英语复合句
英语复合句(高三)
状语从句一、时间状语从句&&& when、while、As:当┄时候1、相同：（1）三个都可接两个一长一短的动作。
表示较长的动作用过去进行时；表示较段的动作用一班过去时。
eg：While/When/As I was walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of the bank （2）三者都可以与现在进行时表示将来的动作eg：I hope you will think of me for a moment as/when/while I am taking my driving test。
（3）三者都可以来连接两个同时进行的长动作，主从句都用过去式eg：I watched her as she combed her hair.We sat watching them when/while they had a close game.2、不同：（1）不用as的场合：当表示将来的状态时，在口语时用when，书面语中用whileeg：When you are eighteen，you can join in the army.--I am going to the post office.--__going there, can you get me some stamps.A．As B．While C．Because D．If（2）不用While的场合：$$$当从句中的动作是短暂性的(V瞬),不用While而用When/As．eg：The clock was striking 12 when/as I came in．$$$当两个短动作的动词同时发出时,用As/When,不用Whileeg：I thought of it just when/as you opened your mouth．(3) 只用as的场合：$$$一边┅一边eg：We sang as we worked．He looked behind as he went along．$$$as+a+n=When┄was+a+neg：As a child, he could remember 100 Tang Poema．= When he was a child, he could remember 100 Tang Poems．$$$ 随着┄┄eg：As time went on, his theory proved to be correct．We do not necessarily grow wiser A we grow older．A．as B．than C．that D．because(4)只用When的场合：$$$ be about to do + when(并列连词)+句子=>when=and just then 或and suddenlyeg：I was about to go out when it rained hard．$$$ was/were doing when +句子eg：I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop．$$$ had not done +状语(时间)when +句子eg：She had not been married many weeks when that man’s younger mother saw her was struck by her beauty．We had not gone ten miles Sam decided he wanfad to go home．(5)常用While场合：$$$ 当主句是过去进行时eg：While John was writing a letter, I was watching TV．$$$ While表示对比时：eg：He likes music while I like sports．$$$ While表示尽管时eg：While I understand your point of view, I do not share it．__ I admit that there are problems, I do not think that they can not be solved．A．Unless B．Until C．As D．While&&& Every timeEach/Last/First time +从句, S+V主The next time (时间状语从句)___ I saw him, I thought him good and honest．A．At first time B．At first C．For the first time D．The first time&&& MomentThe instant +从句 As soon as 从句The minute +(时间状语从句)一┄┄就┄┄eg：The moment he saw the fire, he ran into the house．&&& Noon sooner had S主+ done/been + that + S +Ｖ过Hardly┄whenScarely┄when&&& Sinceeg：It is two years since we last met each other separated．Great changes have taken place since he visited China/its opening.It iseg：“It is ten year since I enjoy myself.” Said he.=I have not enjoyed myself for ten years.It is three years, since he had a chance to go back.It is two weeks since, he was ill.&&& .before:a.主句动作发生在从句之前或者说主句动作已发生但从句动作还未发生但从句动作还未发生,在……之前eg: Be a pupil before you became a teacher.We will have a further discussion before draw a conclusion.Usually scientist test a theory for a while __ they accept it as true.A. beforeB. afterC. whenD. becauseeg: Do not draw a condasion before you think it over.b. 在没有做之前(汉语是否定的,关于则是肯定式)我们将做进一步的讨论,然后再作结论在你没有思考之前,别下结论Let us talk all this over again ___we made a final dicision.A. afterB. before C when D. whileeg: He had gone home before I had time to say thank you.He hang up the phone before I could answer it.They decided to chose away before it caused more change.A. unlessB. untilC. beforeD. althoughHe was forced into the room ___he had time to realize what was happening.A. whenB. afterC. beforeD. asEg: Three moths passed before I realized it.He was so interested in the book that he had read for three hours __he realize it.A.sinceB.asC. beforeD.untild. It waseg: It was many years before he got used to the new life here.e. It will beg: It will not be long before we graduate from high school.It will not be long man canderelop the solar made it serve mankind.A.sinceB. beforeC.whenD. afterSome scientists say that it may be five or six years ___ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A.sinceB. beforeC. afterD. whenIt is a long time B.A.when he saw last youB. since he saw you lastC. before he last youD.than he say youlast&&& after,eg: After he graduated from University, he worked in a big company.I began to prepare the new lesson, ___I had reciewed the old ones.A.beforeB. afterC. untilD. now that &&& until---eg: He waited till/until/ his mother came back.eg: He did not work until/till his mother came back.C: Not untileg: Not until he was in Senior three did he realize the importance of learning English.He did not realize the importance of learning English until he was in senior three.B quite recently, women in that part of the country did not take paid work outside their home.A.beforeB. UntilC. FromD. Sinced. It was/is + not untileg: It was not until he was in Senior three that he realized the importance of learning English.二条件状语从句If , unless, in caseAs long as=so long asOn condition that=ifeg: Once you understand this rule, you will have not further difficulty.You can use my bike on condition that you return it tomorrow.As long as you work hard, you will be successful.He will not go there unless he is invited. Unless=If not + 肯定句三．让步状语从句&&& Although yet +主句Though 主句+stilleg：Though he lives alone，he is happy．&&& Even if =even thougheg：Even if you say so, I do not believe you.Even though you had been busy, you might have helped him.&&& a. wh-even no matter + who/what/where/when/how +从句eg：Whenever I am unhappu, he cheers me up.I will follow him, no matter where he goes.No matter what he did, he could not get the car to start.However long it takes, we will finish the job.However much it cost, I will buy the house.b.However no matter a/adv + stv,4．eg：Young he is, he is knowledgeable.5．whether…or…无论eg：Whether you like it or not, it is going to happen.Believe it or not, it is true.= Whether you believe it or not, it is true.&&& While 尽管…(长放在句首)eg：While I accept that he is not more prefect in many ways, I do actually quite like him.四．原因状语从句1．