石油及石油产品分析文摘译文
石油专业外文翻译(SPE 121762),英文原文可根据spe号在百度文库收索即可。
SPE 121762完井中新微乳型原油破乳剂的实验室和现场研究摘要在石油工业中，水和油的乳化形成了一个持续的生产问题，受到了大量的技术的关注。
在有利于环保的基础上，我们利用一种新的微乳型破乳剂(ME-DeM)对水包油（o/w）乳液的破乳效果进行测试。
本产品测试了一系列的原油，已被证明相比于其他破乳剂更具有商业效用(DeM)。
结果表明在现场试验中，本产品能对破乳效果产生明显的改善，更多的实地研究正在筹备之中。
绪论乳液的形成与稳定油水乳液已经成为石油工业研究课题之一，因为它关系到先关的操作问题，而且需要考虑生产，回收，输送，运输和提炼程序中的费用。
一个非常好的名叫“一个国家的艺术审查” 并有关于原油乳液的总结是由Sunil Kokai提出的（Kokai 2002年）。
乳状液，可定义为结合两个或两个以上的混容液体彼此不会轻易的分离开来单独存在，它以胶体大小或更大的小液滴形式存在，可导致高抽水成本。
如果水分散在连续的油相中，被称为油包水型（w/o）乳状液；如果油分散在连续的水相中，则被称为水包油型（o/w）乳状液。
如果没有稳定的油水界面，就没有乳状液的热力学稳定。
液滴的聚集会导致不稳定的乳液(Holmberg, et al. 2007)。
然而油水界面处的部分聚集会使界面更加稳定从而阻碍油水各自之间的聚并（破乳）进程。
材料如自然形成或注射的表面活性剂，聚合物，无机固体以及蜡，可使界面更稳定。
乳化形成过程也受到流体混合，剪切，湍流，扩散，表面活性剂聚集（Miller 1988），空间位阻稳定（非离子表面活性剂），温度和压力的影响。
在被驱散的液滴周围，表面活性剂可以形成多层次的层状液晶的增长。
当流体滤液或注射液与储层液体混合，或当产出液的PH变化是，则会产生乳状液。
沥青质，树脂和蜡的组成和浓度(Lissant 1988, Auflem 2002, Sifferman 1976, Sifferman 1980)是影响乳状液形成和稳定的因素。
化工英文文献翻译
Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe OilfieldHan Yun(Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company)Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield．Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％ of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％ of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super heavy oil in deeper formation．which has maintained the annual heavy oil output at 8 million tons for many years in Liaohe Oilfield．Water flooding development technology for conventional heavy oil-type 1Based on heavy oil classification,the conventional heavy oil．type I refers to the heavy oil with viscosity ranging in 50～100mPa·s，taking up about 20％ of the proved oil reserves of the oilfield．The heavy oil reservoirs of this type are buried ranging from 1 500m to 2400m deep and are capable of flowing．Therefore，natural energy is utilized for conventional development and then water flooding technology is used．For example，the reservoir of $32 oil unit of Block Leng-43 is buried 1 650～l 940m deep with the average oil zone 87.7m thick and the oil viscosity in situ 58mPa·s．In 1992，the 141 m spacing square well pattern was adopted to develop the kind of reservoirs by utilizing natural energy and two sets of oil production zones．In 2004，water flooding technology was applied. Currently,the degree of reserve recovery reaches 14％．the annual oil recovery rate is 1％，and the ultimate recovery ratio is predicted to be as high as 22％．Technology of foam slug and for conventional heavy oil-type steam flooding for conventional heavy oil-type 2 The upper limit of viscosity for the conventional heavy oil—type IIis l 0000mPa·s(the dead oil viscosity in situ)．This kind of heavy oil is the dominant type of heavy oil in Liaohe Oilfield，accounting for 60％ of total proved reserves．The reservoir of such heavy oil is buffed 800-1 600m deep in genera1. At initial development stage, steam stimulation was carried out to develop this kind of reservoirs．In the higher cycles of steam flooding，the reservoirs with the heavy oil viscosity close to the lower limit of this kind of heavy oil are conversed into the steam drive development．Pilot tests of foam slug and steam flooding have conducted in Block Jin-90 and Block Qi-40 successfully,and they will be applied to the whole blocks in near future．The recovery factor is forecast to be up to 50％ ~60％．Steam stimulation technology for special heavy oilThe special heavy oil refers to the heavy oil with the viscosity ranging in 10000~50000mPa·s in situ,which takes up 10% of proved oil reserves of the oilfield. The reservoir of the kind of oil is buried ranging from 1400m to 1800m. Steam simulation technology is often applied to develop such reservoirs. However, technology of steam drive or SAGD are also under research and experiments for reservoirs of good quality.SAGD technology for super heavy oilThe super heavy oil reservoir refers to the heavy oil with dead oil viscosity in situ over 50000mPa·s, which accounts for 10% of proved reserves of the oilfield. Due to its extremely high viscosity, it is just developed for few years. For the massive super heavy oil reservoirs, SAGD can be applied in the late stage of steam stimulation. At present, good intermediate results have been obtained in SAGD pilot test in Block Du-84 of Guantao Formation, showing good prospect for application. Theyhave been applied in the whole block and the ultimate recovery factor is predicted to achieve 55%.ConclusionVarious technology should be applied to develop different types of heavy oil reservoirs. Besides the technologies mentioned above, the technologies of combustion in situ, flue gas drive, and steam foam drive are also under research currently. Therefore, various development technologies will be increasingly improved with the heavy oil development of Liaohe Oilfield.References[1] Wang Xu. 2006. Heavy Oil Development Technologies and Discussion on the Research Orientation in the Next Step. Petroleum Exploration and Development [J],33(4):484~490[2] Liu Junrong. The Paper Collection of Liaohe Oilfield Development Seminar[C]:Beijing, Petroleum Industry Press, 2002[3] Zeng Yuqiang. 2006. Heavy Oil steam Stimulation Review. Special Oil&Gas Reservoir[J], 13(6):5~9辽河油田的重油开发技术韩云（科研信息部门勘探和开发研究所、辽河油田公司）辽河油田，在中国最大的重油生产基地，在不同的储层类型，具有埋藏深，与原油粘度范围宽。
石油英语unit3-textA参考译文
石油的消费、进口和未来趋势简介1 石油在现代工业社会中发挥着重要、甚至决定性作用。
石油及石化产品几乎影响着人类文明以及个人生活的方方面面，包括衣食住行和娱乐等。
石油的生产、供应和消费影响着国民经济，同时与全球政治与国际关系密切相关。
2 以私营公司的石油总储量进行归类核算，“超级巨头”的总产量接近全球石油供应总量的15%。
而超过80%的世界油气储量由国有公司控制。
全球实力最雄厚的20家石油公司中，有15家是国有企业。
3 石油在世界能源消费中占相当大比重，低至欧亚的32%，高至中东的53%。
其他地区的消费数据如下：南美及中美占44%，非洲占41%，北美占40%。
