2013年考研系列——考研英语阅读常见一词多义
2013考研英语一真题核心词汇
2013考研英语一真题核心词汇第一篇阅读文章核心词汇1. version ①说法②版本，译本2. play 扮演，演出；3. scold 责备，怪罪4. descend 下来，传下来，堕落5. fashion ①时装，时尚；②流行in fashion 在流行；go out of fashion 不流行，过时6. department stores 百货商店; chain store 连锁店; flag store 旗舰店7. bargain (n.)廉价品，处理品；(v.) 讨价还价8. bin 桶，柜；dustbin 垃圾桶9. garment 衣服，服装10. doubtless 毫无疑问11. sweater 毛线衣12. top-down 专制的，从上到下的a top-down approach/strategy专制的方式或策略13. conception ①思想，概念②受孕14. You could not be more wrong. 你大错特错了。
I couldn’t agree with you more. 你说得太对了。
15. at odds with 与…不合，与…意见不一致，比如：Her version of the events of that night is quitedramatically at odds with his. 她对那天晚上所发生事情的讲法和他的有很大差异。
16. feverish 发热的，兴奋的，狂乱的17. indictment 起诉，控诉，谴责18. advance 进步，前进19. label 公司，公司的产品或标志，20. such as比如21. Uniqlo 日本服装品牌名，日本服饰零售商22. react to/against 对…做出反应23. turnaround ①周转时间②(尤指生意或经济的)突然好转，起色，转机24. inventory ①详细目录, 清单②储备, 存货25. release (n.) 释放，排放，解除；公映的新影片，发布的新闻，新发行的影片; 发行物26. style-conscious 有时尚意识的27. disposable 一次性的，(收入)可自由支配的、扣除税款后余下的disposable plastic bags 一次性塑料袋，Gerald had little disposable income. 杰拉尔德的可支配收入很少。
2013考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2013 Text 1Paragraph 11、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn`t affect her. 2006年的一部电影《穿普拉达的女王》有段情节这样演绎：Meryl Streepb扮演的Miranda Priestly，斥责她毫无吸引力的助手，因为她反映高端时尚并不能感染她.1.1 version英/'vɜːʃ(ə)n/ 美/'vɝʒn/n. 版本；译文；倒转术1.2 devil英/'dev(ə)l/ 美/'dɛvl/n. 魔鬼；撒旦；家伙；恶棍vt. 折磨1.3 scold英/skəʊld/ 美/skold/n. 责骂；爱责骂的人vt. 骂；责骂vi. 责骂；叱责1.4 assistant英/ə'sɪst(ə)nt/ 美/ə'sɪstənt/n. 助手，助理，助教adj. 辅助的，助理的；有帮助的2、Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant`s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. 然后Priestly说明了助手毛衫的深蓝色是如何从时尚展览中慢慢伸展到百货商店再到平价店中，毫无疑问是这个可怜女孩挑选了这件衣服的地方。
2.1 descend英/dɪ'send/ 美/dɪ'sɛnd/vi. 下降；下去；下来；遗传；屈尊vt. 下去；沿…向下2.2 bargain英/ˈbɑːɡɪn/ 美/ˈbɑrɡɪn/n. 交易；便宜货；契约v. 讨价还价；议价；(谈价钱后)卖2.3 bin英/bɪn/ 美/bɪn/n. 箱子，容器；二进制vt. 把…放入箱中2.4 garment英/'gɑːm(ə)nt/ 美/'gɑrmənt/n. 衣服，服装；外表，外观vt. 给…穿衣服Paragraph 21、This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. 时尚业管理严密的理念已经非常过时了，或与Elizabeth Cline对“快餐时尚”的这三年的控诉书《过度装扮》中所描述的狂热不一致。
2013考研英语历年知识运用高频词常考义汇总
说明：底色绿色的为排版中需要表为粗体的，即文中讲解词组。
字色红色的为该题目正确选项。
（1）6次以上词频make [17][真题考查词义]1. 制造，做，组装2. 使处于…状态：~+n.+ a.+ to do，~sth +a.，~it +a.+ for…to do3. 表使动：~sb do4.做，作出（决定、估计等）[真题考查搭配] 5. ~up形成，构成 6.~friends交朋友7.~ sure确保8. make (for) 走向，有利于，倾向于，导致[精选真题例句]1. Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5nitrogen.（1996）rising unemployment 11(in general) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. (2004)(2001)13. ［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］6(Moreover), inaccurate or indefinite words mayunderstand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. （1994）3. Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.（2009）the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14’s population.（2006）that the viewer does not miss some point of interest. （1991）work [16][真题考查词义]1. v.工作，干活2. n. 工作，活计，劳动[真题考查搭配]3.work force劳动力4. ~for 产生（预想的效果）5．~up逐步建立，逐步发展，逐步引起[真题扩充词汇]6. working a. ：~ parents 在职的父母（2004原）；~ vocabulary常用词汇（1994原）；~ hours 工作时间（1990原）[精选真题例句]1. He is that __2（rare）__ bird, a scientist who works independently __3（of）__ any institution. （2008原）2. The communications revolution has 18（influenced）both work and leisure and how we thinkand feel both about place and time.（2002原）4. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound shaping qualities, and 11（too）few entries and exits will not work for12（its）purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be 13（decorated）. （1993原）5．It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up.5.\[A\] gathered\[B\] speeded\[C\] worked\[D\] picked （2003）come [13][真题考查词义]1．（时间）到来，（事件）发生2．来，来到[真题考查搭配]3．~from来自于……4．~in可提供、可利5．~to达到（某种状态或境地）6．~up（尤指步行）走近7．~off脱落，分开；进行，举行；达到效果，成功8．~into变成、成为……；进入（某种状态或境地）9．~round（到某人家中）拜访；改变观点；（如往常一样）降临，发生；恢复知觉，苏醒[精选真题例句]1．Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18（slower）because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19（produced）. （2007）2. She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 10(side). （1986）3．Teenagers are especially self conscious and need the 5（confidence）that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6（admired）by others. （2003）4．There is so much 4（potential）pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland. And what useful packages it would come in! （1989）5．Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first time 1 and provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.1. ［A］come to life［B］come into existence［C］come into activity［D］come round （1989）6．We ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.（1986）7．There can be no question about the value of a safety program. ⑩From a financial standpoint alone, safety8.8.\[A\] comes off\[B\] turns up\[C\] pays off\[D\] holds up（1994）8．Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first time 1 and provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.1. ［A］come to life［B］come into existence［C］come into activity［D］come round （1989）say [12]【真题考查词义】1.说，讲；表达，表述2.[僻] （书面材料或可见的东西）提供信息，指示【真题考查搭配】3.be ~ed to do/be据说…【精选真题例句】1. The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is __1（prepared）__ to say it anyway. （2008）2. There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours 7（for）less than a pounda week,”and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty nine pounds fifty.”（1986）3. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. 18. ［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told（2001）look [11]【真题考查词义】1. 看起来：+a.2. 看，瞧：~（at）3. 看来好像，似乎，仿佛：~（like）4. 找寻，寻找：~（for）【真题考查搭配】5. ~to依赖，期待，指望；6. ~into调查，审查7. ~for期望，期待8. ~at （仔细）察看，检查；思考，研究；（用某种方式）看待9. ~back（over）回首，回顾10. ~round环视，环顾；回头看11. ~on旁观；看作，视为，看待【精选真题例句】1. For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6（deprivation）is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7（upon）examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.（1995）2. “Oh, well, no,” she said. “I was just looking.”（1986）For an hour or 1（so）she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and..（1986）3. You would be 6（shocked）if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant.7. ［A］like ［B］for ［C］at ［D］into（1993）4. They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1（in their own way）.（1988）5. The roughly 20 million 1（inhabitants）of these nations looked 2（hopefully）to the future.（2007）6. Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.（1989）7. 见例38. 见例39. In the fall, they look back 7 the past year.7. ［A］in［B］of［C］over［D］at（1988）10. One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look 5 without feeling they had to buy something.5. ［A］behind［B］round［C］back［D］on（1986）“Can I help you, Madam?” She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 10（side）.（1986）11. 见例10mean [11]【真题考查词义】1. v.意味着2. [僻] a.平均的，介于中间的3. [僻] a.(人的理解力或能力)平庸的，一般的【真题扩充词汇】4. ~ing n.含义，意义【精选真题例句】1. This means that our noses are 3（limited）to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4（missing）the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. （2005）This may mean the difference between operating at 10（a profit）or at a loss. （1999）2. This group generally do well in IQ tests, __9（scoring）__ 12-15 points above the __10__ value of 100, and have contributed __11（disproportionately）__ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West.10. ［A］normal ［B］common ［C］mean ［D］total（2008）3. They 1（admitted）that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man.2.［A］plain［B］average［C］mean［D］normal（1998）4. 5（Above）all, he has to be able to 6（create）a continuous sequence of visual images which 7（add）meaning to the sounds which the listener hears.（1991）take [11][真题考查词义]1．花费，用去，消耗2．吃、摄入3．从…中取出，取得：~sth from sth4．带走、拿走：~sth with sb5．乘坐[真题考查搭配]6．~off 起飞；模仿（某人）；（体育运动等中）换下（某人）；脱下；休假；取消，停演；剪掉，截去7．~ over接替，接任，接管8．~to逃往，躲到；养成…习惯；培养…能力；开始喜欢9．~away解除，消除（感情、痛苦等）10．~for当作，误认为[精选真题例句]1．It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6（off）the starting line because it depends on learning—a(n) 7（gradual）process—instead of instinct.（2009）2．Many people,10（meanwhile）, believe in being on the “safe side”and thus take extra vitamins.（1996）3．However, 8（while）the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000 million cubic metres of water could be taken from it! （1989）4．He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him.（1987）5．On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. （1986）6．What makes the space shuttle 11（unique）is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane.（1992）7．At work, robots will take 7 most jobs in the manufacturing industries.7. ［A］to［B］away［C］off［D］over（1990）8．见例79．见例710．18, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20（capabilities）and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.19.\[A\] making\[B\] standing \[C\] planning\[D\] taking （2003）way [11]【真题考查词义】1. n.方法：in+~【真题考查搭配】2. in one’s own ~以…的特有方式3. in a~在某种程度上，不完全地4. by the~顺便提一下、问一句5. on the~即将去（或来）；在路途中【精选真题例句】1. Finding ways to 10（assist）this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.（2006）The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9（unable）to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.（1994）10. ［A］case ［B］means ［C］method ［D］way2. They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1.1. ［A］in their own style［B］in their own way［C］on their own ［D］of their own （1988）3.And then, with all the things she needed 3（bought）she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour 4 she liked best4. ［A］in a way［B］by the way［C］in the way［D］on the way（1986）commit [9]【真题考查词义】1. 犯罪，犯错2. 承诺，保证（做某事，遵守协议等）：be ~ed to【真题扩充词汇】3. commitment n.承诺，许诺4. ~tee委员会【精选真题例句】1. many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) （2004）2. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4（missing）the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.3. ［A］limited［B］committed［C］dedicated［D］confined（2005）3. they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19（planning）for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans （2003）4. in a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee （2001）increase [9]【真题考查词义】1. v.增加【真题扩充词汇】2. increasingly ad. 越来越多地，不断增加地【精选真题例句】1. 7（Although）the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8.8. ［A］inflating ［B］expanding ［C］increasing ［D］extending（2006）All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.（2004）2. Finding ways to 10（assist）this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.（2006）particular [9]【真题考查词义】1. 特定的，特指的【真题考查搭配】2. in ~（见逻辑连接词）(2001)【真题扩充词汇】3. ~ly尤其，特别【精选真题例句】1. The group in __8（question）__ are a particular people originated from central Europe.（2008）This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose.10. ［A］unusual［B］particular［C］unique［D］typical3. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. （1987）provide [10]【真题考查词义】1.提供【真题扩充词汇】2. ~ed (that) prep./conj.（见“逻辑连接词”）【精选真题例句】1. A variety of small clubs can provide 10（multiple）opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11（group）dynamics.（2003）think [9]【真题考查词义】1. 认为，以为：be thought to do/to be/+a.，~that2. 思考【真题考查搭配】3. think of sb/sth把…看作，把…视为4. at the thought of一想到…5. give thought to思考，考虑【真题扩充词汇】6. thought n. （见【搭配】）【精选真题例句】1.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not__4（previously）__ thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections.（2008）These facts, __14（however）__, have previously been thought unrelated.（2008）Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals.（2005）Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker!（1989）2.The communications revolution has 18（influenced）both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time.（2002）3.They were thought of, like people, 15（in terms of）generations, with the distance between generations much 16（smaller）.（2002）4.__5（Even）__ he, however, might tremble at the __6__ of what he is about to do.6. ［A］thought ［B］sight ［C］cost ［D］risk（2008）5. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2（accommodate）such changes.1.\[A\] thought\[B\] idea \[C\] opinion\[D\] advice （2003）usual [9]【真题考查词义】1. 通常的，寻常的，惯常的【真题考查搭配】2. as~照例，像往常一样【真题扩充词汇】3. ~ly通常地，正常地，一般地4. un~不寻常的，特别的【精选真题例句】1. We are not 17（aware）of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18（notice）new smells when we visit someone else s.（2005）2.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small scale study in operant conditioning.14. ［A］by chance ［B］in contrast ［C］as usual ［D］for instance（2009）3.This may 16（also）explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be.（2005）4.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has __19（subjected）__ them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this __20（paradoxical）__ state of affairs.（2008）get [8]【真题考查词义】1.获取2.变得：系动词~+a.【真题考查搭配】3.~into到达，进入到（某地）；处于（某种状态）4. ~up起身5.~over sth解决，克服；（to sb）把……（向某人）说清楚，使理解【精选真题例句】1. 8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9（excess）vitamins.8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting［C］Providing［D］Furnishing（1996）2. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. （1990）3. This is because when the sun has a bigger area to warm 10（up）, less heat actually gets into the iceberg. （1989）the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay 7（unless）he wanted to get into serious trouble（1987）4. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay 7（unless）he wanted to get into serious trouble. （1987）5. The former has been __15__ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of __16(valuing)__ education.15. ［A］given up ［B］got over ［C］carried on ［D］put down（2008）keep [8]【真题考查词义】1.（使）保持，处于：~sth+a.2.存放，储存【真题考查搭配】3. ~a lookout for注意，留心【精选真题例句】1. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19（available）for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20（such as）the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.（2005）2.He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large 5（stock）of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. （1987）3.For an hour or 1（so）she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything,buying here and there, and 2 a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had 2. ［A］taking［B］making［C］fixing［D］keeping （1986）possible [8]【真题考查词义】1. 可能的【真题扩充词汇】2. ~ly 与can’t，couldn’t等否定词连用，以加强语气3. ~ility可能性4. im~ 不可能的；the impossible n.不可能的事【精选真题例句】1. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be 4（as）attractive and comfortable as possible. （1993）2. 1（Indeed），homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can t possibly 2（cope）.（2006）3. Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. （1989）4. The space shuttle, the world s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step 15 making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man. （1992）available [7]【真题考查词义】1. 