Because：语气强调,动作能发生的直接原因.Since not because/no only because/just becauseAsForeg：I did not go to the zoo because I had been there twice.Since = now that = seeing thateg：Since everyone is here, let us begin.Since everything is going well, you do not worry about it any longer.Since you do not want to cook, let us have dinner outside.2．As 放在句首,口气较弱,一般指道义上的原因.eg：Many people like white colour as it is a symbol of purity.3．For：推断的理由,主观推测的原因,说明的原因eg：The road is wet, for it must have rained last might.The day breaks, for the bird is singing.五．目的状语从句&&& So thatIn order thatIn case He worked very hard so that the boss might (情态动词)give him(目的) a rise.He worked hard so that he entered Fudan University(结果).1．So that 引导的结果状语从句,否定句中有情态动词eg：The teacher explained it very fast so that the students could not understand him.Take your raincoat with you, lest it should rain.Take your raincoat with you in case, it should rain.六．地点状语从句&&& Where引导地点状语从句放在句首(表示条件)eg：Medicine should be kept where the child can not reach them.Stay where you are.He found he returned where he had been.The museum was built where there used to be theatre.Make a mark where you have questions.Where there is water, there is life.Of Whenever you go, you should bear your motherland in you mind.(让步)I will find her wherever she may be.(地状)&&& Anywhere 也可引导地点状语从句eg：Anywhere he goes, she goes too.七．方式状语从句&&& As, as if = as though 仿佛,好像eg：Do as I tell/show you.Please make his experiment just as Tom did.The plan will be carried out as planned = as it is planned.As the Chinese saying goes,“No pains, No gains.”正如俗话说的It took as if it is going to rain, messes of black clouds are gathering.Of ：Li Ming speaks English as if he were an Englishman.His hair looked as if it had been electrified.八．比较状语从句1．原级：a．表示相同eg：You are as clever as she（is）.b.表示不同eg：He is not as/so till as she.You did not write as/so well as she.C. A be as a.+ a/an + n +asA be as much + un + asA be as many + cn. + aseg：She is as good a student as any of us.She is not as good a girl as she used to be.You can use as much water as you need.I have as many book as you.A few weeks spend in traveling can be just ___classes in school.A. a part of one’s education asB. as(不可省) a useful part of one’s educationasB.part of one’s education as useful D. a part of one’s education as2．比较级：a. A + be + a(比) + than + Beg：He loves his pet dog more than he does his wife.A + be +less + a（原）+ than + BA + V +less + adv（原）+ than + BHe works less B than she does.A.less carefullyB. carefullyC. more carefullyD. carefully aseg：My handwriting is less good than your.3．难点It is warmer here than BA. BeijingB. in BeijingC. it in BeijingHis pronuncicction is better than I =>mine 后置定语The population of China is larger than American =>that of AmericaThe girls in our class are more deligent than class one =>those in class oneA bridge made of wood is weaker than one made of stone.It takes ___ time to go there by plane them by shop.A.far fewerB. far lessC. much fewerD. more lessThe director gave me a netter offer than ____A. Dick’sB. that of Dick’sC. he gave DickD. that’s of Dick’s修饰a/adv 比较级much/farstill/evena.肯a great deal = a lot = lots + 比较级a few/rathera little/a bit/slightlyb.否any/quite + 比较级c.by for 放在句中修饰比较级A + be + the +a(最高) + n + 范围A + V + the + adv (最高) + n + 范围Of Shanghai is the most attractive city in China.Shanghai is a most = very attractive city.His handwriting is better than anyone else’s(隐形的)比较级+ 原形4．倍数(1) A is + 倍数four times1/2 + a/adv(比) + than B25%twice(2) S主+ V(谓) + 倍数+ as a(原) + as + B(1)S主+ V(谓) + 倍数half whattwo-third + n20% size + of + Bfour times the + n depthweightthat ofheightWithout adviement, a daily newspaper would cost four times ___A.too muchB. as muchC. much asD. so manyCollege entronement was 90,000 in Shanghai last year D .---Are Peter’s songs more popular than Tim’s?---Oh, no, they aren’t A popular as Tim’s.A.half asB. so halfC. as halfD. half thanThe house rent is high. He has got about half the space. He had at home and he is paying ___here.A.as three times muchB. three times as muchC. as much three timesD. much as threetimes难点续语境中的比较a. Which is ——country, Canada or Australia?A. a largerB. the largerC. largerD. largeb. How beautiful she sings! I have never heard ——A.the bitter voiceB. a good voiceC. a better voiceD. the best voicec. eg：Of the two coats, he bought the less expensive.d. eg：---Sorry, I’ve spilt soup on your dress. I’ll clean it for you.---Don’t bother, it will make it worse.John plays the piano ——, if not better than David.A.as wellB. as well asC. as wellD. so good asA is not a/adv (比) + than Beg：This problem is not more difficult than that one.This knife is no better/sharp than that one.Does Tom do his new job well?____his old. I’m afraid there is no hope for him.A.No better thanB. Not better thanC. Not as well asD. No as well asS + V + a(比) + than + is/v(谓)…To save money for my manage. Father often takes more work than C——what is good for his health.A. thatB. whichC. /D. in whichThe company became a profitable growing venture sooner than ——.A.was expectedB. it expectedC. expectD. what expected。
初中英语-复合句
初中英语-复合句初中英语语法--复合句本部分内容是中考中必考及常考考点。
考点详解：从句的概念：一个句子在另一个句子中充当成分，充当什么成分就做什么状语。
一、宾语从句1、宾语从句的引导词宾语从句是陈述句时，常用that引导。
在口语中和非正式语言中，可以省略that。
例如：___ us (that) we will have an English test tomorrow.如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来，其引导词用if或whether。
一般情况下，二者可以通用，但从句中有or not或从句充当介词的宾语时，只用whether。
例如：I don’t knowif/whether she will come here。
Sorry。
I don’t know whether hewill come or not.宾语从句是特殊疑问词时，引导词就是特殊疑问词。
例如：Could you tell me where the post office is。
The teacher asked the students what they were doing.2、宾语从句的时态主句的时态是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词的时态要根据具体的情况用相应的任何时态。
例如：Do you know who was talking with at 8 o’clock last night?主句的时态为一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的某一过去时态。
