yang deficiency and qi stagnation湿热发黄damp-heat jaundice肺气不利dysfunction of lung qi肺失清肃failure of lung qi to purify; lung qi failingto purify肺失宣降lung failing to diffuse and govern descent肺津不布failure of lung qi to distribute fluids; lung failing to distribute fluids脾气不升failure of spleen qi to ascend; spleen qi failing to ascend带脉失约dai mai failing to ensure retention脾失健运failure of the spleen to transport[nutrients]; the spleen failing to transport [nutrients]; failure/loss of splenictransportation肝气不疏/ 肝气不舒inhibited flow of liver qi; constrained liver qi; liver qi failing to flowsmoothly; failure of liver qi to flow smoothly肝郁liver constraint肝气郁结binding constraint of liver qi肝失条达liver failing to govern free activity肝风内动internal stirring of liver wind; liver wind stirring internally肾不纳气failure of the kidney to receive/grasp qi (sent down from the lung)相火妄动frenetic stirring of ministerial fire火旺刑金vigorous fire tormenting metal木火刑金wood fire tormenting metal经脉挛急channel spasms and tension阴竭阳脱yin e xhaustion and yang desertion精脱essence desertion阳亡阴竭yang collapse and yin exhaustion胃纳呆滞poor appetite and digestion脾约splenic constipation肝着liver fixed bì邪留三焦pathogens lingering in the sanjiao气逆/血逆qi counterflow气闭qi block气上rising of qi; qi rising气陷qi sinking气脱/血脱qi desertion气滞qi stagnation气郁qi constraint水停气阻water retention with qi obstruction壮热high fever潮热tidal fever日晡潮热late afternoon tidal fever午后潮热afternoon tidal fever身热不扬unsurfaced fever; unsurfaced generalized heat下利diarrhea泄泻飧泄lienteric diarrhea (diarrhea with undigested food)五更泄fifth-watch diarrhea (diarrhea before dawn)虚劳虚痨deficiency-consumption (xūláo, 虚劳or 虚痨)厥证；厥①fainting(loss of consciousness); syncope ②reversal cold of the limbs 历节pain of multiple joints抽搐/瘛疭/搐搦convulsion肌肤甲错dry, scaly skin瘀血static blood血瘀blood stasis湿浊damp-turbidity湿热damp-heat风燥wind-dryness外燥external dryness湿毒dampness toxin天受airborne or waterborne infection上受upper attack温邪上受，首先犯肺Upper attack of warm pathogens starts with the lung.; Warm pathoge ns receivedfrom the external environment first attack the lung.三因three categories of disease cause猝发sudden onset晚发delayed onset徐发gradual onset劳复relapse due to overstrain病势tendency of disease病性nature of disease（疼痛、胀、痒、痉挛、）胀痛distending pain闷痛stuffy pain; oppression and pain刺痛stabbing pain窜痛scurrying pain痛无定处migratory pain游走痛wandering pain 固定痛fixed pain冷痛cold pain灼痛burning pain剧痛severe pain绞痛colicky pain; colic 隐痛dull pain重痛heavy pain掣痛pulling pain空痛empty pain酸痛aching pain持续痛persistent pain少腹急结spasmodic pain in the lesser abdomen (lateral aspect of lower abdomen) 项背拘急spasm of the nape and back四肢拘急spasms of the limbs; hypertonicity of the limbs心下急epigastric distress; <for premodern texts> distress below the heart里急abdominal urgency急者缓之when there is tension/spasm, treat it with relaxation; treat tension/spasm withrelaxation急则治其标In urgent conditions, treat the branch.急下drastic purgation急火high/strong flame 慢火low/mild flame急黄acute jaundice产后三急three postpartum crises经脉挛急channel spasms and tension急躁impatience; irritability咽喉不利throat discomfort小大不利治其标in cases with inhibited urination anddefecation, treat the branch 气机不利disturbance of qi movement肺气不利dysfunction of lung qi经行吐衄，以伴随月经周期反复出现吐衄，并以每于月经前后周期性作止为特点。