可获得的，可得到的【真题扩充词汇】2. ~ility可获得性，可得到，有效性【精选真题例句】1. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20（such as）the smell of smoke.19. ［A］available［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable（2005）2. Other 17（identifiable）causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 18 of drugs and alcohol…18.\[A\] expense \[B\] restriction \[C\] allocation \[D\] availability（2004）describe [7]【真题考查词义】1.描述，形容【真题扩充词汇】2. description【精选真题例句】1. the new experiments, such as those 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis4. ［A］maintained［B］described ［C］settled ［D］afforded（1995）2. Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a 4（present day）writer.（1990）effect 7【真题考查词义】1. n.效应，影响，结果2. v.使发生，实现，引起【真题考查搭配】3. in ~实际上，事实上；（法律或规则）在实施中，有效【真题扩充词汇】4. ~ive a.产生预期结果的，有效的5. ineffective a. 无效果的；不起作用的【精选真题例句】1. The former has been __15（put down）__ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of __16（valuing）__ education. （2008）2. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time18.\[A\] regarded\[B\] impressed\[C\] influenced\[D\] effected（2002）3. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5（speeded）up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6（on）through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7（into）the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 8.8.\[A\] concept\[B\] dimension\[C\] effect\[D\] perspective （2002）4. When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television.（1991）5. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15（create）new receptors if necessary.14. ［A］ineffective［B］incompetent［C］inefficient［D］insufficient（2005）give [7]【真题考查词义】1. 给，给予【真题考查搭配】2. thanks ~ing day 感恩节3. ~ sth/oneself up（to）把……让给；使（自己）陷入（某种感情而不加控制）【真题扩充词汇】【精选真题例句】1. 11（even）when homeless individuals manage to find a 12（shelter）that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night（2006）3. The former has been __15__ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of __16（valuing）__ education.15. ［A］given up ［B］got over ［C］carried on ［D］put down（2008）light [7]【真题考查词义】1.明亮的，有自然光的【真题考查搭配】2. cast ~on 使（问题等）较容易理解3. in the ~of考虑到，鉴于【真题扩充词汇】4. ~ing n.照明【精选真题例句】1. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4（advantage）in not being too bright.3. ［A］thinner ［B］stabler ［C］lighter ［D］dimmer（2009）2. A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die.8. ［A］paid attention to［B］caught sight of ［C］laid emphasis on ［D］cast light on(1995) 3. it was not 2（until）the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre electronic 3（medium），following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4of the periodical.4.\[A\] process\[B\] company\[C\] light\[D\] form（2002）4. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor.（1993）result [7]【真题考查词义】1. n.后果，结果【真题考查搭配】2. ~in造成，导致3. as a~结果…【真题扩充词汇】4. ~ing a.因而发生的，因此而产生的【精选真题例句】1. 18（Above all）, they would hope to study a(n) 19（fundamental）question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20（So far）the results are inconclusive. （2009）2. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has __19(subjected)__ them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this __20(paradoxical)__ state of affairs.（2008）3. it would be 7（wise）to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8，publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews,8.\[A\] in effect \[B\] as a result \[C\] for example\[D\] in a sense（2003）4. The resulting discontent may in 12（turn）lead more youths into criminal behavior.（2004）suggest [7]【真题考查词义】1. 表明，显示，暗示【精选真题例句】1. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only __7__ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.7. ［A］advises ［B］suggests ［C］protests ［D］objects（2008）Dr Cochran suggests that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately __18（linked）__.（2008）turn [7]【真题考查词义】1.（使）变成，成为【真题考查搭配】2.~out 结果证明是3.~ （sth）around （使）扭转、好转4.in~ 转而，相反地5.~over 使转身，翻转；认真思考；（商店）周转6.~on接通（电流、煤气、水等），打开，启动7.~up调高（音量、热量等）；（被）找到，意外发现；出现，露面【精选真题例句】1.There is so much 4 (potential) pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland. (1989)2.Intelligence, it 5 , is a high priced option.5. ［A］insists on ［B］sums up ［C］turns out ［D］puts forward（2009）3.Many others, 14(while) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15(survival) skills needed to turn their lives 16.16. ［A］around ［B］over ［C］on ［D］up (2006)4.For example, changes in the economy that 10(lead) to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11(in general) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior. (2004)12.\[A\] case \[B\] short \[C\] turn \[D\] essence5. Many others, 14(while) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15(survival) skills needed to turn their lives 16.16. ［A］around［B］over ［C］on ［D］up (2006)experience [6]【真题考查词义】1. v. 