全球年均消耗石油总量三千亿桶，其中发达国家为主要消费国。
2007年，美国占世界石油消费总量的25%。
全球竞赛：20年石油之争全球石油市场的开放，消除了80年来世界对能源多样性的顾虑，然而新的挑战开始出现：油价。
4 对于全球石油生产及能源安全而言，两件事使1991年成为至关重要的一年。
首先是1990年8月，海湾战争爆发。
当时由萨达姆·侯赛因主政的伊拉克入侵了科威特，战争于1991年2月28日结束。
同年12月底，前苏联宣告解体，而这一地区拥有除中东以外最大的可探明石油储量。
5 苏联解体之前的30年中，美国对石油进口依赖性持续增强。
1991年，美国石油进口达40%，其中54%和24%的进口石油分别来自石油输出国组织和波斯湾。
1973年和1979年的石油危机重创美国经济，其阴影至今令国人心有余悸。
自始至终，能源高度依赖进口都被视为国家安全隐患。
6 中东地区的政局十分动荡。
从那时起，美国能源安全政策就一直致力于摆脱对这一地区的能源依赖。
正如温斯顿·丘吉尔在1913年所言：“石油的安全与稳定依赖于多样性，且只能依赖于多样性。
”践行这一理念，就意味着从友邦那里进口石油，增加全球石油供应，并实现全球石油市场的一体化整合。
7 政局变化和经济波动也为市场带来了新的石油来源。
中石油职称英语翻译重点课文分析
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年中石油职称英语翻译重点课文分析（个人观点仅供参考）1. President Hu Urges Efforts to Ensure Global Energy Security.1、胡锦涛主席敦促国际社会协同努力保障全球能源安全.1. The international community should take joint efforts to ensure global energy security, Chinese President Hu Jintao said in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17.1、中国国家主席胡锦涛七月十七日在俄罗斯圣彼得堡发表讲话说，国际社会应该共同努力，保障全球能源安全。
2. “To ensure global energy security, we need to develop and implement a new energy security concept that calls for mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified forms of development and common energy security through coordination,” Hu said in a written speech to the outreach session of the G8 summit.2、在八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议上，胡主席在讲话稿中谈到：”为保障全球能源安全，我们应该树立和落实互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观。
”3. While global energy security is crucial to the economic growth and people’s livelihood of all countries, the world peace and stability, and common development, “few countries can achieve energy security without joining in international cooperation,” he stressed.3、胡锦涛主席强调，全球能源安全，关系各国的经济命脉和民生大计，对维护世界和平稳定、促进各国共同发展至关重要。
石油类英文翻译文献Strategic Importance Of Crude Oil And Natural GasPipelines
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3): 87-96, 2012ISSN 1991-8178Strategic Importance Of Crude Oil And Natural Gas PipelinesAsst. Prof. Dr. İdris DemirAhi Evran University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of InternationalRelationsAbstract: This paper argues that crude oil and natural gas pipelines create mutual interdependence among the various participants the interests of which would be deteriorated in the event of any kind of failure throughout the different chains of the operations of the pipelines under consideration. It is an obvious fact that ‘security of supply’ is crucially important for the uninterrupted flow of the continuation of the social life and the economies of energy importers (crude oil and natural gas) in one hand. On the other hand, this paper foregrounds that ‘security of demand’ is vitally important for the continuous flow of the social life and economies of energy exporters (crude oil and natural gas). It is the strategic importance of the crude oil and natural gas pipelines that brings the interests of energy exporters, importers, transit countries, international money lending institutions and operator companies and creates a cobweb of relations among different participants of the crude oil and natural gas pipelines.Key words: Pipeline, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, InterdependenceINTRODUCTIONThe history of international oil industry has long been identified with the characteristics of Standard Oil Company of Rockefeller. One should remember that Standard Oil Company was the owner of a network of pipelines. However, the Company gained the ownership of the both sides of the pipelines; the production facilities and the distribution network. It was the monopoly position of the company over the pipelines that have been regarded to be strategic assets that have been useful in controlling the industry for a long time.It is obvious that there is a close link between trade and interdependence. International commerce leads to international interdependence, which in turn leads to international cooperation in various fields with different dimensions. It is clear that as interdependence increases, nations become more sensitive to domestic developments in partner countries. Industrialists, traders and financiers start to rely on the level and amount of the international exchange at the same time. The flow of international commerce in any kind would find reflections in domestic transactions as well. International trade would create domestic interests in its maintenance. In one hand, exporters would not like their markets disappear. In the other hand, importers would not like their supplies diminish. Moreover, foreign investors would not like their holdings confiscated. Bankers and finance institutions would like the uninterrupted continuation of transactions so that their loans would be repaid. It is because of these reasons that interdependence is regarded to generate a powerful case among the participants. Arthur A Stein, (1993)Likewise, international trade actualized through oil and gas pipeline creates international interdependence among the participants that energy exporters do not want their markets disappear. Security of demand is crucial for the continuation of their economies. Energy importers do not want their supplies interrupted for any reason. Security of supply is vitally important for the continuation of sustainable development of their economies. International finance institutions and creditors of the projects do not want any disruption for any reason in order not to threaten the return of the funds that they have invested in the construction of pipeline projects. Thus, interdependence creates embedded relations among the parties the disruption of which would result in economic and political loss for each of the parties. It is clear that some imports constitute inputs essential to the functioning of economy more than the others. A dependence on others for videocassette recorders and jewelry is not the same as one for oil, gas or computer chips. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, (1977) In this respect, this particular study proposes that pipelines are strategic entities that create interdependence among parties. Participants of the interdependence that has been contextualized through the cooperation of oil and gas pipelines are careful in order not to harm the continuation of the relationship that is beneficial for all sides in many dimensions which is not only restricted to the field of energy.In clarifying the subject matter, this particular study is structured as follows: Section two illustrates the standing points of the energy consumers. The vitality of the issue of security of supply for the uninterrupted continuation of sustainable development and social life is taken into consideration in this section. Following section deals with the production/loading facilities of the pipelines. Concerns of security of demand of energy producers have been analyzed in detail in this section. Section four is responsible for the clarification of the strategic importance of pipelines among other ways of energy transportation. The institutionalized relationship Corresponding Author: Asst. Prof. Dr. İdris Demir, Ahi Evran University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of International Relationsamong energy producers, consumers, transit states and participant companies are scrutinized in this section of the study. The interdependence of the relevant parties is covered in section five. The cobweb of relations that expands beyond the boundaries of cooperation on energy field is provided in detail in this section with different examples.2. Security of Supply for Energy Importers:Energy is defined as the capability to do work. Every kind of economic activity requires an amount of energy consumption. Automobiles need energy to travel from one place to another. Factories need energy for the production of goods and items. Household items in kitchens and living rooms need energy to operate the appliances. It is the basic and sole responsibility of the policy makers of the countries to secure the necessary amount of energy forms for the uninterrupted continuation of the economic and social life of their countries.In this respect, energy security can be regarded to be a state of being that the policy makers has clear indicatives to believe that they have enough reserves and production and distribution facilities in place to meet the energy demands of their citizens with affordable prices. The situation is regarded to be insecure when the well being of the citizens and/or the capability of governments are threatened either as a result of physical failure arising from sabotage, accidents or inadequacy of the existing structures. Governments may be unable to meet the necessary amounts of energy because of the rise in energy prices, too. (Robert Belgrave, Charles Ebinger and Hideaki Okino, 1987) There would be the adequate amounts of energy forms in presence but the budget of the country may not be able to meet the required amounts of funds to meet the energy demands. Therefore, energy security is described as the availability of energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantities at affordable prices. (Philip Andrews-Speed, 2002)A sudden rise in energy prices and a kind of a physical disruption for any reason may have devastating effects on energy importing countries. It is not only the negative economic effects that should be taken into consideration, but political and social deficiencies should be indicated as well. Lacking sufficient amounts of energy supplies would result in low levels of industrial output. There would be a decline in new investments. Unemployment would increase and inflation rate would rise because of the absence of economic progress. There is going to be a balance of payments problem within the budget calculations of the country. The amount of funds that has been paid for the energy imports would rise. The balance of payment calculations would face a serious new arrangement. (Michael Lynch, 2003) Consumer countries would have two options: They are going to either reflect the high prices directly to the citizens or employ protectionist policies. The governments would look for sources of funds or borrow money from abroad.In either case there would be a kind of money transfer from the consumer countries to the producer countries. The amount of the supernormal profit that producer countries acquire from this newly developed relationship would have different reflections over the political economy in the global scale. (David Grene, 1998) In addition to deteriorating economic conditions, energy importers would fall into weak bargaining positions in their mutual relations regarding their export sources. Energy importers would not be able to act as flexible as they used to be in both domestic and international political issues. Therefore, energy importers tend to create long lasting friendly relationships with energy exporters. The functional use of long term agreements among producers and consumers make parties feel secure in times of crisis that results from either a physical shortage in the global markets or the scarcity