医药学类文献双语版_汉译英
介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。
Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。
但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。
在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。
方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。
小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。
然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。
逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。
所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。
细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。
细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。
结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。
没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。
相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。
4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。
其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。
重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。
G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。
当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。
研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu 和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。
医学英文翻译文献
英文文献翻译第1 篇 Effects of sevoflurane on dopamine, glutamate and aspartate release in an vitro model of cerebral ischaemia七氟醚对离体脑缺血模型多巴胺、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放的影响兴奋性氨基酸和多巴胺的释放在脑缺血后神经损伤中起重要作用。
在当前的研究中，采用离体脑缺血模型观察七氟醚对大鼠皮质纹状体脑片中多巴胺、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量的影响。
脑片以34℃人工脑脊液灌流，缺血发作以去除氧气和降低葡萄糖浓度（从4mmol/l至2mmol/l）≤30分钟模拟。
多巴胺释放量用伏特法原位监测，灌流样本中的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸浓度用带有荧光检测的高效液相色谱法测定。
脑片释放的神经递质在有或无4%七氟醚下测定。
对照组脑片诱导缺血后，平均延迟166s（n=5）后细胞外多巴胺浓度达最大77.0μmol/l。
缺血期4%七氟醚降低多巴胺释放速率，（对照组和七氟醚处理组脑片分别是6.9μmol/l/s和4.73μmol/l/s，p<0.05），没有影响它的起始或量。
兴奋性氨基酸的释放更缓慢。
每个脑片基础（缺血前）谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是94.8nmol/l和69.3nmol/l，没有明显被七氟醚减少。
缺血大大地增加了谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量（最大值分别是对照组的244%和489%）。
然而，4%七氟醚明显减少缺血诱导的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸释放量。
总结，七氟醚的神经保护作用与其可以减少缺血引起的兴奋性氨基酸的释放有关，较小程度上与多巴胺也有关。
第2篇The Influence of Mitochondrial K ATP-Channels in the Cardioprotection of Proconditioning and Postconditioning by Sevoflurane in the Rat In Vivo线粒体K ATP通道在离体大鼠七氟醚预处理和后处理中心肌保护作用中的影响挥发性麻醉药引起心肌预处理并也能在给予再灌注的开始保护心脏——一种实践目前被称为后处理。
医用英语医学文献翻译4（缺5,9整理版）
医⽤英语医学⽂献翻译4（缺5,9整理版）UNIT 1 TEXT B刷⽛，使⽤⽛线，以及每年2次的⽛齿检查是⼝腔卫⽣保健标准，但是保护你珍珠样洁⽩的⽛齿的好处远⽐我们知道的还要多。
在⼀篇评论⽂章中，塔夫茨⼤学⽛科医学院的⼀个教员破除了常见的⽛科神话，并概述了饮⾷和营养如何影响⼉童，青少年，孕妇，成年⼈和⽼年⼈的⼝腔健康。
误区1：⼝腔卫⽣的不良后果是限制嘴巴准妈妈也许不知道她们所吃的⾷物会影响到胎⼉的⽛齿发育。
在怀孕过程中的营养缺乏也许会使未出⽣的孩⼦在今后的⽣活中更容易出现蛀⽛。
“在14周到4个⽉⼤的时候，缺乏钙，维⽣素D，维⽣素A，蛋⽩质和卡路⾥会导致⼝腔软组织缺损，” Carole Palmer说。
Carole Palmer是，教育学博⼠(EdD)，注册营养师(RD)，塔夫茨⼤学教授，公共健康和社会服务系营养和⼝腔健康推进部的负责⼈。
有数据表明缺乏⾜够的维⽣素B6和B12可能是导致患唇裂和阻碍味觉形成的危险因素。
在童年的时候，最普遍的疾病是蛀⽛，⼤约⽐⼉童哮喘⾼五倍。
“如果⼀个⼉童因为蛀⽛⽽嘴巴受伤，他/她在学校会⽐较难集中注意⼒，⽽且会更喜欢吃容易咀嚼的⾷物，这些⾷物含有的营养往往更少些。
甜甜圈和点⼼这样的⾷物⼤多营养品质低下，含糖量⾼于其他需要咀嚼的富含营养的⾷物，⽐如⽔果和蔬菜，” Palmer说。
“⼝腔并发症与不良的饮⾷习惯会造成认知和⽣长发育问题，以及导致肥胖。
