注塑模具_参考文献

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塑料模具设计参考文献

塑料模具设计参考文献

参考文献
[1] 伍先明王群庞佑霞等编著.塑料模具设计指导(第一版)[M].国防工业出版社,2006.
[2] 王旭主编.塑料模结构图册[M].机械工业出版社,1999.
[3] 王文广田宝山田雁晨主编.塑料注射模具设计技巧与实例[M].北京:化学化工出版社,2004.
[4]屈华昌主编.塑料成型工艺与模具设计[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[5] 蒋继宏王效岳编.注塑模具典型结构100例[M].中国轻工业出版社,2002.
[6] 张晓黎李海梅主编.塑料加工和模具专业英语(第一版)[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
[7] 许鹤峰陈言秋编著.注塑模具设计要点与图例[M].化学化工出版社,1999.
[8] 朱光力万金保等编著.塑料模具设计[M].清华大学出版社,2003.
[9] 高锦张主编.塑性成形工艺与模具设计[M].机械工业出版社,200.
[10] 夏江梅主编. 塑料成型模具与设备.机械工业出版社,2005.
[11] 王孝培主编. 塑料成型工艺及模具简明手册.机械工业出版社,2000.
[12] 张孝民主编. 塑料模具技术.机械工业出版社,2003.
[13] 屈华昌主编. 塑料成型工艺及模具设计.高等教育出版社,2001.
[14] 叶久新王群主编. 塑料成型工艺及模具设计.机械工业出版社,2008.
[15] 中国模具设计大典编委会. 中国模具设计大典. 江西科学技术出版社,2003.。

模具设计-参考文献

模具设计-参考文献

模具设计-参考文献参考文献[1]黄虹主编.塑料成型加工与模具.北京:化学工业出版社.2002 [2]王善勤主编.塑料注射成型工艺与设备.北京:中国轻工出版社.2000.3 [3]屈华昌.塑料成型工艺与模具设计.北京:机械工业出版社1996.4 [4]塑料模具技术手册编委会.塑料技术手册.北京:机械工业出版社.1997.6 [5]何忠保等编.典型零件模具图册.北京:机械工业出版社.2000.11.机械制图.北京:高等教育出版社.2003.6 [6]钱可强[7]廖念钊,古莹庵等.互换性与技术测量.北京:中国计量出版社.2000.1 [8]伍先明,王群等.塑料模具设计指导书.国防工业出版社.2008.2 [9]廖月莹,何冰强主编.塑料模具设计指导与资料汇编.大连理工大学出版社.2OO7.8[1O]张玉龙主编.塑料品种与性能手册.北京:化学工业出版社.2006.7 1.《塑料成型工艺与模具设计》(第一版).屈华昌编. 高等教育出版社出版. 2005年。

第14章参考文献【1】黄虹主编.塑料成型加工与模具.北京:化学工业出版社.2008.12 【2】冯爱新主编.塑料成型技术.北京:化学工业出版社2004.7 【3】何忠保等编.典型零件模具图册.北京:机械工业出版社.2000.11 【4】赵大兴主编.工程制图.北京:高等教育出版社.2004.7 【5】徐学林主编.互换性与测量技术基础.长沙:湖南大学出版社.2009.7】冯新爱主编.塑料模具工程师手册.北京:机械工业出版社.2009.1 【6【7】张玉龙主编.塑料品种与性能手册.北京:化学工业出版社.2006.7 【8】北京意达利技术开发有限责任公司编.塑料模具设计与制造过程仿真.北京:化学工业出版社.2007.1表1-1 塑件主要尺寸的公差要求部位尺寸尺寸公差55 ?0.37外形尺寸 9 ?0.143 ?0.1249 ?0.32内形尺寸 6 ?0.14。

注塑模具设计文献综述

注塑模具设计文献综述

毕业设计(论文)文献综述(2012届)题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月五日[塑料模具的发展] 文献综述摘要模具是塑料成型加工的一种重要的工艺装备,模具生产的最终产品的价值往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍,因此模具工业是国民经济的基础工业,模具的生产技术水平的高低,已成为衡量一个国家产品制造业水平高低的重要标志。