例如：___ me that he had been to ___.从句表示的是客观真理、普遍现象、自然现象时，从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。
例如：She said the sun rises in the east.3、宾语从句的语序在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句要使用陈述句语序，“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。
例如：I want to know when the train left.从句原因状语从句结果状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句地点状语从句1、疑问句转宾语从句当疑问句由do。
英语中的复合句
英语中的复合句
英语中的复合句包括并立复合句和主从复合句。
（一）并立复合句
句型结构：简单句+连词+简单句…
（二）主从复合句
英语中的主从复合句包括三大类从句：名词性从句（四种：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句（两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）和状语从句（十种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、条件及方式或伴随状语从句），共十六种从句（见下表）。
句型结构：
1.主语从句+谓语+其他/It+v…+主语从句
2.主语+联系动词+表语从句
3.主语+实义动词/某些形容词/介词+宾语从句
4.主句中某些抽象名词+同位语从句
5.主句中某些名词（+“，”）+定语从句
6.状语从句+“，”+主句/主句（+“，”）+状语从句。
英语复合句长句带翻译例句
英语复合句长句带翻译例句1、We heard the news that our team had won.我听到消息说我们的队伍获胜了。
2、Whether he will come is not clear.他会不会赴会仍是未知数。
3、What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
4、It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
5、He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
6、I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
7、She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
8、You should have put the book where you found it.你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
9、Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
10、Food is to men what oil is to machine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
11、As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。
12、Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
13、Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
14、He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。
英语学习：复合句概念解析
英语学习：复合句概念解析主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句，主句是全句的主体，通常能够独立存有，从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。
复合句类型1、名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，所以根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1)主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。
2)宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中能够作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
3)表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。
引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。
其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。
4)同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。
同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
2、定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
初中英语语法主从复合句
初中英语语法主从复合句主从复合句是指一个句子中包含一个主句和一个或多个从句。
从句是与主句含义相关的附属句，通常由连词引导。
1. 主句+从句：主句：I will go to the cinema tonight.从句：because it's my favorite movie.2. 主句+从句：主句：She is studying hard.从句：so that she can pass the exam.3. 主句+从句：主句：The teacher asked us to be quiet.从句：while she was giving a lecture.4. 主句+从句：主句：He didn't go to the party.从句：although he was invited.5. 主句+从句：主句：They watched a movie.从句：which was released last week.6. 主句+从句：主句：I don't know where he went.从句：since he didn't tell me.7. 主句+从句：主句：She wants to buy a new car.从句：because her old one broke down.在这些例子中，主从复合句的关系是主句是主要内容，而从句是对主句的补充、说明、原因或条件。
起到进一步解释主句的作用。
从句的引导词包括连词如because、so that、while、although，以及关系代词/副词如which、where、because等。
初中英语复合句例句100个
初中英语复合句例句100个1. I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.2. She was tired because she stayed up late.3. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.4. He likes pizza, although he prefers pasta.5. I will call you when I get home.6. Since it was a holiday, the stores were closed.7. I will go for a run unless it rains.8. She didn’t come to the party because she was sick.9. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.10. I bought some apples, and I also got some oranges.11. Although he was tired, he finished his homework.12. I can help you with your project if you want.13. She likes reading books, but she doesn’t have much time.14. He plays basketball whenever he gets the chance.15. I will help you with your work, provided that you ask.16. While I was cooking, the phone rang.17. I can’t go out because I have to study.18. We went to the beach although it was cold.19. I’ll bring my camera if you bring your tripod.20. She sings beautifully, and she dances well, too.21. If you finish your homework, we can watch a movie.22. Although it was late, they decided to continue.23. I want to travel, but I don’t have enough money.24. Since he loves music, he plays the guitar every day.25. I was surprised when I saw her at the concert.26. I’ll join you for dinner unless something comes up.27. Even though it was hard, she didn’t give up.28. I will buy a gift for her birthday if I have time.29. She studied hard so that she could pass the exam.30. I prefer tea over coffee, but sometimes I drink both.31. Whenever I go to the mall, I buy something new.32. We’ll go hiking unless it rains tomorrow.33. I finished my chores before I went to bed.34. If you need help, just let me know.35. Although it was expensive, I decided to buy it.36. He didn’t come to the meeting because he was busy.37. Since it’s your birthday, we should celebrate.38. I’ll take the bus unless I can get a ride.39. I enjoy playing video games when I have free time.40. She was happy because she received good news.41. If you want to join us, you are welcome.42. Even if it’s raining, we will go for a walk.43. I will finish my homework before I go out.44. Although they argued, they remained friends.45. I will read a book while I wait for you.46. If it’s sunny tomorrow, we will have a picnic.47. She likes to swim, but she is afraid of deep water.48. I was tired, yet I decided to go out.49. I can’t believe that you finished your project early!50. While I was walking, I saw a beautiful bird.51. I’ll call you