经历，经受；感受，体验2. n. 经验，实践3. n. （一次）经历，体验【精选真题例句】1. Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. （2003）2. Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing.（1988）3. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. （1987）go [6]【真题考查词义】1.去，走，去往，离开，出发2.（为某目的）去（某处）3.~on to sth进而转入另外一件事4.~ by（时间）逝去，过去【真题扩充词汇】【精选真题例句】1.He went to a famous jewelry shop which (1987)2.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill…laid down that everybody was 15（entitled）to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. （2001）3.A variety of activities should be organized 15（so that）participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to16（something）else without feeling guilty.（2003）4.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too.（2002）leave [6]【真题考查词义】1. 离开…（去…）：~…（for）2.把…留交，交托【真题考查搭配】3. ~ … in the dust把某人远远抛在后面，使望尘莫及【精选真题例句】1.In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World. (1988)2.the 11（interpretation）of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12（rather than）to Parliament （2001）3.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10（backward）at all the species we ve left in the dust I.Q. wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11（costs）of our own intelligence might be.（2009）medium [6]【真题考查词义】1. n. （传播信息的）媒介，媒体（复数media）2.[僻] a.中等的，中号的【精选真题例句】1. it was not 2（until）the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre electronic 33.\[A\] means\[B\] method\[C\] medium\[D\] measure（2002）02原media，正1 3t，01原2 its impact on the media was not immediately 12（apparent）（2002）2. That would probably be more than enough for any medium sized city even in the hottest summer! （1989）sense [6]【真题考查词义】1. n. 理解力，判断力：a ~of+ n.2. n. 含义，理解……的方式，看待……的角度：in+~3. v. 感觉到，意识到，觉察出1. they can help students acquire a sense of commitment （2003）But the 19th century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest 2 of the word.（1990）2. ［A］sense［B］meaning［C］detail［D］implication3. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11(messages) to the brain. (2005)state [6]【真题考查词义】1. n.状态，状况：state of ~事态，情况2. n.国家3. v.规定，公布4. v.陈述，说明，声明【精选真题例句】1. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has __19（subjected）__ them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this __20（paradoxical）__ state of affairs.（2008）2. 6（Generally）there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states.（2007）3. They can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19（planning）for roles that are within their 20（capabilities）and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.（2003）4. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. 18. ［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told （2001）这些经常在知识运用中出现的高频词绝大多数都是基础词汇。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解——2013阅读Text 2(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解——2013阅读Text 2（上）这篇文章主要讨论用户是否愿意接受网络跟踪性质的广告，以及一些互联网公司对于这样一种产品的态度。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.7 budget ['bʌdʒɪt]n. 预算vt. 安排，把…编入预算adj. 廉价的【词根记忆】：bud(萌芽)+ get(获得)→未成形之前获得的→未进行就省下的钱→预算【短语搭配】：financial budget 财务预算budget for 为…作预算【真题例句】：An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. 古语云：有一半的广告预算浪费掉了——问题是，没人知道这一半浪费在哪?2. 4 fraction ['frækʃ(ə)n]n. 分数;部分【词根记忆】：fract(break,“打碎”)+ ion(名词后缀)→打碎之后就成了碎片【短语搭配】：a fraction of 一小部分【真题例句】：In the Internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. 至少从理论而言，在互联网时代，这部分预算是可以大大缩减的。
3. 22 reduce [rɪ'djuːs]v.减少;归纳为【词根记忆】：re(回)+duce(引导)→往回引→缩减【真题例句】：Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. 如今一纸解雇通知书、一份疾病诊断报告或夫妻协议书都可能会让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。
考研英语一词多义
考研英语一词多义总结前言大家虽然费了很大力气才记住一些单词，在考试中却往往起不到作用。
其实，任何人如果能够多了解一些英语语言学的基础知识，便可以对这种情况有比较清楚的认识。
英语语义学将一个单词的含义划分为七个层面，普通英汉词典中给出的往往只是单词的概念意义（ conceptual meaning ），或者至多也不过是供参考和选择的潜在语意，即脱离了使用场合后的基本含义，其目的只是为了方便学习者对单词进行记忆。
但大家都很明白，单词一旦脱离使用环境就不再具有任何实际意义了。
另外，从词源学角度讲，每个单词在特定时期通常只有一个主导含义。
考研英语考试中选取的语篇基都是最新材,因此词汇含义当然也是最新的，有些甚至市面上通行的词典还未来得及收录。
针对这种情况，笔者特意为考生编制了这个一词多义总结。
名为多义，实际上除了个别意义确实较多的单词外，大部分还是一义，即这些单词在近年考试真题中出现时的最主要含义（有些条目指的是注释中带有下划线的部分）。
当然，如果某些单词的常用含义确实不止一个，我们也基于语用学的基本原则为大家指出这些含义所使用的场合（为使考生理解得更加准确，个别单词甚至附上其英语解释）。
例子:1.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.2.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growingthreat of global warming3.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.4.Managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longerframes.5.Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.6.Works by Gore Vidal, Henry Wiencek, and Garry Wills reveal the fragile nature of the country's infancy.7.This “ added-worker effect” could support the safety net to help families weather bad times.8.trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment9.bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles.10.For younger families, the picture is not any better.11.This is “t he democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse12.The large, slow-growing animals were easy game.13.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia is a promising start.14.Americans no longer expect public figuresto command the English language with skill and gift.15.On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic.正文部分•above / beyond: 介词，后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”，例如：“ above comprehension ”的意思是“无法理解”。