由于塑料模具工业快速发展及上述各方面差距的存在,因此我国今后塑料模具的发展必将大于模具工业总体发展速度。

塑料模具生产企业在向着规模化和现代化发展的同时,专和精仍旧是一个必然的发展趋势。

关键字:塑料模具、发展、标准化、CAD/CAM 、差距塑料模具是成型塑料制品的工艺装备或工具。

根据塑料成型工艺方法的不同,通常将塑料模具分为注射模具、压缩模具、传递模具、挤出模具、中空吹塑模具、热成型模具等。

合理的加工工艺、高效的设备、先进的模具是实现现代塑料制品生产必不可少的三大重要因素。

尤其是塑料模具对实现塑料成型工艺要求、保证塑料制件质量、降低生产成本起着重要的作用。

一副品质优良的塑料模具可成型几十万次,甚至上百万次。

这与模具设计、选材、制造和使用维护有着很大关系。

对塑料模具设计的要求是:能生产出在尺寸精度、外观、物理性能、力学性能等各方面均能满足使用要求的优质制件。

在模具使用时,力求生产效率高、自动化程度高、操作简便、寿命长;在模具制造方面,要求结构合理、制造容易、成本低廉。

我国塑料模具的发展现状整体来看,中国塑料模具无论是在数量上,还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都有了很大进步,但与国民经济发展的需求、世界先进水平相比,差距仍很大。

一些大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的中高档塑料模具每年仍需大量进口。

在总量供不应求的同时,一些低档塑料模具却供过于求,市场竞争激烈,还有一些技术含量不太高的中档塑料模具也有供过于求的趋势。

近年来,塑料模具工业迅速发展,体现在模具产品向着大型、精密、复杂的方向发展,综合技术含量不断提高,模具制造周期不断缩短。

可视化注塑模具设计【文献综述】

可视化注塑模具设计【文献综述】

毕业设计开题报告机械设计制造及自动化可视化注塑模具设计一、前言1.1工程背景人类社会的进步与材料的使用密切相关。

其中塑料是20世纪才发展起来的一类新型材料,是高分子材料中最大的一类,由于塑料具有品种多、性能各具特色、适应性广等优点,而且生产塑料所消耗的能量低,因此塑料工业的发展保持着旺盛的势头。

目前,注塑成型技术己经广泛的应用到了塑料制品的生产中[1],其中占很大比例的塑料制品是采用此项技术制成的。

虽然注塑成型技术已经是一项比较成熟的技术,但是随着注塑制品在家电、汽车等高科技领域的应用,对制品的质量、性能及产品更新换代提出了更高的要求。

但是高质量高精度高灵敏度的严格要求成为阻止塑料制品快速进入这些高尖领域的限制和束缚,如何提高注塑制品质量和性能成为该领域的重要研究课题。

注塑成型过程是一个高度非线性、时变性的多参数作用过程。

由于此过程具有多个参数相互作用并随时间变化的特性,所以每个参数对最后制件质量的优劣都具有不同程度的影响。

为了减少最终制件的质量缺陷、提高生产质量,需要对整个成型周期中工艺参数的值进行检测控制,使对最终制件质量影响较大的工艺参数值能保持在最佳的工艺窗口内,从而确保最终制件质量达到最优[2]。

高分子材料的成型方法主要有挤出成型、注塑成型、吹塑成型、压延成型、压制成型等,其中,注塑成型因可以生产和制造形状较为复杂的制品、易于与计算机技术结合、易于实现自动化生产等优点,在高分子材料的成型加工中占有极其重要的位置[3]。

注塑成型可以一次成型结构复杂的制品,应用很广[4],但由于材料、成型工艺、模具设计、制品设计及设备等各方面的影响,注塑制品常会出现各种表观缺陷,如:填充不足、凹陷与缩痕、变色与暗纹、熔接痕、银丝与剥层、乱流纹与喷射痕、无光泽与光泽不均匀、翘曲变形、表面划伤与龟裂等[5]。

1.2可视化技术概述可视化技术,是指对于高分子材料的实际成型过程,由固体到熔融态、混炼和分散举动、熔体冷却成型等全过程都可直接观察的一项研究方法。

注塑模具-文献综述格式模板

注塑模具-文献综述格式模板

说明1.根据学校《毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定》,学生必须撰写毕业设计(论文)文献综述。

文献综述作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。

2.文献综述应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,由指导教师签署意见并经所在专业教研室审查。

3.文献综述各项内容要实事求是,文字表达要明确、严谨,语言通顺,外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。