as soon as I arrive.52. If you want to succeed, you must work hard.53. Although it’s difficult, I will try my best.54. I bought a new dress because I have a party.55. He studies every night so that he can improve.56. Even though he’s young, he is very talented.57. If you see her, please tell her to call me.58. She enjoys painting, and she takes classes for it.59. I will stay home unless you want me to come.60. Since it’s late, we should go home.61. I will eat dinner after I finish my homework.62. Although it was raining, they went for a hike.63. I’ll help you with the project as long as you help me.64. If I had time, I would learn a new language.65. While she was studying, her brother was playing video games.66. I will go shopping if I have enough money.67. Even though it was a tough decision, I made it.68. I’ll wait for you until you’re ready.69. She is going to the concert unless she gets sick.70. I like to play soccer, but I also enjoy basketball.71. If you practice every day, you will improve.72. Although he is busy, he always finds time for friends.73. I will finish this book before I start another one.74. If you study well, you will do great on the test.75. While I was cleaning, I found my old toys.76. I will go to bed early so that I can wake up refreshed.77. Even if it’s cold, I like to go outside.78. Since he’s allergic to cats, he can’t have one.79. I’ll bring snacks for the movie if you bring drinks.80. Although she was nervous, she gave a great speech.81. I want to learn how to cook because I love food.82. If you don’t understand, please ask me.83. I was excited when I heard the news.84. I will watch TV after I finish my homework.85. Since it’s a holiday, we don’t have school.86. I like chocolate, but I prefer vanilla ice cream.87. If it’s not too late, we can go for ice cream.88. Although it was hot, we enjoyed the beach.89. I will practice my speech until I feel confident.90. If you are free this weekend, let’s hang out.91. She reads every night because she loves stories.92. I’ll go to the gym after I finish work.93. Even though he’s tired, he wants to play.94. If I win the lottery, I will travel the world.95. She likes to jog in the morning whenever she can.96. I will help you with your homework if you help me later.97. Since it’s her favorite show, she never misses it.98. I was happy to see my old friend after so long.99. If you want to learn, you must practice regularly.100. Although he had a rough day, he smiled at everyone.。
英语复合句英文版
Complex SentenceA sentence with one independent clause and one more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.When a complex sentence has more than one independent clause, it is called a compound complex sentence.Before we go into details of complex sentences, let us havea basic understanding the following 4 types of sentences:1.Simple sentencepound sentenceplex sentencepound complex sentenceLet us understand the above 4 types of sentences with the following examples:1.Jack bought a car.2.Ricky was a brilliant student and he passed theexam easily.3.John did not go to school yesterday since he wassick.4.James ran fast but he could not win the racebecause his start was late.1.Jack bought a car.Look at the first sentence which has only one subject and one predicate (predɪkət) and makes a complete sense by itself. Such a sentence is called a simple sentence.Look at the second sentence. It contains two parts:★Ricky was a brilliant student.★He passed the exam easily.Note that a coordinating conjunction, and has been used to connect the two parts. Each part contains a subject & a predicate on its own and each part can stand on its own. Therefore each part is a sentence which is a part of a large sentence. This type of part is called a clause. We can also note that each clause is independent of the other and therefore can be called an independent clause.Thus a sentence such as the 2nd which is made up of two or more independent clauses is called a compound sentence.You need to keep in mind that the coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses are and, but, for, or, nor, yet & so. Also the punctuation mark semicolon (;) can function as a coordinating conjunction in some cases.Now look at the third sentence, it too has two parts:★John did not go to school yesterday.★Since he was sick.Here you will understand that the first clause is an independent clause. However the second clause can only give a complete sense only when you read it along with the first clause. Such a clause is called a dependent clause.Therefore a sentence such as the third which is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.Now look at the fourth sentence, it has 3 parts (or clauses): ★James ran fast★He could not win the race★Because his start was lateYou should note that the first two clauses are independent clauses and the third clause is a dependent clause.Thus a sentence such as the 4th containing two or more independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses is called a compound complex sentence.We have now discussed the different types of sentences containing more than one clause which we identified as independent or dependent clause. In the next page we will discuss more about dependent clauses which can be grouped in to 3 sub-categories as noun clauses, adjective clauses and adverb clauses.Clauses of Complex Sentence In the previous lesson we identified two main types of clauses in a complex sentence. That is, independent (or main) clauses and dependent (or subordinate) clauses. Here we are going to analyze the dependent clauses.Dependent clauses can be divided into 03 categories as;★Noun clauses★Adjective clauses★Adverb clausesLet us discuss each of the clauses, which is important in order to thoroughly understand the complex sentence