考研英语词汇大全之2013年考研英语真题词汇讲解
考研英语词汇大全之2013年考研英语真题词汇讲解考研英语大纲词汇5500，要全部熟练掌握不是那么容易，尤其对于背单词尤为头疼的考生，在背单词时最好能够把握一些重点和常考词汇，主次分明，更加有效率。
下面凯程在线分享历年真题中涉及的词汇，配以真题例句，帮助考生更好的来学习。
下面是2013年真题词汇讲解，大家看看。
1.grant (vt.给予，准许),external (.外部的)[真题例句] At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by external factors.乍一看这好像是一种优势，能够使人作出不受外界因素影响的公正的决定。
【考研，2013，完形】2、picture (n.情况，局面)[真题例句] But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculate that an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.但乌里?西蒙逊博士推测，不考虑大局会导致决策者受日常处理的信息样本的影响而带有偏见。
【考研，2013，完形】3.be soft on (在…方面软弱)，for example (例如)，fearful(a.担心的，害怕的)[真题例句] For example，he thtorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send smeone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.例如，他提出一个理论，对于一个害怕自己看起来对犯罪活动过于心慈手软的法官来说，如果当天他已经宣判五六个被告仅进行强制性的社区服务，那么他将某个人送人入监狱的可能性会更大。
2024考研阅读核心词汇总结16(2013英语二text1)
2013英语二text1In an essay1, entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates2 a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill3 has been automated4: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The ma n is there to feed5 the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from6the machines.”Davidson’s article1is one of a number of pieces1that have recently appeared making the point7 that the reason we have such stubbornly8 high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand9 because of the Great Recession10, but it is also because of the advances11in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average13skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially14over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when s o many more employers have so much more access to15so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics16, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius17. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra —their unique value contribution that makes them stand out18 in whatever is their field19 of employment. Average is over.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there’s been an acceleration20. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed21 workers so fast that they erased22almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly23one out of every three manufacturing24 jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”There will always be change—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution25, the best jobs will require26 workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill27 for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education28.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate29 ________.[A] the impact30 of technological advances[B] the alleviation31 of job pressure[C] the shrinkage32 of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to ________.[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate33 salary[C] adopt34 an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation35 in Paragraph 4 explains that ________.[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ________.[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] to advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect36[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is Bad【干货笔记】1. essay n. 论文；议论文（=article = piece = paper = title）2. relate v. 讲述；叙述；使互相关联3. textile mill 纺织工厂mill n. 磨坊；工厂4. automated adj. 自动化的5. feed v. 喂养6. keep ... from ... 使... 远离...7. making the point 持有这一观点8. stubbornly adv. 顽固地9. unemployment n. 就业；就业率10. the big drop in demand 需求的极大下降11. Great Recession 经济衰退12. advance n. 前进，进步13. replacing A with B 用B替代A14. average adj. 平均的；中等的；普通的15. officially n. 官方地；正式地16. have access to ... 可以使用...17. robotic n. 机器人18. genius n. 天才19. unique adj. 独特的，唯一的20. value contribution 价值贡献21. stand out 脱颖而出22. field n. 田地；领域23. acceleration n. 加速accelerate v. 加速24. shed v. 摆脱；去除25. erase v. 擦除，抹去26. roughly adv. 粗糙地；粗略地，大约；粗暴地，粗鲁地smoothly adv.光滑地；平稳地；流畅地；顺利地The company is running smoothly. 公司运转平稳。
2013年考研英语（一、二）阅读理解真题及答案解析