第一次出现缩写词,须注出全称。

4.学生撰写文献综述,阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上(土建类专业文献篇数可酌减),其中外文资料应占一定比例。

本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。

5.文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求,字数在2000字左右。

文献综述应与开题报告同时提交。

毕业设计(论文)文献综述第2章主题部分(居中小二黑体)(段前1行,段后0.5行) (说明:主题是综述主要内容的叙述部分。

一般要叙述所选研究题目的国内外研究现状;本研究至目前的主要他人研究成果;比较各种学术观点,阐明本研究的发展趋势;目前存在的问题。

对当前工作的现状,今后的发展趋势应作重点、详尽而具体地叙述。

)(格式参照第1章)下面为表、图的排版要求:表2-1 HDPE的主要性能指标(五号宋体)(表内字小五号宋体)密度/(g/cm3) 0.941~0.965 屈服强度/MPa 22~30 体积质量/( cm3/ g) 1.03~1.06 拉伸强度/MPa 27吸水率24h/(%) <0.01 拉伸弹性模量/GPa 0.84~0.95玻璃化温度/℃-120~-125 抗弯强度/MPa 27~40熔点/℃105~137 弯曲弹性模量/GPa 1.1~1.4 计算收缩率/(%) 1.5~3.0 抗压强度/MPa 22比热容/(J/(kg·K) 2310 抗剪强度/MPa —注:表要求绘制,不允许剪贴图2-1 原始铝合金磨痕形貌(五号宋体)毕业设计(论文)文献综述。

注塑模具文献综述

注塑模具文献综述

毕业设计(论文)文献综述注塑模具的现状与发展趋势综述1 塑料制品发展概况塑料制品是采用塑料为主要原料加工而成的生活用品、工业用品的统称。

塑料的出现给人类带来了极大地便利,由于其有成本低廉、抗腐蚀能力强、可塑眭强、还可用于制备燃料油和燃料气,降低原油消耗等无可替代的优点,自发明之日起就广受欢迎,随着加工工艺的进步和技术的突破,塑料制品渗透进我们生活的方方面面,成为最重要的必需品[ 1 ]。

根据中国塑料加工工业协会统计数据,我国塑料制品行业塑料用量从2006 年的2802 万吨快速增长到2012 年的5782 万吨。

2013 年1 月~12 月,我国塑料制品行业累计完成产量6188 万吨。

在“十二五”期间,我国塑料产业要推进产业结构优化升级,努力提高产业技术水平,使塑料制品总产量的年增长率为13-15%。

2015年,预计塑料制品总产量可达到8000万吨。

塑料模具工业近20年来发展十分迅速,早在7年前塑料的年产量按体积计算已经超过钢铁和有色金属年产量的总和,塑料制品在汽车、机电、仪表、航天航空等国家支柱产业及与人民日常生活相关的各个领域中得到了广泛的应用。

近年来,人们对各种设备和用品轻量化及美观和手感的要求越来越高,这就为塑料制品提供了更为广阔的市场。

塑料制品要发展,塑料模具是塑料零部件及其制品行业的重要支撑装备,那么必然要求塑料模具随之发展。

绝大部分塑料制品的成型都依赖于塑料模具,因此塑料制品行业的快速发展对塑料模具行业形成了旺盛的市场需求。

尤其是近年来,我国汽车、家电等主机行业快速发展,产能持续增加,同时随着技术进步,塑料零部件使用比例持续上升,直接推动了我国塑料模具行业的快速发展。

塑料制品成形的方法虽然很多,其主要方法是注射、挤出、压制、压铸和气压成型等,但最主要的方法是注塑成形,世界塑料模具市场中塑料成形模具产量中约半数以上是注塑模具,而其中注射模约占成型总数的60%以上。