”误区2：吃越多糖，越容易蛀⽛这与你吃了多少糖⽆关，⽽是糖和⽛齿接触的时间有多少。
“⾷物，⽐如慢慢溶解的糖果和苏打⽔在嘴巴⾥停留的时间会⽐较久。
这增加了⽛齿暴露在⼝腔细菌由糖产⽣成的酸中的时间，” Palmer说。
有研究表明，⼗⼏岁的青少年⼤约40%的碳⽔化合物是由软饮料中摄取的。
这些源源不断地软饮料增加了⽛齿腐烂的风险。
⽆糖碳酸饮料和酸性饮料，⽐如柠檬⽔，往往被认为⽐含糖饮料对⽛齿更安全，但是经常⾷⽤的话仍会造成⽛齿釉质脱矿。
卓顶精文最新2019狂犬病防控指南.doc
中国疾病预防控制中心文件-2-附件：《狂犬病预防控制技术指南（2019版）》中国疾病预防控制中心2019年1月29日抄送：国家卫生计生委疾控局、中心病毒病所。
中国疾病预防控制中心办公室2019年1月29日印发校对人:李昱附件：狂犬病预防控制技术指南（2019版）TechnicalGuidelinesfoYHumanYabies PYeventionandContYol(2019)中国疾病预防控制中心2019年1月目录摘要 (1)AbstYact (2)前言 (4)一、病原学和实验室诊断 (5)（一）病原学 (5)（二）实验室诊断 (7)二、临床学 (9)（一）发病机理 (9)（二）临床表现与诊断标准 (11)1．狂犬病暴露者的伤口感染 (11)2．狂犬病的临床表现 (13)3．诊断标准 (15)三、流行病学 (17)（一）疾病负担 (17)（二）感染动物来源 (18)（三）我国人间狂犬病流行特征 (19)四、人用狂犬病疫苗 (22)（一）人用狂犬病疫苗的历史和现状 (22)（二）我国人用狂犬病疫苗的历史和现状..24 （三）人用狂犬病疫苗免疫程序的演变 (25)（四）人用狂犬病疫苗的免疫机制、毒株及质量标准 (27)（五）疫苗的血清学效果评价 (29)1．暴露前免疫 (30)2．暴露后程序 (30)3．特殊人群 (32)4．疫苗效力及免疫失败 (33)5.疫苗安全性 (34)（六）暴露前及暴露后预防成本效益评价..36 五、被动免疫制剂 (37)（一）被动免疫制剂的种类 (38)（二）被动免疫制剂的作用机制 (39)（三）被动免疫制剂的保护效果 (40)（四）被动免疫制剂的安全性 (42)（五）经济成本与研究进展 (43)六、人间狂犬病的预防建议 (44)（一）暴露前预防 (44)1.基础免疫 (44)2.加强免疫 (45)3.使用禁忌 (45)（二）暴露后预防 (46)1.暴露的定义与分级 (46)2．暴露后处置 (48)3．再次暴露后的处置 (55)4．不良反应的临床处置 (56)5．狂犬病暴露预防处置服务实施 (60)附表1 (64)附表2 (65)参考文献 (67)编写人员周航，李昱，陈瑞丰，陶晓燕，于鹏程，曹守春，李丽，陈志海，朱武洋，殷文武，李玉华，王传林，余宏杰编写人员单位102206中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制处（周航，李昱，殷文武，余宏杰）100048中国人民解放军海军总医院（陈瑞丰）102206中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所（陶晓燕，于鹏程，朱武洋）100050中国食品药品检定研究院（曹守春，李玉华）100021北京市朝阳区疾病预防控制中心（李丽）100015首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院（陈志海）100044北京大学人民医院（王传林）审核专家唐青，扈荣良，董关木，严家新，俞永新审核专家单位102206中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所（唐青）130122中国人民解放军军事医学科学院（扈荣良）100050中国食品药品检定研究院（董关木，俞永新）430060武汉生物制品研究所（严家新）1摘要狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒感染引起的一种动物源性传染病，临床大多表现为特异性恐风、恐水、咽肌痉挛、进行性瘫痪等。
卓顶精文最新重症肌无力指南(2019).doc
中国重症肌无力诊断和治疗指南（20XX年版）ChinaguidelinesfoYthediagnosisandtYeatmentofmYastheniagYavis中华医学会神经病学分会神经免疫学组中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会陕西省西安市第四军医大学唐都医院神经内科,李柱一执笔摘要：本次指南简要介绍了重症肌无力（MG）发病机制和诊断要点；重点介绍了MG治疗方法，方案，特别是强调了在MG治疗过程中免疫抑制剂的使用方法。
对神经内科临床医生的工作实践具有指导意义。
重症肌无力（mYastheniagYavis，MG）是一种由乙酰胆碱受体（AChY）抗体介导、细胞免疫依赖、补体参与，累及神经肌肉接头突触后膜，引起神经肌肉接头传递障碍，出现骨骼肌收缩无力的获得性自身免疫性疾病。
极少部分MG患者由抗-MuSK（musclespecifickinase）抗体、抗LYP4（low-densitYlipopYoteinYeceptoY-YelatedpYotein4)抗体介导。
MG主要临床表现为骨骼肌无力、易疲劳，活动后加重，休息和应用胆碱酯酶抑制剂后症状明显缓解、减轻。
年平均发病率约为8.0-20.0/10万人[1]。
MG在各个年龄阶段均可发病。
在40岁之前，女性发病率高于男性；在40-50岁之间男女发病率相当；在50岁之后，男性发病率略高于女性。
一、临床表现和分类1．临床表现全身骨骼肌均可受累。
但在发病早期可单独出现眼外肌、咽喉肌或肢体肌肉无力；颅神经支配的肌肉较脊神经支配的肌肉更易受累。
经常从一组肌群无力开始，逐渐累及到其他肌群，直到全身肌无力。
部分患者短期内出现全身肌肉收缩无力，甚至发生肌无力危象。
骨骼肌无力表现为波动性和易疲劳性，晨轻暮重，活动后加重、休息后可减轻。
眼外肌无力所致对称或非对称性上睑下垂和/或双眼复视是MG最常见的首发症状，见于80%以上的MG患者[2]；还可出现交替性上睑下垂、双侧上睑下垂、眼球活动障碍等。
中英对照医学论文参考文献范例