structures.A noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject & a predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.Let's see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1.I expect to win the race.2.I expect that I shall win the race.3.That you had met him before makes mesurprised.The first group of words, to win the race, does not contain a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore a phrase. This phrase is the object of the verb, win and thus it does the work of a noun. Thus it is called a noun phrase.The second group of words, that I shall win the race, has a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore a clause. This clause is the object of the verb, expect, and does the work of a noun. Therefore it is called a noun clause.The third group of words, that you had met him before, is the subject of the verb makes. Therefore it is also a noun clause.An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective.Let's see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1.The bag with a red apple logo is mine2. The bag which has a red apple logo is mine.The first group of words, with a red apple logo, describes the bag and thus does the work of an adjective. But it has no subject and a verb of its own. It is therefore an adjective phrase.The second group of words, which has a red apple logo, also describes the bad and it has a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore called an adjective clause.An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adverb.Let's see the following examples with special attention to the parts in italics:1.John stopped working in the evening (When?)2.John stopped working when the evening came(When?)You will notice that the both groups of words do the work of an adverb as they modify the verb, stopped. The first group of words, in the evening, is an adverb phrase since it has no subject and predicate of its own.However the second group of words, when the eveningcame, has a subject and a predicate on its own and it is therefore called an adverb clause.We have seen that a noun clause is a type of dependent clauses which does the work of a noun in a complex sentence.Since a noun clause does the work of a noun in a complex sentence, it can be:1.The subject of a verb.2.The object of a transitive verb.3.The object of a preposition.4.In apposition to a noun or pronoun.5.The complement of a verb of incompleteprediction.In each of the following complex sentences, the noun clause is the subject of the verb:★How he could assist me was his concern.★Whether we can start next week seems uncertain.★That you did so surprises me.★What I said was true.★When he will return is uncertain.★Why Anne hung herself is mystery.In each of the following complex sentences, the noun clause is the object of a transitive verb:★Please tell me why you did this.★I do not know when she will return.★I cannot tell what has become of him.★I asked the man how old he was.★He says that he won’t leave.★I hoped that it was not true.★She denied that she met him yesterday.★Tell me where you like to live.★Nobody knows who he is.★Ask if he is at office.In each of the following complex sentences, the noun clause is the object of a preposition:★There were no complaints except that the start was bit too late.★Pay attention to what I am now going to say.★There is no meaning in what you said.In each of the following complex sentences, the nounclause is in apposition to a Noun or Pronoun:★You shall never forget this,that honesty is the best policy.★It was unfortunate that you were sick that day.★Her confession that you found the money in the street will not be believed.★His belief that some day he would succeed made him determined.★It is feared that they will not return.In each of the following Complex sentences, the noun clause is used as the complement (ˈkɔmplimənt)of a verb of in complete predication:★Her constant belief was that the infant might live.★My wish is that I may please you.★His great fear is that he may not succeed.★My belief is that she will not come.★Life is what we make it.★This is where I live.A clause coming after a construction consisting of an intransitive verb (particularly the verb to be) and an adjective does the work of noun and is, therefore, treated as a noun clause.In each the following complex sentences, the noun clause comes after an intransitive verb construction:★The sick man was sure that he would recover someday.★The boy was afraid that he would fall down.★All of us are so keen that you should succeed.★They felt very sorry that they lost the match at the end.From the above examples it will be seen that a noun clause is generally introduced by the subordinating Conjunction that. Sometimes, however, the conjunction that is omitted; as,I know (that) you did it.Sometimes, instead of a noun clause introduced by that, the accusative with the infinitive is used.★He thought that he was safe there.He thought himself to be safe there.★I believed that he was a true friend.I believed him to be a true friend.★This proved that the man had stolen the horse.This proved the man to have stolen the horse.★We know that Rama is alive.We know Rama to be alive.As we have seen, an adjective clause in a complex sentence is a type of dependent clauses which does the work of an adjective and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the independent clause.An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun or by a relative adverb; as,★Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.★He is the man whom we all respect.★The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed.★The house where the accident occurred is nearby.