由于塑料产品应用前景可观,更新换代较快,也就要求注塑模也应跟上时代发展的步伐。

注塑模具毕业设计论文

前言塑料模具技术的发展日新月异,在现代工业、餐具、玩具等行业中的应用很广泛,模具是生产各种产品的重要工艺装备。

此次毕业设计的题目是塑料成型模具的设计。

塑料模具的分类很多,按照塑料制件的不同可分为:注射模、压缩模、压注模、挤出模、气动成型模等。

注塑模具又称注塑成型,是热塑性塑料制品生产的一种重要的方法。

除少数塑料制品外,几乎所有的热塑性塑料都可以用注射成型方法生产塑料制品。

注塑模具不仅用于热塑性塑料的成型,而且成功用于热固性塑料的成型。

模具以其特定的形状通过一定的方式使原料成型。

模具的制造精度越高,制造成本越高,因此应延长模具的使用寿命,尽量缩短模具的制造周期,来降低生产成本。

塑料制品以其密度小、质量轻的优点在工业中的应用日益普遍,大有“以塑代钢”的趋势。

塑料模具可以满足塑料的加工工艺要求和使用要求,可以很好的降低塑料制品的生产成本。

塑料的质量要靠模具的正确结构和模具成型零件的正确形状,精确尺寸几较低的表面粗糙度来保证。

本次设计的模具用于有机玻璃制品的生产制造。

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),俗称有机玻璃,属于热塑性刚性硬质无色的透明材料,具有良好的综合力学性能及电绝缘性,制品尺寸稳定,容易成型,有一定的耐热性、耐寒性和耐气候性,表面硬度不够,容易擦伤,易溶于有机溶剂,又可以软化熔融,可再次成型为一定形状的制品,如此可反复多次。

因此选用该塑料有助于废料和旧弃塑件的二次回收,循环利用。

有一定的环保效应,减少了现实中的“白色污染”。

第一章塑件成型工艺分析第1.1节塑件分析1.1.1 塑件二维工作图如图1-1所示图1-11.1.2 塑件1.塑件材料名称有机玻璃(PMMA);2.色调无色透明;3.生产纲领大批量;4.塑件结构该塑件外形为长方体类零件,但有凹腔和凸台,塑件壁厚均约为2mm,其脱模斜度为30/~1°30/(取1°),采用一般精度等级MT5级。

第1.2节塑件原料(PPMA)的工艺性能1.2.1 支架底托的原料聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)1.物料性能聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯是刚性硬质无色的透明材料,具有良好的综合力学性能及电绝缘性,制品尺寸稳定,容易成型,有一定的耐热性、耐寒性和耐气候性,易溶于有机溶剂,表面硬度不够,容易擦伤。

塑料注塑模相关文献

塑料注塑模相关文献
塑料注塑模是热塑性塑料成型的一种重要方法,它能一次成型形状复杂、尺寸精确、带有金属或非金属嵌件的塑料,具有成型周期短、生产效率高、易实现自动化生产等特点。

以下是一些关于塑料注塑模的文献资料:
- 赵蓓蓓《初探塑料模具材料现状及发展方向》:探讨了塑料模具材料的现状和未来发展方向。

- 孙安垣等《我国改性塑料行业的发展前景》:讨论了中国改性塑料行业的发展趋势。

- 伍先明、王群《塑料模具设计指导》:介绍了塑料模具的设计方法和技巧。

- 朱光力、万金保《塑料模具设计》:阐述了塑料模具的设计原则和设计思路。

国外注塑模具发展现状文献

国外注塑模具发展现状文献
随着现代工业的不断发展,注塑模具已成为了现代工业生产的重
要部件之一。

国外注塑模具发展现状方面,主要表现在以下几个方面:
一、发展趋势
现代注塑模具在结构、制造工艺、材料运用和管理等方面已呈现出较
为完善的发展状态。

近年来,随着CAD/CAM和数控技术在模具制造中
的广泛应用,注塑模具生产效率和产品品质得到了进一步提高。

同时,先进的注塑加工设备的应用也为注塑模具的快速制造提供了重要支持。

二、技术要求
注塑模具的制作需要具备较高的技术水平和专业技能。

一方面,需要
有较高的设计能力,充分了解产品的使用环境和材料特性,并根据产
品要求设计合理的模具结构。

另一方面,需要精湛的制造工艺,包括
金属加工和表面处理等方面的技术。

三、品质保证
注塑模具是生产过程中不可或缺的部分,其质量直接影响着产品的质
量和生产效率。

因此,注塑模具的品质要求非常高,需要严格遵循工
艺要求,采用先进的生产工艺和材料,确保模具的精度和稳定性,并
进行严格的检测和测试,确保模具性能符合要求。

四、创新与发展
随着需求不断变化和市场的竞争加剧,注塑模具行业正面临着更加广
阔的发展前景和挑战。

未来,注塑模具制造企业需要进一步注重技术
研发和创新,加强与客户和供应商的沟通,引入更加先进的制造技术
和生产设备,不断提高生产效率和产品品质,从而为企业的可持续发
展打下更加坚实的基础。