Section I Reading Comprehension(英语一)Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER S HEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn‘t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant‘s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn‘t be more out of date or at odds with the feveri sh would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline‘s three-year indictment of ―fast fashion‖. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don‘t advertise that–and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdres sed is the fashion world‘s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan‘s The Omnivore‘s Dilemma. ―Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,‖ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can‘t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can‘t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closes t in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft‘s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertise rs to:[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence [B] understanding[C] appreciation [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN‘s ―Red List‖ suggest that human be ing are[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world‘s dominant power[D] a misplaced race[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet‘s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona‘s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration‘s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the fou r contested provisions of Arizona‘s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ‖and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court‘s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately ―occupied the field‖ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal‘s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That‘s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion of federal executive power‖. The White House argued that Arizona‘s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disa grees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did s o. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn‘t want to carry out Congress‘s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona‘s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers‘ duty to withhold immigrants ‗information.[B] States‘ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States‘ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress‘s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution. [B] undermined the states‘ interests.[C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states. [B] is dependent on the states‘ support.[C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section II Reading Comprehension（英语二）Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER S HEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled ―Making It in America‖, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,‖ a man and a dog. The man is there to f eed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.‖Davidson‘s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won‘t earn you what it used to. It can‘t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find theirextra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there‘s been a acceleration. As Davidson notes,‖ In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software [B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle [D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution [B] to ensure more education for people[C] to advance economic globalization [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect [B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over [D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic include settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 millio n departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, ―uccelli di passaggio,‖ birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don‘t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the newbirds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to so lve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today‘s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 ―Birds of passage‖ refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic. [B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foreign temporarily. [D]find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories. [B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges. [D]has been fixed via political means.28 According to the author, today‘s birds of passage wa nt___[A] financial incentives. [B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs. [D]the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners. [B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance. [D]as mighty rivals.30 which is the most title?[A] come and go: big mistake. [B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk. [D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren‘t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at theUniversity of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we‘re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly ―thin slice‖ information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in ―thick sliced‖ long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemp lating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn‘t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.