中英对照医学论文参考文献一、中英对照医学论文期刊参考文献[1].医学专业课教材“英中文及中英文名词对照索引”中增设音标注音的意义及可行性调查分析.《继续医学教育》.2011年8期.孔令泉.邢雷.黄剑波.蒲莹晖.[2].医学法语二外多元教学法.《中国中医药咨讯》.2010年8期.丁小会.[3].达英35联合二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征的临床效果研究.《医学美学美容（中旬刊）》.2014年4期.冯泽旻.[4].温肾化痰胶囊联合达英35治疗多囊卵巢综合征的临床效果分析.《中国疗养医学》.2015年8期.葛晨蕾.[5].英研究显示：戒烟短信有助提高戒烟成功率.《科技与生活》.2011年15期.[6].英夫利西单抗治疗儿童克罗恩病的临床效果.《中国医学前沿杂志（电子版）》.2015年5期.方莹.任晓侠.韩亚楠.陈一.[7].二《中山大学学报（医学科学版）》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2010年5期.沈杨.刘娟.任慕兰.[9].颅面骨纤维异常增殖症围术期心理干预在改善术后焦虑和抑郁状态患者中的应用效果.《国际呼吸杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2016年7期.韩建平.王焱.申顺英.郑莹.张秀芝.[10].达英35与雌孕激素治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血疗效观察.《基层医学论坛》.2015年5期.张慧.二、中英对照医学论文参考文献学位论文类[1].2,3,7,8四氯二苯并对二噁英宫内暴露对仔鼠早期卵泡发育的影响.作者：许虹.妇产科学北京协和医学院清华大学医学部中国医学科学院2011（学位年度）[8].一体化医学语言系统的中文化和形式化表示研究.被引次数：1作者：沈彤.计算机科学与技术哈尔滨工业大学2013（学位年度）[9].补肾化痰祛瘀法中药联合西药达英35对于肾虚痰瘀型多囊卵巢综合征患者瘦素的临床干预.作者：陆丞丞.中医妇科广西中医药大学2011（学位年度）[10].CD200/CD200R1在类风湿关节炎中的作用机制和意义.作者：任燕.内科学风湿病学北京协和医学院中国医学科学院北京协和医学院清华大学医学部中国医学科学院2012（学位年度）三、中英对照医学论文专著参考文献[1]家庭干预对首发精神分裂症患者临床疗效对照分析.黄腊根.朱春凤.叶平.朱茶英.刘晓芳，2008第10次全国精神病学术交流会暨《中国民康医学》创刊20周年庆典[2]针刀干预对L3横突综合征模型大鼠成纤维细胞增殖的影响.乔晋琳.刘灿坤.汲广成.李金牛.郭长青.陈裔英.路平.付本升.向东东.马广昊，2010中国针灸学会经筋诊治专业委员会2010学术年会暨第二届中华经筋医学论坛[3]帆状胎盘的围产结局临床分析.韩晴.颜建英，2012中华医学会第十次全国妇产科学术会议[4]针刀干预对L3横突综合征模型大鼠成纤维细胞增殖的影响.乔晋琳.刘灿坤.汲广成.李金牛.郭长青.陈裔英.路平.付本升.向东东.马广昊，2009中国针灸学会经筋诊治专业委员会成立大会暨首届中华经筋医学论坛[5]英夫利昔单抗靶向治疗幼年特发性关节炎和幼年强直性脊柱炎的疗效和安全性的随机对照研究.谢颖.曾萍.李丰.唐盈.王敏.曾华松，2013庆祝中国当代儿科杂志创刊15周年大会暨当代儿科论坛[6]针刀干预对L3横突综合征模型大鼠成纤维细胞增殖的影响.乔晋琳.刘灿坤.汲广成.李金牛.郭长青.陈裔英.路平.付本升.向东东.马广昊，2009中华中医药学会针刀医学分会二〇〇九年度学术会议[7]骨髓间充质干细胞和苯妥英英钠的旁分泌机制在心肌梗死后组织修复中的作用.舒珺.周欣.任宁.黄体钢.曾山.姜铁民.李贺.李玉明，20072007年第三届海河之滨心脏病学会议[8]针刀加注射玻璃酸酶为主治疗膝关节骨性关节炎77例.向伟明，20112011国际针刀医学学术交流暨针刀医学创立35周年纪念大会[9]免疫2号方对HIV/AIDS患者HAART后免疫重建功能的影响:一项随机双盲安慰剂对照临床试验.王阶.林洪生.李勇.汤艳莉.黄世敬.吴欣芳.潘菊华.刘杰.樊移山.秦海洸.梁健.方路.李广文.洪立珠.卓燊.邓鑫.段呈玉.张祖英.谭云鹏，2012第四届世界中西医结合大会[10]特布他林联合普米克令舒氧气雾化吸入在AECOPD院前急救中的疗效观察.蒋婉英，2014《中华急诊医学杂志》第十三届组稿会暨第六届急诊医学青年论坛。
病历中英文对照文献
病历中英文对照文献Medical records play a crucial role in the healthcare system, serving as comprehensive documentation of a patient's medical history, treatment, and ongoing care. In an increasingly globalized world, where patients may seek medical attention in different countries or work with healthcare providers from diverse linguistic backgrounds, the need for bilingual medical records has become paramount. This essay will explore the importance of bilingual medical records, the challenges associated with their implementation, and the potential benefits they can offer to both patients and healthcare professionals.One of the primary reasons for the growing demand for bilingual medical records is the increasing mobility of patients. As people travel more frequently for work, education, or leisure, they may find themselves in need of medical care in a country where the primary language differs from their own. Providing these patients with medical records that are easily understood in both their native language and the language of the healthcare system can significantly improve the quality of care they receive. By ensuring that all relevant information is accurately conveyed, healthcare providers can makemore informed decisions, tailor treatments to the patient's specific needs, and reduce the risk of misunderstandings or medical errors.Moreover, the importance of bilingual medical records extends beyond the needs of traveling patients. In many countries, particularly those with diverse immigrant populations, healthcare providers often encounter patients who do not speak