总之,国外注塑模具行业正经历着快速的发展和变革,在技术、
品质、管理等方面不断创新和提高,为注塑行业的发展和进步做出了
积极的贡献。

注塑模具外文 文献资料2

Journal of Materials Processing Technology187–188 (2007) 690–693Adaptive system for electrically driven thermoregulationof moulds for injection mouldingB.Nardin a,∗,B.ˇZagar a,∗,A.Glojek a,D.Kriˇz aj ba TECOS,Tool and Die Development Centre of Slovenia,Kidriˇc eva Cesta25,3000Celje,Sloveniab Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Ljubljana,SloveniaAbstractOne of the basic problems in the development and production process of moulds for injection moulding is the control of temperature con-ditions in the mould.Precise study of thermodynamic processes in moulds showed,that heat exchange can be manipulated by thermoelectrical means.Such system upgrades conventional cooling systems within the mould or can be a stand alone application for heat manipulation within it.In the paper,the authors will present results of the research project,which was carried out in three phases and its results are patented in A686\2006 patent.The testing stage,the prototype stage and the industrialization phase will be presented.The main results of the project were total and rapid on-line thermoregulation of the mould over the cycle time and overall influence on quality of plastic product with emphasis on deformation control.Presented application can present a milestone in thefield of mould temperature and product quality control during the injection moulding process.© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords:Injection moulding;Mould cooling;Thermoelectric modules;FEM simulations1.Introduction,definition of problemDevelopment of technology of cooling moulds via thermo-electrical(TEM)means derives out of the industrial praxis and problems,i.e.at design,tool making and exploitation of tools. Current cooling technologies have technological limitations. Their limitations can be located and predicted in advance with finite element analyses(FEA)simulation packages but not com-pletely avoided.Results of a diverse state of the art analyses revealed that all existing cooling systems do not provide con-trollable heat transfer capabilities adequate tofit into demand-ing technological windows of current polymer processing technologies.Polymer processing is nowadays limited(in term of short-ening the production cycle time and within that reducing costs) only with heat capacity manipulation capabilities.Other produc-tion optimization capabilities are already driven to mechanical and polymer processing limitations[3].∗Corresponding authors.Tel.:+3863490920;fax:+38634264612.E-mail address:Blaz.Nardin@tecos.si(B.Nardin).1.1.Thermal processes in injection moulding plastic processingPlastic processing is based on heat transfer between plastic material and mould cavity.Within calculation of heat transfer one should consider two major facts:first is all used energy which is based onfirst law of thermodynamics—law of energy conservation[1],second is velocity of heat transfer.Basic task at heat transfer analyses is temperature calculation over time and its distribution inside studied system.That last depends on velocity of heat transfer between the system and surroundings and velocity of heat transfer inside the system.Heat transfer can be based as heat conduction,convection and radiation[1].1.2.Cooling timeComplete injection moulding process cycle comprises of mould closing phase,injection of melt into cavity,packing pres-sure phase for compensating shrinkage effect,cooling phase, mould opening phase and part ejection phase.In most cases,the longest time of all phases described above is cooling time.Cooling time in injection moulding process is defined as time needed to cool down the plastic part down to ejection temperature[1].0924-0136/$–see front matter© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.052B.Nardin et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 690–693691Fig.1.Mould temperature variation across one cycle[2].The main aim of a cooling process is to lower additional cooling time which is theoretically needless;in praxis,it extends from45up to67%of the whole cycle time[1,4].From literature and experiments[1,4],it can be seen,that the mould temperature has enormous influence on the ejection time and therefore the cooling time(costs).Injection moulding process is a cyclic process where mould temperature varies as shown in Fig.1where temperature varies from average value through whole cycle time.2.Cooling technology for plastic injection mouldsAs it was already described,there are already several differ-ent technologies,enabling the users to cool the moulds[5].The most conventional is the method with the drilling technology, i.e.producing holes in the mould.Through these holes(cooling lines),the cooling media isflowing,removing the generated and accumulated heat from the mould[1,2].It is also very convenient to build in different materials,with different thermal conductiv-ity with the aim to enhance control over temperature conditions in the mould.Such approaches are so called passive approaches towards the mould temperature control.The challenging task is to make an active system,which can alter the thermal conditions,regarding to the desired aspects, like product quality