[A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous [D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.[A] trust our first impression [B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act [D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment [B]‗‗thin sliced ‘‘study[C] sensible explanation [D] adequate information35. The author‘s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant [B] uncertain[C] optimistic [D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe‘s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Com mission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?―Personally, I don‘t like quotas,‖ Reding said recently. ―But i like what the quotas do.‖ Quotas get action: they ―open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,‖ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding‘s reluctance-and her frustration. I don‘t like quotas eit her; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much ―soft pressure ‖ is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children‘s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union‘s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding‘s call[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results39. The author‘s attitude toward Reding‘s appeal is o ne of _________.[A] skepticism [B] objectiveness[C] indifference [D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice [B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies [D] greater ―soft pressure‖Section I Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121．【答案】B【解析】事实细节题。
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2013年考研系列——考研英语阅读常见一词多义2013年考研系列——考研英语阅读常见一词多义act, appeal, assume, claim, discipline, fair, figure, feature, issue, note1) Actn. ①法案, 法令②动作, 举动③节目, (戏剧的) 幕v. ①行动, 产生...的效果②担当③表演, 表现, 见效(07-01) this success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. （名）行为这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。
(07-04) Regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.（动）行动如果公司没有提供适当的信息安全保护措施，那么监管人员就会采取行动。
(06-01) this turned shopping into a public and democratic act. （名）行为这使得购物成为一种大众的、民主的行为(96-02) The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. （名）法案商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。
2) Appealn. ①请求, 呼吁②上诉③吸引力(appealing: 有吸引力的) v. ①求助, 诉求②控诉(03-03) Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's SurfaceTransportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. （动）上诉如果客户感到他们被多收费，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“陆路运输局”以争取价格下调。
但这个过程耗财、耗时，并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。
(99-04) NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.（动词）呼吁NBAC的成员明确表示，他们呼吁由私人提供资金的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核转移去克隆人。
3) Assume /Assumptionv/n: ①假定, 设想②采取③呈现④承担(05-01) Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. （名）假定，假设这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。
(98-02) What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. （动）认为商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。
(97-02) As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.（名）信念，假定同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。
4) Claimv/n: ①索赔②声称③主张(05-01) If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. （动）宣称如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
(05-04) Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. （动）主张同样的，对于诗歌来说，非常个性化和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。
(01-05) A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".（动）主张一次平调伤了我的自尊心，并阻断了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，当然，就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰性地声称“我只想与家人更多的呆在一起”。
(00-05) In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. （动）声称然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。
(99-01) As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. （名）索赔尽管个人伤害的索赔一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。
(99-05) He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. （名）主张他所提出的种种主张是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。
5) Disciplinen.①纪律②学科n/v.训练(96-03) The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. （名）纪律罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。
(96-04) With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. （名）训练由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。
6) Fairadj. ①(肤色)白皙的②(头发)金黄的③干净的④公平的⑤(天气)晴朗的n. 展览会, 市集(07-03) During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. （形容词）公平的在过去的十几年里，美国那些曾经可以依靠辛勤劳动和公平竞争以维持其收入稳定的中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新现实改变了。
(03-02) For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. （名）集市例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。