the dominant language fluently. In these situations, the availability of bilingual medical records can greatly facilitate communication and ensure that the patient's medical history, symptoms, and treatment preferences are accurately documented and understood by the healthcare team. This can lead to more effective and personalized care, as well as a more positive patient experience.The implementation of bilingual medical records, however, is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the need for accurate and consistent translation of medical terminology and documentation. Medical language can be highly specialized, with a vast array of technical terms and abbreviations that may not have direct equivalents in other languages. Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of these translations is crucial, as any discrepancies or errors could have serious implications for patient care.Another challenge lies in the standardization and integration of bilingual medical records within existing healthcare systems.Healthcare providers often rely on established electronic medical record (EMR) systems, and the integration of bilingual functionality into these systems can be a complex and resource-intensive process. Factors such as data storage, user interfaces, and data exchange protocols must all be carefully considered to ensure the seamless integration of bilingual medical records.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of bilingual medical records are significant. By facilitating better communication and understanding between patients and healthcare providers, bilingual medical records can lead to improved health outcomes, reduced medical errors, and enhanced patient satisfaction. Patients who are able to access and understand their medical records in their native language are more likely to be actively engaged in their own healthcare, leading to better adherence to treatment plans and a stronger partnership between the patient and the healthcare team.Moreover, the availability of bilingual medical records can also have broader societal benefits. In regions with diverse immigrant populations, the provision of bilingual medical records can help to address healthcare disparities and ensure that all members of the community have equal access to quality medical care, regardless of their linguistic background. This can contribute to the overall well-being of the population and promote social equity in the healthcare system.In conclusion, the importance of bilingual medical records cannot be overstated. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the need for effective communication and understanding between patients and healthcare providers has become more critical than ever. By addressing the challenges associated with the implementation of bilingual medical records and embracing the potential benefits they offer, healthcare systems can strive to provide more inclusive, personalized, and effective care for all patients, regardless of their linguistic background. This commitment to bilingual medical records represents a crucial step towards a more equitable and accessible healthcare system, one that can truly meet the diverse needs of the global community.。