or cycles time.One of such approaches is integrating thermal electrical modules(TEM),which can alter the thermal conditions in the mould,regarding the desired prop-erties.With such approach,the one can control the heat transfer with the time and space variable,what means,that the temper-ature can be regulated throughout the injection moulding cycle, independent of the position in the mould.The heat control is done by the control unit,where the input variables are received from the manual input or the input from the injection moulding simulation.With the output values,the control unit monitors the TEM module behaviour.2.1.Thermoelectric modules(TEM)For the needs of the thermal manipulation,the TEM module was integrated into mould.Interaction between the heat and elec-trical variables for heat exchange is based on the Peltier effect. The phenomenon of Peltier effect is well known,but it wasuntilFig.2.TEM block diagram.now never used in the injection moulding applications.TEM module(see Fig.2)is a device composed of properly arranged pairs of P and N type semiconductors that are positioned between two ceramic plates forming the hot and the cold thermoelectric cooler sites.Power of a heat transfer can be easily controlled through the magnitude and the polarity of the supplied electric current.2.2.Application for mould coolingThe main idea of the application is inserting TEM module into walls of the mould cavity serving as a primary heat transfer unit.Such basic assembly can be seen in Fig.3.Secondary heat transfer is realized via conventionalfluid cooling system that allows heatflows in and out from mould cavity thermodynamic system.Device presented in Fig.3comprises of thermoelectric modules(A)that enable primarily heat transfer from or to tem-perature controllable surface of mould cavity(B).Secondary heat transfer is enabled via cooling channels(C)that deliver constant temperature conditions inside the mould.Thermoelec-tric modules(A)operate as heat pump and as such manipulate with heat derived to or from the mould byfluid cooling sys-tem(C).System for secondary heat manipulation with cooling channels work as heat exchanger.To reduce heat capacity of controllable area thermal insulation(D)is installed between the mould cavity(F)and the mould structure plates(E).Fig.3.Structure of TEM cooling assembly.692 B.Nardin et al./Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology 187–188 (2007) 690–693Fig.4.Structure for temperature detection and regulation.The whole application consists of TEM modules,a temper-ature sensor and an electronic unit that controls the complete system.The system is described in Fig.4and comprises of an input unit(input interface)and a supply unit(unit for electronic and power electronic supply—H bridge unit).The input and supply units with the temperature sensor loop information are attached to a control unit that acts as an exe-cution unit trying to impose predefined temperate/time/position ing the Peltier effect,the unit can be used for heating or cooling purposes.The secondary heat removal is realized viafluid cooling media seen as heat exchanger in Fig.4.That unit is based on current cooling technologies and serves as a sink or a source of a heat.This enables complete control of processes in terms of temperature,time and position through the whole cycle. Furthermore,it allows various temperature/time/position pro-files within the cycle also for starting and ending procedures. Described technology can be used for various industrial and research purposes where precise temperature/time/position con-trol is required.The presented systems in Figs.3and4were analysed from the theoretical,as well as the practical point of view.The theoretical aspect was analysed by the FEM simulations,while the practical one by the development and the implementation of the prototype into real application testing.3.FEM analysis of mould coolingCurrent development of designing moulds for injection moulding comprises of several phases[3].Among them is also design and optimization of a cooling system.This is nowa-days performed by simulations using customized FEM packages (Moldflow[4])that can predict cooling system capabilities and especially its influence on plastic.With such simulations,mould designers gather information on product rheology and deforma-tion due to shrinkage as ell as production time cycle information.This thermal information is usually accurate but can still be unreliable in cases of insufficient rheological material informa-tion.For the high quality input for the thermal regulation of TEM,it is needed to get a picture about the temperature distri-bution during the cycle time and throughout the mould surface and throughout the mould thickness.Therefore,different process simulations areneeded.Fig.5.Cross-section of a prototype in FEM environment.3.1.Physical model,FEM analysisImplementation of FEM analyses into development project was done due to authors’long experiences with such packages [4]and possibility to perform different test in the virtual envi-ronment.Whole prototype cooling system was designed in FEM environment(see Fig.5)through which temperature distribution in each part of prototype cooling system and contacts between