of energy forms because of political reasons. (Gawdat Bahgat, 2004) In addition to economic and social considerations, energy items are regarded to be strategic goods that have the capability to determine and/or change the continuation and the fate of a war. Lacking adequate amounts of hydrocarbon resources can bring the consuming countries into her knees quickly. The main motive of Germany in invading Russia was the aim of accessing the hydrocarbon resources of the Soviet Union. It is widely accepted that the fate of the war, consequently, the whole world might have been different if Germany had access to the hydrocarbon sources under discussion. It is not only in the Second World War that hydrocarbon energy has determined the status and the continuation of the war. The British decision of changing the fuel of the ships of the Navy from coal to oil had detrimental impacts upon the stages of the First World War. Oil burning appliances of the British Navy made it possible to have longer distances of travel in a faster course than her rivals, thus determining an advantageous position for Britain. (Hikmet Uluğbay, 2003) There are a number of events that can be regarded as potential threats to energy security. These threats are categorized as the events that have global impact and events that have impact on a specific country or a region. Special emphasis is needed to shed light on the latter group since the content of this particular study focuses on pipelines. Oil and gas pipelines are strategic assets that combine the consumers and producers together. Energy forms are meaningless and valueless if they are not available to be used at the point of consumption. The possibility of a disruption arising from misuse or inability of the operation of pipeline structures that bring the interests of loading and unloading parties together would have devastating effects on the security of energy supply calculations of a particular country and/or region. It is an actual fact that the failure of pipelines to operate would have a reflection in the global energy considerations, too. However, the extent of the pressure andthe strength of this effect would be proportional directly to the amount of energy transported through the pipeline and the amount of the contribution of that particular pipeline in openness to the global markets.Embargo disruption of a specific exporting state may result in a threat of security of supply of a local scale. It can place a heavy burden over the importing country especially in the short period if the existing structure of the energy importing country fails to respond the change in circumstances immediately. Embargo disruption may come necessarily not from the exporter states but from the transit countries as well. The closure of the pipeline structures, with no doubt, would have devastating effects upon the economies, politics and social lives of importer countries. (Paul Stevens, 2000) The devastating effects would be vital and even at life threatening levels if the importing country is landlocked; does not have access to high seas. The absence of maritime lines would make transportation of energy via energy carrying ships impossible; laying road transportation via trucks and trains alone. It is doubtful whether the geography and already existing infrastructure would make it possible to carry the necessary forms of energy in adequate amounts.Local market disruptions are other issues of concern that have to be dealt carefully for consumer countries that try to secure the necessary forms of energy for uninterrupted flow of sustainable development of their country. There can be disruptions in energy flow because of a monopolist supplier or some pressure groups the interests of which can be deteriorated. Mismanagement of the policy makers is another reason that can result in local market disruptions. In either case, the responsibility lies over the shoulders of the governing authorities to diversify the energy sources and suppliers within the primary energy mix of the energy importing country. Furthermore, enhancing regulative means of energy consumption is another responsibility of the authorities in achieving the aim of the security of supply.The disruption of the strategic infrastructure of any kind is another serious threat to the calculations of the security of supply. Logistical disruptions may occur in the event of accidents, sabotage activities or terrorist incidents along the route of the transportation infrastructure. In this case, terrorist activities of some groups can no longer be regarded as the responsibility of the host government alone. All parties are affected negatively from these activities the prevention of which need collective action of all sides. (Anne Korin, 2005) The interests of all parties that are seeking security of demand and security of supply would be deteriorated. The authorities of both ends of the pipeline would attach a great importance to the well functioning of that strategic infrastructure.3. Security of Demand for Energy Exporters:The examination of the notion of the security of demand is an important but, often, a neglected issue. The vitality of the security of energy supply for energy consumers finds its reflection as the importance of the security of demand for producers.It should be remembered that revenues coming from the energy trade are the backbone of the budgets of the exporting countries. The economy of the whole country depends on one single item: hydrocarbon earnings. Economies of energy exporters in