★The reason why I did it is obvious.Sometimes, however, a relative pronoun introduces a coordinate clause; as,I met Anne, who (=and he) gave me this letter.He were using the relative pronoun who to introduce the clause. You should note that this clause, who gave me your message, is NOT an adjective clause because it does not identify or describe Anne. This is in fact a compound sentence and"who" means "and he"Now see the following sentence:He is the boy who broke the window.The clause, who broke the window, clearly identifies and describes the boy, and is therefore an adjective clause.The relative pronoun or the relative adverb, introducing an adjective clause, is sometimes understood and omitted; as,★Drink all (that) you can.★I saw a girl (whom) I know.★Where is the food (which) he left for me?★On the day (that) you pass the test I will give you a present.In order English but was used as a relative pronoun as in the sentences below. In such cases but is equivalent to a relative pronoun followed by not.★There was not a women present but wept to hear such news. [That is, who did not weep to hear suchnews.]★Nor is there a man here but loved our Caesar.[That is, who did not love our Caesar.]★There is no fireside but has one vacant chair.[That has not one vacant chair.]Note that than is sometimes used as a preposition before a relative pronoun in the adjective clause; as,★They elected Sunil than whom no better boy ever went to school.★It was a blow than which no crueler was ever struck.★We came to a spot than which mine eyes have seldom seen a lovelier.The infinitive with to is often used as the equivalent of an Adjective Clause★Give me some food which I may eat.Give me some food to eat.★He has no boots which he can wear.He has no boots to wear.★The doctor has given me medicine which I must take.The doctor has given me medicine to take.★I have work which I must do.I have work to do.We have seen that an adverb clause is a type of dependentclauses which does the work of an adverb. It may, therefore, modify some verb, adjective, or adverb in a complex sentence; as,★Strike the iron while it is hot.★You are taller than I thought.★He ran so quickly that he soon overtook me.Adverb clauses are of many kinds and may be classified as follows:1.Adverb clauses of time2.Adverb clauses of place3.Adverb clauses of purpose4.Adverb clauses of cause or reason5.Adverb clauses of condition6.Adverb clauses of result7.Adverb clauses of comparison8.Adverb clauses of supposition[ˌsʌpəˈziʃən]orconcessionAdverb clauses of time are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions whenever, while, after, before, since, as, etc.★When you have finished your work you mayleave.★Don't talk loud while she is singing.★I will do it when I think fit.★They were commanded to wait till the signal was given.★He came after night had fallen.★Do it before you forget.★I have not been well since I returned from London.★There was silence as the leader spoke.★The doctor always comes whenever he is sent for.★The world always will be the same so long as men are men.★As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.★Just as he entered the room the clock struck.★No sooner did he see us than he disappearedAdverb Clauses of Place are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions where and whereas,★I have put it where I can find again.★They can stay where they are.★Where you live I will live.★He led the caravan wherever he wanted to go.★Let him be arrested wherever he may be found.In order English whence and whither were also used to introduce an adverb clause of place:★Go quickly whence you came★The wind beloweth whether it listethAdverb clauses of purpose are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions so that, in order that, and lest. (In order that and lest are used in a formal style.)★I will give you a map so that you can find the way.★We eat so that we may live.★The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems better.★He was extra polite to his superiors lest something adverse should be written into his records.★Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.The conjunction that occurred in older English:★He drew the sword that he might defendhimself.★Come hither that I may bless thee.Adverb clauses of cause or reason are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions because, as, since, that.★I am glad that you like it.★Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.★He thinks, because he is rich, he can buy justice★Because I like you, I shall help you.★I did it because I wanted to.★I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.★Since your father is not at home,I will ask you to take the message.★Since you swear to serve me faithfully, I will employ you.★He was very pleased that you have passed.Adverb clauses of condition are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions if, whether, unless.★Whether the Rajah gives him blows or money, he will speak the truth.★You must go whether you hear from him or not.★I shall forgive you o n condition that you do not repeat the offense.★If I like it, I shall buy it. Come if you wish to.★If it rains we shall stay at home.★If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.★Unless you work harder you will fail.★I can't pay it unless he sends me the bill again.Sometimes the subordinating conjunction is omitted in adverb clauses of condition; as,★Had I not seen this from my own eyes I would not have believed it.★Had I the wings of a bird I would fly away.★He would be happier were he honester★Were an angel to tell me such a thing of you, I would not believe it.★What would you answer did I ask you such a question?Adverb clauses of condition are sometimes introduced by arelative pronoun, or adjective, or adverb (without any antecedent); as,★Whichever road we take we shall be too late.★Whatever may be the result, I shall refuse.★Whatever happens keep calm.