them were explored.For simulating physical properties inside a developed prototype,a simulation model was constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics software.Result was a FEM model identical to real prototype(see Fig.7)through which it was possible to compare and evaluate results.FEM model was explored in term of heat transfer physics taking into account two heat sources:a water exchanger with fluid physics and a thermoelectric module with heat transfer physics(only conduction and convection was analysed,radiation was ignored due to low relative temperature and therefore low impact on temperature).Boundary conditions for FEM analyses were set with the goal to achieve identical working conditions as in real test-ing.Surrounding air and the water exchanger were set at stable temperature of20◦C.Fig.6.Temperature distribution according to FEM analysis.B.Nardin et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 690–693693Fig.7.Prototype in real environment.Results of the FEM analysis can be seen in Fig.6,i.e.temper-ature distribution through the simulation area shown in Fig.5. Fig.6represents steady state analysis which was very accurate in comparison to prototype tests.In order to simulate the time response also the transient simulation was performed,showing very positive results for future work.It was possible to achieve a temperature difference of200◦C in a short period of time(5s), what could cause several problems in the TEM structure.Those problems were solved by several solutions,such as adequate mounting,choosing appropriate TEM material and applying intelligent electronic regulation.boratory testingAs it was already described,the prototype was produced and tested(see Fig.7).The results are showing,that the set assump-tions were confirmed.With the TEM module it is possible to control the temperature distribution on different parts of the mould throughout the cycle time.With the laboratory tests,it was proven,that the heat manipulation can be practically regu-lated with TEM modules.The test were made in the laboratory, simulating the real industrial environment,with the injection moulding machine Krauss Maffei KM60C,temperature sen-sors,infrared cameras and the prototype TEM modules.The temperature response in1.8s varied form+5up to80◦C,what represents a wide area for the heat control within the injection moulding cycle.4.ConclusionsUse of thermoelectric module with its straightforward con-nection between the input and output relations represents a milestone in cooling applications.Its introduction into moulds for injection moulding with its problematic cooling construction and problematic processing of precise and high quality plastic parts represents high expectations.The authors were assuming that the use of the Peltier effect can be used for the temperature control in moulds for injection moulding.With the approach based on the simulation work and the real production of laboratory equipment proved,the assump-tions were confirmed.Simulation results showed a wide area of possible application of TEM module in the injection moulding process.With mentioned functionality of a temperature profile across cycle time,injection moulding process can be fully controlled. Industrial problems,such as uniform cooling of problematic A class surfaces and its consequence of plastic part appear-ance can be solved.Problems offilling thin long walls can be solved with overheating some surfaces at injection time.Further-more,with such application control over rheological properties of plastic materials can be gained.With the proper thermal regulation of TEM it was possible even to control the melt flow in the mould,during thefilling stage of the mould cav-ity.This is done with the appropriate temperature distribution of the mould(higher temperature on the thin walled parts of the product).With the application of TEM module,it is possible to signif-icantly reduce the cycle time in the injection moulding process. The limits of possible time reduction lies in the frame of10–25% of additional cooling time,describe in Section1.2.With the application of TEM module it is possible to actively control the warping of the product and to regulate the amount of product warpage in the way to achieve required product tol-erances.The presented TEM module cooling application for injection moulding process is a matter of priority note for the patent,held and owned by TECOS.References[1]I.ˇCati´c,Izmjena topline u kalupima za injekcijsko preˇs anje plastomera,Druˇs tvo plastiˇc ara i gumaraca,Zagreb,1985.[2]I.ˇCati´c,F.Johannaber,Injekcijsko preˇs anje polimera i ostalih materiala,Druˇs tvo za plastiku i gumu,Biblioteka polimerstvo,Zagreb,2004.[3]B.Nardin,K.Kuzman,Z.Kampuˇs,Injection moulding simulation resultsas an input to the injection moulding process,in:AFDM2002:The Sec-ond International Conference on Advanced Forming and Die Manufacturing Technology,Pusan,Korea,2002.[4]TECOS,Slovenian Tool and Die Development Centre,Moldflow SimulationProjects1996–2006.[5]S.C.Chen,et al.,Rapid mold surface heating/cooling using electromag-netic induction technology:ANTEC2004,Conference CD-ROM,Chicago, Illinois,16–20May,2004.。

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