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Currentusageofthree-dimensionalcomputedtomographyan giographyforthediagnosisandtreatmentofrupturedcereb ralaneurysmsKenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuyasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,Toshiyu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaya,Saitama,JapanSummaryOurpreviousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycou ldreplacedigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyinmostcasesofrupt uredcerebralaneurysms,especiallyintheanteriorcirculation.Th isstudyreviewedourfurtherexperience.Onehundredandfiftypatie ntswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsweretreatedbetweenNovember1 998andMarch20XX.Only3D-CTangiographywasusedforthepreoperati vework-upstudyinpatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurysms,un lesstheattendingneurosurgeonsagreedthatDSangiographywasrequ ired.Both3D-CTangiographyandDSangiographywereperformedinpati entswithposteriorcirculationaneurysms,exceptforrecentcasest hatwerepossiblytreatedwith3D-CTangiographyalone.Onehundreds ixteen(84%)of138patientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneu rysmsunderwentsurgicaltreatment,butadditionalDSangiographyw asrequiredin22cases(16%).Onlytworecentpatientsweretreatedsu rgicallywith3D-CTangiographyalonein12patientswithposteriorc irculationaneurysms.Mostpatientswithrupturedanteriorcircula tionaneurysmscouldbetreatedsuccessfullyafter3D-CTangiograph yalone.However,additionalDSangiographyisstillnecessaryinaty picalcases.3D-CTangiographymaybelimitedtocomplementaryusein patientswithrupturedposteriorcirculationaneurysms.a20XXElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:3D-CTangiography,cerebralaneurysm,subarachnoidhaem orrhage,surgeryINTRODUCTIONRecently,three-dimensionalcomputedtomography(3D-CT)angiogra phyhasbecomeoneofthemajortoolsfortheidentificationofcerebra laneurysmsbecauseitisfaster,lessinvasive,andmoreconvenientt hancerebralangiography.1–7Patientswithrupturedaneurysmscouldbetreatedunderdiagnosesb asedononly3D-CTangiography.5;63D-CTangiographyhassomelimita tionsforthepreoperativework-upforrupturedcerebralaneurysms,soadditionaldigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyisstillnecessa ry,especiallyforaneurysmsintheposteriorcirculation.8Ourprev iousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycouldreplaceDSangiogr aphyinmostpatientswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsintheanterio rcirculation.1Thisstudyreviewedourexperienceoftreatingruptu redcerebralaneurysmsintheanteriorandposteriorcirculationsba sedon3D-CTangiographyin150consecutivepatientstoassessthecur rentusageof3D-CTangiography.METHODSANDMATERIALPatientpopulationWetreated150patients,60menand90womenagedfrom23to80years(mea n57.5years),withrupturedcerebralaneurysmidentifiedby3D-CTan giographybetweenNovember1998andMarch20XX. Managementofcases Thepresenceofnontraumaticsubarachnoidhaemorrhage(SAH)wascon