general (Countries such as Great Britain) lack the existence of a well functioning industry, tourism earnings, surplus in trade of goods and items. The bureaucratic structure is built on the oil and gas industries at the same time. It is because of the negative effects of the Dutch Disease that the balance of payments calculations do not show healthy indications. (M Corden, 1984) The concept of ‘state’ changes form and is regarded to be the mechanism of the distribution of wealth and welfare based on subjective calculations rather than following a process of collecting taxes and directs the expenditures of the budget for the benefit of the existing and future generations. It is the industry sector that is mostly affected from the negative consequences in industrialized countries. However, it is the agriculture sector that suffers from the biggest negative effects. (Paul Stevens, 2003)The members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) suffer from the negative consequences of this unbalanced balance of payments. Trade balances of the OPEC members have indicators of exporting one single item –energy sources- and import almost all of the consumption of the country. Energy exporters, the economies of which are dependant almost entirely on energy earnings, would experience an unstable economic ground both in domestic and international affairs. It is going to be hard to follow efficient fiscal policies and direct future investments. Domestic fiscal policies would be tied to international energy prices that are bound to global developments in which the exporter states may not have a big effect. (Kiren Chaudhry, 1989)The dependence of economy on energy earnings is peculiar not only to OPEC members. Other major exporters depend on energy earnings heavily, too. The threat of Rentier State structuring shows its reflections in Non-OPEC members at the same time. The ‘dependence’ of energy earnings makes it necessary for exporters to seek for markets and continue to supply them with oil and gas for the continuation of the cycle of their domestic economies.Two major threats for security of demand can be categorized as the loss of the market share of hydrocarbon energy sources in general and the deterioration of the market share of the exporting country in particular. Unsteady flow of oil and gas to global markets with unaffordable prices will result in articulations of differentforms of energy. The importance attached to renewable and alternative energy forms will be fore grounded in accordance with the developments, new findings and advancements in energy forms that are regarded to be used instead of hydrocarbon resources. Consequently, there would be less demand for hydrocarbon sources in general and possible future earnings of energy exporters would be cut off.Apart from the potential threat of the losing the share of hydrocarbon sources within the primary energy mix of the countries in global scale, the loss of the market share of a single exporting country would have fatal consequences for that particular country. It is a well known fact that energy importers attach great importance to long term sales agreements with particular exporters rather than the spot trade in the international market. In the event of the absence of the supplier, consumer countries would find new suppliers and conclude new deals. Thus, the energy exporters would face a loss in the market share and security of demand for her energy sources.Securing the flow of energy in the future with long term sales agreements is paramount to the strategies of consumer countries in one hand. Securing the income coming from the future sales of the contracted trade occupies a vital place within the revenue calculations of the exporting states on the other hand. Therefore, two sides of the same coin should be taken into consideration together. No one party has the intention or desire to harm the ongoing relationship. Deteriorating neither the security of demand nor the security of supply would be beneficial to both sides. In this context, it should not be forgotten that oil and gas pipelines acquire a strategic significance in the sense that infrastructures under consideration combine the producers and consumers together. Both ends of the pipeline attach great importance to the continuous, uninterrupted flow of energy from the production fields to the points of consumption. In this respect, pipelines create cobweb of relations not only in political terms, but also in physical aspects as well. It is with no doubt that none of the parties involved in the relationship would have the intention of the disruption of the relationship which would mean the deterioration of the interests of all parties. In this respect, pipelines combine the consumers, producers and the transit countries together in strategic terms with long lasting relationships.4. Strategic Importance of Pipeline Transportation:Any form of energy is meaningless unless it is ready to use in the final consumption point. The fact that oil and gas resources are not distributed homogeneously makes it necessary to transport these energy sources from the production fields to the consumption centers. The issue of transportation has gained a significant importance as the levels of consumption and the proven oil and gas reserves increase.Levels of oil and gas consumption increase with the rise in living standards and the rise in the levels of industrialization. Higher levels of living standards and industrialization bring the inevitable consumption of energy sources