★Don't annoy him whatever you do.★However cleverly you may cheat, you will be found at last.Adverb clauses of result or consequence are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that. Frequently so or such precedes it in the principal clause.★He is such a good man that all respect him.★The Romans built in such a way that their walls are still standing.★He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.★So terrible a disease broke out that very few people survived.★Very heavy rain fell so that the rivers were soon in flood.★Laws were quickly passed so that this abusewas checked.★He behaved in such a manner that his reputation suffered.★So cold was it that many died.The Subordinating Conjunction that is often dropped in informal English.★He was so weak he could not speak.★I am so deaf I cannot hear thunder★It was so late I waited no longer★He is so old he can hardly walk★It was so small I could not see it.Adverb Clauses of Comparison are of two kinds:(i) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree(ii) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner Adverb clauses of comparison of degree are introduced by the subordinating conjunction than, or by the relative adverb as; as,★He is older than he looks.★No one can run faster than Rama.★It is later than I thought.★You must work harder than I do.★He is as stupid as he is lazy.★He is not so clever as you think.The verb of the adverb clause of comparison of degree is often understood and not expressed; as,★Nobody knows it better than I [do]★Few are better leaders than he [is]★You like curry better than I [like it]★It will happen as sure as death [is sure]★Not many know the truth of this better than you [know it]Adverb clauses of comparison of manner are introduced by the relative adverb as; as,★You may do as you please.★It all ended as I expected.★As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.★As he has lived so will he die.★As the twig is bent the branch will grow.Adverb Clauses Supposition or Concession are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions though, although, even if.★Though I am poor I am honest.★Though the heavens fall, justice must be done.★Though he slays me yet I will love him.★He set sail though the storm threatened.★Although troops had marched all day they fought bravely all night.★I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.★Even if he is old he is able to do a great deal of work.★I would not do it even if you paid me.So far we identified what a complex sentence is and also identified the different clauses which may form a complex sentence. Then we analyzed in detail each type of clauses and their sentence patterns. In this final stage we try to analysis complex sentences so that students can identify the various clauses and their relation to each other.In analyzing complex sentences, first step should beidentifying the independent clause (or the main clause). The next step is to identify the dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses) and each clause's relation to the independent clause.Let us have a look at the following example:When mother asked how he got his leg injured, he replied that he met with an accident.The above sentence contains 3 dependent clauses:1.He replied. (Independent clause)2.When mother asked. (Adverb clause of timemodifying the verb, replied)3.He met with an accident. ()4.how he got his leg injured.( Noun clause being theobject of the verb, asked)Sometimes, a dependent clause can have another dependant clause within it. Let us see an example:I believe that he did not receive the letter which I sent last week.1.I believe. (Independent clause)2.That he did not receive the letter. (Noun clause,object of believe)3.Which I sent last week. (Adjective clause,modifying the noun, letter)Sentences may be more complex in the case of compound complex sentences where there may be several complex sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions.Let us see the below example:Police asked how he found the bag, but he refused to answer since he was scared.You will notice that there are two independent clauses joined together by but. Note that both independent clauses have dependent clauses.Let us see another example:Peter came to Anthony when he saw him at the market, and he told him that he wished to come out of his debt by a marriage with a wealthy lady whom he loves, whose father has left her a profitable business.1.Peter came to Anthony. (Independent clause 1)2.When he saw him at the market. (Adverb clause oftime modifying came in Independent clause 1)3.He told him. (Independent clause 2)4.That he wished to come out of his debt by amarriage with a wealthy lady.(Noun clause, object of told of independent clause 2)5.Whom he loves. (Adjective clause, modifying ladyof Independent clause 2)6.Whose father has left her a profitable business. (Adjective clause, modifying ladyExerciseTry to analyze the clauses in the following examples:1.I regularly advised him that such business tactics will not result in any profit for him but he never accepted my advice and he continued to follow the same which finally resulted in a huge loss for him.2.He was satisfied with the things he had and it will be his pride and pleasure to hand down his business to his children as he received it from those who preceded him.3.With reluctance, she accepted the invitations of her old faithful friend, who once scolded her for refusing meat; but she said that he had become a vegetarian.4.I know a doctor with spiritual powers who can cure your illness although your doctor says it is incurable, but it is not possible to meet him immediately since there are thousands of patients are waiting to meet him, but you may give it a try.5.Whenever there is something that I don't know I tend to search on the internet but you need to know thereliability of the sites you browse since different sites are there for different purposes.6.The Police informed him that he needs to provide the correct information and if the information give is found to be untrue he will be sued in the Court where you may face sever punishments for providing false information.复合句complex sentencea sentence containing at least one main clause and one subordinate clause 复合句; 至少包含一个主句和一个从句[grammar]分类从属复合句可分为：1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）；定语从句的定义定语从句在句中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。