firmedbyCTorlumbarpuncturefindingsofxanthochromiccerebrospi nalfluid.3D-CTangiographywasperformedroutinelyinallpatients .DSangiographywasperformedinpatientswithanteriorcirculation aneurysmsonlyifadditionalinformationwasconsiderednecessaryf ollowingaconsensusinterpretationoftheinitialCTand3D-CTangio graphybyfourneurosurgeons.Patientswithrupturedaneurysmsinth eposteriorcirculationunderwentboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangi ographyexceptfortworecentpatientswithtypicalvertebralartery posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery(VA-PICA)aneurysm. Typicalsaccularaneurysmsweretreatedbyclippingsurgery. Fusiformanddissectinganeurysmsweretreatedbyproximalocclusio nbyeithersurgeryorendovasculartreatmentwithorwithoutbypasss urgery.Regrowthofbleedinganeurysmswastreatedbyeithersurgery orendovasculartreatment.Postoperatively,allpatientsweremana gedwithaggressivepreventionandtreatmentofvasospasmincluding intra-arterialinfusionofpapaverineortransluminalangioplasty .3D-CTangiographyacquisitionandpostprocessingCTangiographywa sperformedwithaspiralCTscanner(CT-W3000AD;Hitachi,Ibaraki,J apan).Acquisitionusedastandardtechniquestartingattheforamen magnum,withinjectionof130mlofnonioniccontrastmaterial(Omnip aque;DaiichiPharmaceutical,Tokyo,Japan).Thesourceimagesofea chscanweretransferredtoanoff-linecomputerworkstation(VIPstation;TeijinSystemTechnology,Japan).Bothvolume-renderedimage sandmaximumintensityprojectionimagesofthecerebralarterieswe reconstructed.Theanteriorcirculationandposteriorcirculation wereevaluatedseparatelyonthevolume-renderedimages,afteragen eralsuperiorviewwasobtained.Theanteriorcirculationwasevalua tedbyfirstobservingtheanteriorcommunicatingartery(ACoA)byro tatingtheview,andtheneachsideofthecarotidsystembyrotatingth eimagewitheditingoutofthecontralateralcarotidartery.Thepost eriorcirculationwasalsoevaluatedbyrotatingtheimagebutwithou teditingoutofanyvessel.Onceapossiblerupturesitewasfound,the viewwaszoomedandcloselyrotatedwiththeothervesselseditedout. Theaneurysmsizewasmeasuredon3D-CTangiographyasthelargerofth elengthofthedomeorthewidthoftheneck.Manipulationwasperforme dbythescannertechnician,withaneurosurgeontoprovideeditingas sistance.DSangiographyacquisitionStandardselectivethree-orfour-vesselDSangiogramswithfrontal ,lateral,andobliqueprojectionswereobtained.The3D-CTangiogra mwasalwaysavailableasaguideforpossibleadditionalDSangiograp hyprojections.AneurysmsizewasmeasuredwithDSangiographywhent hequalityof3D-CTangiographywasinadequate.Allpatientsexcepte lderlypatientsorpatientsinsevereconditionunderwentDSangiogr aphypostoperatively.Gradingofpatients Theclinicalconditionsofthepatientsatadmissionwereclassified accordingtotheHuntandKosnikgrade.9Clinicaloutcomewasdetermi nedat3monthsaccordingtotheGlasgowOutcomeScale.10RESULTSTheaneurysmlocationsandsizesareshowninTable1.Onehundredsixt een(84%)of138casesofaneurysmsintheanteriorcirculationweretr eatedafteronly3D-CTangiography,and22cases(16%)requiredaddit ionalDSangiography.Tenof12casesofaneurysmsintheposteriorcir culationrequiredboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangiography,buttwo