in higher amounts. However, it is a fact that current reserves that are close to the traditional consumption centers are either declining or about to reach to the declining phase. This brings the significant importance of transportation into agenda.There are a couple of ways that are used widely in order to transport oil and gas from the production facilities to the consumption points. Transportation ways that are generally used are pipelines, crude oil and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ships, huge trucks and some sort of specially designed railway storage tanks. The most suitable way of transportation is determined by geology, geography, and the type of energy and the economies of scale. (Paul Stevens, 2001)Pipelines and tanker carriages via high seas are the most common types of transportation that link the production and consumption points. Since the control of the pipelines has all the potentialities for the control of the petroleum industry, they have long been recognized as the most important means of transportation in the petroleum industry. (Roy A Prewitt, 1942) Likewise, although an amount of gas transportation has been conducted by LNG ships, gas transportation via pipelines has been of crucial importance.The decision of constructing a pipeline requires many calculations that include strategic outcomes at the same time. The investment decision of a pipeline depends upon the evaluation of future demand. (Jerome Ellig and Jack High 1992) Moreover, it is very important to evaluate the safety and reliability of these complex and large scaled systems. (Dong Yuhua and Yu Datao, 2005) In this respect, maintenance of pipelines is an issue of great concern for both companies and governments. Any possibility of leakage, for example, must be detected before the leakage takes place and preventive action should be taken in order to avoid losses of energy and ecological disasters. (d Jun Okamoto, 1999)Therefore, it is not only economics and politics that are taken into consideration in the investment decisions of pipelines; there are a couple of different issues such as ecological considerations, geographical and geological conditions that should be taken into granted throughout this complex context.Once constructed, pipelines are not possible to be removed or rerouted. (Once operational) They attract economies of scale in great amounts like other stages of the international oil and gas industry. Thus, ‘big is beautiful and small is stupid’ in the investment decisions of pipelines. Big numbers mean big calculations and huge losses in the event of a failure of any kind. The effects and the application of ‘Bygones rule’ is another issue of concern that has to be taken into consideration throughout the operation record of oil and gas pipelines.It is because of this fact that pipelines continue to operate and their activities are not shut down for a considerable period of time even if they are making losses.The configuration of the network and sizes of pipes used must be chosen to minimize the construction costs. (Jack Brimberg, Pierre Hansen, Keh-Wei Lih,) In addition to construction costs, other issues relevant to the successful operation of the pipeline require careful examination, too. The transportation issues preferred by governments and companies must not only take the economic risks into account but also consider the negative effects of possible terrorist activities, changes in the policies of the participants and trade embargoes over the long period of the projected operation of the pipeline. (Sydney Thomas and Richard Dawe, 2003) In addition to that, the amount of oil that can be put through the pipe varies with the initial pressure of the petroleum, the loss of pressure per square inch per mile, the density of the liquid, the viscosity and unique characteristics of the fluid handled, the diameter of the pipe and the geographical features of the landscape on the route of the pipeline. (A C Monahan, 1945)The complex structuring of pipeline facilities can be reviewed closer through the analysis of transportation of offshore oil and gas products. The first section of the analysis is the riser or the rigid section of piping. This conveys the fluids from the production facilities to the seabed (and vice versa). Failure of this section would affect the production platform and production personnel. Second section of the process concerns the sea line that transports the fluids to the shore. Any kind of failure in this stage would result in losses in shipping and potential environmental pollution. The third section of this process involves the land section. The energy items that are produced offshore and transported reach the ground. Any kind of failure resulting from accidents or sabotage would have detrimental affects on the public. The final section is the landline that is buried under the ground. This can be of any length in reaching to the final consumption centers. It is with no doubt that failure of this section would result in devastating environmental effects. (F K Crawley, I G Lines and J Mather, 2003) Furthermore, security of demand, security of supply and transit fee calculations of the relevant parties would also face potential threats.It is obvious that the construction of a pipeline require a transit agreement among the parties. This agreement may involve competition for markets and competition for volumes. It is because of this feature that pipeline agreements involve different governments and, may be, different companies. Producing