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指人 指物
专题 14┃ 复合句
2.关系代词的特殊用法 that和which都可以修饰表示物的先行词，有的只能用that， 有的只能用which。 (1)下列情况只能用that： ①先行词为不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等。如： All (that)you have to do is to practice every day. 你要做的 就是每天都要练习。 There isn't much (that) I can do.我能做的不多。 ②先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。如： The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.我 将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。 专题 14┃ 复合句
专题 14┃ 复合句
(4)过去时态： 若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情，则主从句 可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。如： Mother was cooking when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到 家时，妈妈正在做饭。 3．引导词与连词的使用 because与so不能同时用在一个主从复合句中； although/though与but不能同时用在一个主从复合句中。如： Though/Although it was late, they kept working. 尽管很晚了，他们仍然继续工作。
2 状语从句 1．分类 (1)时间状语从句 由when, before, after, until, as soon as, while, as, since 等引 导的状语从句叫时间状语从句。如： I feel very happy ______ when I meet my friends again. 当我再次遇见我的朋友们时我感到很高兴。 We have made many dumplings ______ since we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭，我们已经包了许多饺子了。 He didn't go to bed ______ until he finished his homework. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。(go to bed 表示的动作语从句
比较状语从句
结果状语从句
2.主句与从句时态一致的问题 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态 一致问题一般分为下列两种情况： (1)主现从现： 若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词时，那 么从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。 are/turn red The traffic must stop when the lights ____________. 当红灯亮时，车辆必须停下来。 (2)主将从现： 主句用一般将来时，而从句用一般现在时。 如： I will visit my good friend when I ______ have time. 当我有时间时，我将去看望我的好友。
Polly said no news is good news. 波利说没有消息就是好消息。 3．语序 (1)陈述句改为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如： He is a good boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said (that) he was a good boy. 老师说他是一个好孩子。 (2)一般疑问句和特殊疑问句改为宾语从句，语序改为陈述语序。 如： Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether ____________ he works hard ．我想知道他是否努力工作。 When did he leave？I don't know. →I don't know when he left. 我不知道他是什么时候离开的。 专题 14┃ 复合句
[提醒] 宾语从句与简单句的转换 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句常可以转换为“特殊疑问词＋ to do”结构的简单句。如： I don't know what I should say.→I don't know what__________ ．我不知道要说什么。 to say 4．直接引语变间接引语 (1)人称的变化 一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新
专题 14┃ 复合句
(3)其他状语从句及其引导词 从句名称 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 引导词 where, wherever because, as, since(既然) so that(以便), in order that(为了，目的是) though(虽然), although(虽然), even if＝ even though(即使) than, as„as„， not so/as„as„ that, so that, so„that, such„that(以至 于„„) 专题 14┃ 复合句
专题 14┃ 复合句
(2)引导词和语序 直接引语 陈述句 一般疑问句 间接引语
引导词 that(可省略)
if/whether
语序 不变
疑问语序改为 陈述语序
疑问语序改为 wh 类词 特殊疑问句 陈述语序 直接引语改为动词不定式时，将主句中的say to sb. 改 为tell/ask sb., 构成tell/ask sb.(not) to do sth. 句型 专题 14┃ 复合句
专题 14┃ 复合句
She said, “I am tired.”她说：“我累了。” →She said that __________ she was tired.她说她累了。 The headmaster said to us，“You must study hard now.” 校长说：“你们现在一定要努力学习。” →The headmaster told us that ______ had to study hard we then. 校长告诉我们，我们那时必须努力学习。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。 ③先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修 饰时。如： I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。 ④先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。 如： The white flower is the only one that I really like. 这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。 that I want to read. This is the very book ______ 这就是我要看的那本书。 专题 14┃ 复合句
专题 14┃ 复合句
comes If she ______ here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 如果明天她来这里，我将和她一起去公园。 (3)宾语从句和状语从句同时出现。如： I don't know if(是否) he will come.If(如果) he comes, I will tell him about the accident. 我不知道他是否要来。如果他来，我将告诉他这起事故。 I don't know when(什么时候) he will come tomorrow. When(当……的时候) he comes, I will tell him about the news. 我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
专题 14 复合句(宾语从句、状 语从句、定语从句)
┃考点直击 ┃ 中考考点 1．掌握宾语从句的时态、语序及句中连接词和代词的选用。 2．掌握状语从句中的连词及时态。 3．掌握定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的具体用法。 1 宾语从句 1．引导词 (1)在以that 引导的宾语从句中，若是陈述句作宾语，that 可以省略。如： The radio says (that) it will rain tomorrow. 收音机报道说明天要下雨。 专题 14┃ 复合句
(3)时态的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态 一致。其规律一般是： 一般现在时——一般过去时 一般过去时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时 现在进行时——过去进行时 现在完成时——过去完成时 过去完成时——不变 (4)指示代词、时间和地点状语等的变化 this—that these—those 专题 14┃ 复合句
now—__________ then today—that day tonight—__________ that night this week (year, term)—___________________ that week(year, term) yesterday—______________ the day before last week(year, term)—the week (year, term) before two years ago—_______________ two years before tomorrow—the next (following) day next week(year, term)—the next week(year, term) here—__________ there 专题 14┃ 复合句
I'll call him __________ as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就给他打电话。 Father was cleaning the car ______ while I was playing computer games. 当我正在打电脑游戏时，爸爸在清洗汽车。 (2)条件状语从句 由if(如果)引导的状语从句叫条件状语从句。如： ______ it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike. If 如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。