recentcasesoftypicalVA-PICAaneurysmwereclippedafteronly3D-C Tangiography(Fig.1).Thefirst10ofthe22casesintheanteriorcirc ulation,whichrequiredadditionalDSangiographyweredescribedpr eviously,1sothemostrecent12patientsarelistedinTable2.Theserecentcasesincludedsomeatypicalaneurysms.Cases6and8hadafusif ormaneurysmoftheinternalcarotidartery(ICA).AdditionalDSangi ographywasperformedtoobtainhaemodynamicinformation.ICAtrapp ingwithsuperficialtemporalartery-middlecerebralarteryanasto mosiswasperformedinCase6becausetheatheroscleroticarteriesfa iledtodemonstratetheballoonocclusiontest(Fig.2).ICAocclusio nbyendovasculartreatmentwasperformedinCase8becausethepatien tcouldtoleratetheballoonocclusiontest.Cases4,9,and10suffere dregrowthofbleedinganeurysmsafterclippingsurgery.Clipartifa ctspreventedevaluationoftherupturedsiteaswellasidentificati onofdenovoaneurysmsinthesecases(Fig.3).Surgicalclippingwasp erformedinCases4and10andendovasculartreatmentinCase9.Case11 hadanACoAaneurysmassociatedwithanarteriovenousmalformation( AVM)(Fig.4).DSangiographywasperformedtoevaluatetheAVM.Case1 2hadalargeICA-posteriorcommunicatingartery(PCoA)aneurysm,an dadditionalDSangiographywasperformedbecausethePCoAcouldnotb edetectedby3D-CTangiography(Fig.5).Cases1,2,3,5,and7present edwithsmallaneurysms,andDSangiographywasperformedtoexcludeo therlesionsaswellastoobtaininformationabouttheproximalICAfo rpatientswithsupraclinoidtypeaneurysms.Table1Distributionandsizeofcerebralaneurysmsin150consecutiv epatientsSiteNo.ofpatientsAnteriorcirculation 138ICA(supraclinoid) 3ICAbifurcation 1ICA-OphA 3ICA-PCoA 39(1)ICAfusiform 2ACoA 50DistalACA 4MCA 36(1) Posteriorcirculation 12PCA 1BAtip 3BA-SCA 1BAtrunk 1(1)VA-PICA 3VAdissecting 3(1)Size(mm)<5 42P5to<12 99P12 9 Numberinparenthesesindicatespatientswhounderwentendovascula rtreatment.OphA,ophthalmicartery;ACA,anteriorcerebralartery;MCA,middle cerebralartery;PCA,posteriorcerebralartery;BA,basilarartery ;SCA,superiorcerebellarartery.Table2Twelvepatientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneurysm swhounderwentadditionalDSangiographyCaseNo. Location Size(mm)1 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.12 ACoA 2.23 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 1.64 lt.ICA-PCoA 7.85 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 2.46 lt.ICA(fusiform) 11.87 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.28 rt.ICA(fusiform) 18.89 lt.MCA 9.610 lt.ICA-PCoA 10.511 ACoA 10.112 lt.ICA-PCoA 18.2 Thesurgicalfindingscorrelatedwellwiththe3D-CTangiographyorD Sangiography.Table3showstheconditiononadmissionandoutcomeat 3monthsaftersurgery.Somepatientswithgoodgradesonadmissiondi edofseverespasm,acutebrainswelling,orpoorgeneralcondition,b uttheseoutcomeswerenotrelatedtothepreoperativeradiologicali nformation.DISCUSSION Thepresentstudyofrupturedaneurysmsinbothanteriorandposterio rcirculationsfoundthattheindicationsforadditionalDSangiogra phyintheanteriorcirculationaresimilartothatfoundpreviously, butweexperiencedsomenewatypicalcases.Treatmentoffusiformane urysmsdependsonthehaemodynamicinformation,whichcouldonlybeo。