governments would have different objections on one hand, on the other hand consumer governments and transit governments would have objectives of their own. Moreover the inclusion of contractor companies would add another dimension to the discussion under consideration. While the objectives of the governments are going to be determined by the considerations of security of supply and demand and the principle of sovereignty, contractor companies would seek for pure commercial considerations. (Paul Stevens, 2003) Producer countries would demand high price for their energy exports. Consumer countries would look for a small bill for their imports. Transit countries would require high amounts of transit fees and greater amounts of off take from the pipeline for their domestic consumption with favorable prices. Contractor companies, on the other hand, would seek for greater economic rent and share from the operation of the facilities of pipelines under consideration.The fact that the pipelines cross borders of different nation states makes it inevitable to be influenced by different legal regimes. The possibility of the presence of different legal regimes and regulations makes it necessary to bring various legal terms and norms together within the initializing the transit agreement. The process of harmonization of different legal regimes should be wide enough to cover the potential changes throughout the continuation of the activities of the pipeline for the success of the operation. Therefore, the distribution of benefits and sovereign rights should be well determined and documented to cover the long period of the long operation time of the pipeline project. (Paul Stevens,)It should not be forgotten that the technical features that embody the construction phase have detrimental impacts upon the continuation of the operation of the pipelines. Pipelines have large upfront investments. They have high fixed costs and low variable costs. Once they are built, it is hard to apply a change in the capacity of the pipeline. Therefore, it is very important to apply careful and just calculations in the formation process of pipelines that are regarded to be natural monopolies that combine the relevant parties strategically in long lasting terms. The key to the success of the operations of pipelines lies in the fact that the agreements would take the change in circumstances in time into account throughout the duration of the activities of the pipeline. The success of the operations of the pipeline should not be left to the bargaining powers of the parties alone at the initial stages. (Ekpen J Omonbude, 2007)The issue of pipelines requires a greater attention when the transportation of natural gas is taken into consideration. Natural gas is a clean burning fuel that is used to heat homes, hospitals, schools; generate electricity and fuel industries. The usage of natural gas varies from plastics and petrochemicals to fertilizer producers. (Obindah Wagbara, 2007) The fact that natural gas is a clean burning fuel that is compatible with environmental considerations has led the way to the issue that natural gas has become the energy medium choice for many governments and environmental groups throughout the world (Ferdinand E. Banks, 2003). In fact, the reason why natural gas do not acquire the dominant seat within the primary energy mix of consumer states is hidden in the clean characteristic of this fuel besides the problems of transportation. Natural gas has been。
几篇石化文章的汉译英
根据最早期的科学研究调查，石油的形成被归结为两种起源：有机的和无机的。
一些化学家和天文学家认为石油是无机起源的，有的是火成岩成因，有的是宇宙成因，或者是两者的结合体。
大部分石油地质学家认为石油是由埋藏的有机物质经成岩作用形成的，并且指出石油形成于沉积岩而不是火成岩。
经济而精确的化学分析技术的出现使得生油岩的研究成为可能。
现在，可以把石油和生成它的页岩进行对比，用来确定潜在的生油岩、它们生油或生气的倾向，以及它们的热成熟度水平。
要形成商业性油气藏，必须满足5个条件：1．必须有富含有机质的源岩以产生石油和或天然气；2．源岩必须经受足够的热演化以生成石油；3．必须有能够容纳排出的油气的储集层。
该储集层必须具有孔隙度来存储油和或气，以及渗透性而让流体流动；4．储集层必须被非渗透性的盖层所封闭，以防止油气向上逸散到地表；5．源岩、储集层和盖层必须合理地分布来圈闭石油。
From the earliest days of scientific investigation the formation of petroleum had been attributed to two origins: inorganic and organic. Some chemists and astronomers argued for an inorganic origin --- ometimes igneous, sometimes extraterrestrial, or a mixture of both. Most petroleum geologists believe that petroleum forms from the diagenesis of buried organic matter and note that it is indigenous to sedimentary rocks rather than igneous ones. The advent of cheap and accurate chemical analytical techniques allowed petroleum source rocks to be studied. It is now possible to match petroleum with its parent shale and to identify potential source rocks, their tendency to generate oil or gas, and their level of thermal maturation.For a commercial oil accumulation to occur, five conditions must be fulfilled:1. There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas.2. The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum.3. There must be a reservoir to contain the expelled hydrocarbons. This reservoir must have porosity, to contain the oil and/or gas, and permeability, to permit fluid flow.4. The reservoir must be sealed by an impermeable cap rock to prevent the upward escape of petroleum to the earth's surface.5. Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such a way as to trap the petroleum.原油储量是指从已知油田的油井中将来可望产出原油的估计数量。
中石油英语60篇课文翻译
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中石油英语60篇课文翻译一、Carbon-based Alternative 碳基替代燃料 1.Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile- is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas. liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. 1、尽管近几年来私人机动车辆排放的有害污染物已有相当程度的减少，但这类车辆的数量却仍在稳定地增长。
翻译
前置式抽油机的现场试验刊物转载说明这篇文献将于1962年5月24日到25日呈现在比林斯，勃朗峰的落基山联合区域会议上。
它是石油工程师学会的财产。
除非是由石油技术杂志的编辑或者执行秘书明确地发布于媒体，本文的权限发布特此限制为不超过300字的没有插图的摘要。
这些摘要应该明确包含此文由谁在哪呈现于媒体的信息。
在此文发表于媒体后的任何引用应提供适当的本文原始信息。
我们接受关于本文的任何讨论。
但是任何讨论应该做成一式三份的文件送到石油工程协会的办公室。
这样的讨论可以在上述会议上提出，可以和本文一起发表在SPE杂志上。
概论最近，几大石油公司对比研究了前置式抽油机、非对称式抽油机和那些众所周知的传统的采油机械。
研究结果表明，前置式抽油机的小扭矩以及结构载荷允许操作人员用更便宜的设备来处理油田中相同的流体载荷。
本文包含一些最近的，有代表性的，石油公司的研究和它的结论。
在1956年后期，油田出现了一种前置式，非对称的机械横梁式抽油机。
这种机器的应用范围被设计得和地面上标准的或传统的采油设备一样。
尽管这种新型机械系统拥有和一般的采油设备相同的结构基础，但是它的机械性能以及功能却和传统的抽油机有着很大区别。
这种机械性能的区别得益于它的结构重组。
结构重组使得这种机器从第一类机械系统（杠杆回转中心在中间）变为第三类机械系统（杠杆回转中心在后梁）。
通过在曲柄上安装角度偏移的配重以及将齿轮减速器移动相应距离使得油井载荷和平衡扭矩产生相位差从而使得机器在特定的方向上运转。
这种前置式抽油机（第三类机械系统）（【图1】所示）采用了简单的杆系结构和空气平衡装置，融合了常规系统的简约、耐用以及高效率等特点，另外，还提供了原动机以及减速器都非常需要的相对均匀的转矩。
这种新型的几何结构使得以下几种抽油机特性成为可能：①简单形式的杆系结构使得因泵的冲程而产生的载荷的波动变得相对有规律。
通过缓和峰值扭矩，我们往往可以选用较小的减速器和原动机来完成指定任务。
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石油及石油产品分析文摘译文李 岩 刘载诗 罗远泉(茂名商检局) 燃烧残渣的化学分析 在所有燃烧残余物中,约有20%被认为源于燃烧质,化学分析试图确定残渣中残留的物质是否已引起或加速燃烧。
样品准备时应十分细心,因为某些物质仍残留有可能的液体助燃剂,这些物质可能会产生大量热解物质。
热解物质中含有的由有机聚合物产生的挥发烃、石油蒸馏物和加速剂(两者可以从C值及主要组分加以区别)可用GC测量。
即使是在蒸发90%以后仍可以将馏分分类。
但这种方法不适用于蒸发后的汽油组成的分析,GC-M S 对烷烃、烷基化苯、环烷烃、1,2-二氢化茚及萘呈现相当均一的响应。
该文对有关燃烧残余物分析的实验室的指导原则作了概述,同时讨论了与实验室间试验程序有关的问题。
(AA,1997,3E58)用傅里叶变换近红外光谱法和傅里叶变换喇曼光谱法判别和量化汽油安砝中的氧饱和物 该文研究了氧含量为2%和2.7%(重量)时四种常见氧饱和汽油添加剂-乙醇、甲基叔丁基醚、乙基叔丁基醚和叔戊基甲基醚的标准物质(NIST)。
同时讨论了通过分析每一标准物质未开启安瓿的方式检测外逸物的方法。
红外分析采用钨(W)光源和一台Ge(锗)探测器,扫描范围12000-5500cm-1,得到4cm-1处16co-added 谱图。
为得到安瓿扩散及穿透平均特性,需以600rpm的转速旋转样品。
FT拉曼光谱法使用钕一钇铝石榴石激光器,波长1064nm,在安瓿内聚焦1-2mm。
两种方法均用偏最小2乘式多元统计方法校准。
两种方法均可在0.1%(重量百分比)氧含量范围内识别并量化添加剂。
这一精度足可以将样品排除在外。
分析时也可以将两种方法组合起来使用。
(AA,1997,3E59)原油和水中C0-C3烃基酚的测定 将油(0.5ml)用15 g2-萘酚(内部标准)处理,然后直接放入一不带盖C18-硅石(NEC)盒中。
用4.5ml轻石油或己烷洗涤,接着用5m l50%甲醇水溶液洗涤。
洗出物用相同的溶剂稀释到10m l。
还有一种方法是:用10ml1M NaOH溶液萃取石油(0.5ml),然后分析碱性萃取液。
洗出液或萃取液放到一10 m哈密顿(Ham ilto n)PRP-1柱(15cm×4.1m m内烃)中。
用乙腈/0.1M醋酸钠(1∶5)洗涤(每分钟2m l),用NaOH将pH值调节到11.5,检测是在0.6V的电压下用玻璃C 电极对Ag/Ag Cl电极进行。
烷基酚也是先萃取,然后转换成T MS(四甲基硅烷)衍生物,再在一敷有0.25 mDB-5的比色柱(30m×0.32m m 内径)上用GC进行分析。
用H2作载气,流量2毫升/分。
文中指明了温度编程情况,使用FID。
分析也可以在0.17 m H P-1柱(25m×0. 25mm内径)上进行,采用质谱仪检测。
SPE法比碱萃取法速度快,回收率≤73.7%,而RSD(相对标准误差)为4.3%-8.6%(n=6)。
对于隔离的异构体而言,两种方法呈现的性能都欠佳, HPLC(高效薄层色谱法)适合于筛选种类繁多的样品。
但在各种异构体要分别量化时,以用GC法为宜。
(A A,1997,3E60)蒸气发生傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定汽油中的苯、甲苯和叔丁基甲基醚 汽油(1 l)在90℃时注入一电加热反应器中,产生的蒸汽用400ml/分流量的N2送入IR(红外)多通道汽室,记录下以时间为变量的1600-500cm-2下的FTIR(傅里叶变换红外)谱图。
这样就可以同时确定苯、甲苯及叔丁基甲基醚(I)。
格雷姆—斯密・60・译自(英)Analytical Abstr acts, 周锦帆 校特读数用于算出相应于每一种被分析物在选定的波数下Chemig ram高度及面积大小。
以己烷为溶剂的标准溶液用于确立合适的基准线,而苯和甲苯的干扰忽略不计。
回收是定量的。
检测范围:甲苯0.2-0.5%,苯:0.02-0.08%,I 0.05%-0.06%,所得结果与用GC法及FTIR 参照法相吻合。
(AA,1997,3E61)用GC-M S法测定汽车汽油中MT BE(甲基叔丁基醚) 将油燃料(5m l)与1ml丙二醇混合,摇匀。
取一份0.5 l溶液注入一涂了M S-5 (0.25 m)的色谱柱(30m×0.25m内径)中,温度由40℃(保持5分钟)逐步升到220℃(保持1分钟),升温速度20℃/分。
甲基叔丁基醚的检测在M/Z45和M/Z73.1下,以单离子监测方式进行。
相对误差<1%。
(AA,1997,3E62)用′H核磁共振光谱仪分析汽油 取样品100 l,稀释在400 l0.25M二甲基草酸的三氯乙烷和四甲基硅溶液中。
在励磁量为4.69T或9.39T时记录NM R(核磁共振)谱图。
频率分别是200.13MHZ和399.95M HZ。
可对140种汽油中的甲醇,甲基叔丁基醚,苯及芳烃作定量分析。
确定了12种结构族,并用于从它们的NMR 谱图中的积分值,采用多重线性回归法计算出辛烷值。
结果与GC法及萤光指示剂吸附法结果相当。
本方法可用于设计在法规许可的范围内具有最佳的辛烷值和评烷敏感度特性的汽油组成。
(AA,1997,3E63)石油及其产品试验方法 (第143部分.原油及油产品的戊烷可溶性沥清质的测定) 将样品与戊烷混合,回流1小时,在暗处存放90-150分钟,将混合物过滤,在回流萃取器中用热戊烷洗涤以除去残渣中的蜡质。
沥青质溶解在热戊烷中,从而与无机物分离、用蒸发的方法除去甲苯,称残余物的重量。
本方法适用于沥青含量在0.5-30%的瓦斯油、柴油、燃料油、润滑油、沥青和原油(温度最高可达260℃)。
(AA,1997, 3E64)石油及其产品试验方法*(第4部分.石油产品-灰分的测定) 样品(最多100g,能得到20m g灰分即可)放入坩锅中,点火及加热到只有灰分和C(碳)残存下来为止。
若有必要,可用丙二醇/甲苯混合物除水。
在775℃的隔焰炉上加热,使残余物转化为灰分。
然后冷却,称重。
本方法适用于馏出液、残余燃料油、原油、润滑油、石蜡及其他灰量在0.001-0.18%的石油产品,但不适用于那些含会产生灰分的添加剂的产品。
方法的重现性≤0.007%。
(AA,1997,3E65)石油及其产品试验方法*(第163部分.石油产品—润滑油和添加剂—硫酸盐灰分的测定) 取样品(≤80克)放入坩埚中,点火燃烧直到只有灰分和碳残存在为止,若需要可加入丙二醇/甲苯除去水。
冷却后的残余物在775℃下与硫酸一起加热以使C(碳)氧化。
将生成的灰冷却,用硫酸处理,再在775℃下再加热30分钟,冷却、称重。
本方法适用于含添加剂的润滑油和在调合中使用的添加剂。
最小可检测到0.005%的硫酸盐灰分。
文中介绍了实验室之间试验的精度数据。
(AA,1997,3E66)石油及其产品试验方法*(第413部分,石油产品-液体燃料中的少量钒-灰化后用无焰原子吸收光谱法测定) 样品(2-4克)放入坩埚中,同时放入0.4克S(硫)或1克二甲苯磺酸,然后灼烧,用隔焰炉在500℃的温度下加热1小时以上,冷却到60-70℃后,加入3m l1M盐酸溶液,将样品在60-70℃温度下加热30分钟后冷却,称重。
用无焰雾化器,采用A AS(原子吸收光谱法)即可测定相应溶液中的钒。
合适的分析手续为:在100℃的温度下干燥30秒,700℃的温度下焚烧10秒,作石墨管在2700℃温度下原子20秒,或用碳棒原子器,在2400℃温度下原子3秒。
本方法适用于含钒量为0.4-4mg/ kg的燃气透平燃料和民用燃料油。
(AA,1997, 3E67)石油及其产品的试验方法*(第346部分,测定未使用过的润滑油基础和不含沥青质的石油馏分中的多环芳烃-二甲基亚砜萃取折射指数法) 取样品(3.85-4.15克)与45m l环已烷及100ml事先已用环已烷平衡的DM SO(二甲・61・ 为英国标准(BS)方法。
基亚砜)混和摇动,在23℃温度下摇动萃取1分钟,上层用DM SO再萃取,收集的DMSO萃取液用NaCl水溶液洗涤。
放置于无水Na2SO4上干燥并在真空条件下蒸发干燥。
将残余物称重,测量RI(折射指数)以测定芳香度。
本方法适用于PAH(多环芳烃)含量在1-15%(质量百分比)的新的不含添加剂且常压沸点≥300℃的润滑油基础油。
(AA,1997,3E68)燃料气分析*(第11部分.非制成气方法11.5节.在线分析系统性能评估) 该文描述确定天燃气的一种分析系统是否令人满意的方法,该方法涉及分析试验气体。
试验气体的组成范围比事先给该系统规定的范围更广。
系统效率、重现性、与(被)分析物与浓度间的响应关系,以及组份间干扰也作了评估。
建议试验在至少三种单独的情况下进行。
该文对准确度未作评估。
(AA,1997,3E69)石油及相关产品1997分析和试验标准方法(书) (英国)石油学会出版:John Wileg and Sons有限公司,书作者为W.Sussex Chichester,1997年。
书号(英国):ISBN 0471970948.3122页(两册),定价:275.00英镑。
(AA,1997,3E70)用气敏传感器响应的中枢网各分析方法作燃料鉴别 取2 l喷气式发动机燃料样品通过GC注入口,在约100℃的温度下注入空气流(15 l/m in)中,再注入一装有八个气敏传感器和一个混合器推进器的PVC气室中。
用多通道控制单元监测每一传感器的阻抗,每个传感器的阻抗事先已设定在苯、甲苯、柴油、汽油,JP-4航空燃料、JP-5航空燃料、乙苯和燃料油的合适水平上。
将每一检测器的响应值平均、存储以作为对每种样品的总响应值。
观察每个总响应值即可了解陈列对六种不同燃料类型中的五种燃料的响应的特性模式。
这一点已从对整套的数据的中枢网络分折中得到确认。
起初燃料被分离到五组(即JP-4,JP-5,JP-7,航空燃料和JP-8/Jet A混合组)中的一组。
在第二步中,混合组中的燃料再被分离到JP-8组或Jet A组中。
(AA, 1997,4E43)用在线NIR(近红外)光谱仪对油砂浆作定量分析 在工艺物流线上的某点将油砂与热水及NaOH混合,在混合点下游把一光纤束探头装入一直径为2.5cm的管子的管壁内,探头的蓝宝石窗口与管内壁齐平,扩散反射光谱图被连续自动地记录下来,每一光谱图为十次依次相连的扫描之和与一参考谱图1100-2300nm)之比。
工艺物流的状况由最初两个主组分量的仪器记录来显示。
前两个主分量会根据矿物类型和水含量的不同而被聚集。
同时还能指示工艺过程从稳定状态始的变化以及过程稳定状态之间的变化。
(AA,1997,4E44)用高效液相色谱法对瓦斯油馏分作组成研究 瓦斯油馏分(250-370℃)溶解在正已烷中,分几批(每批40 l)在 -Bondapak氨基分析柱(30cm×3.9mm内径)式半制备柱(30cm×7. 8m m内径)或Porasil(多孔硅胶珠)柱(30cm×7.8m m内径)上以正已烷为流动相(1ml/min)进行分析,,并作分光光度和折射检测。