科技英语翻译-第2章范例
科技英语翻译2
转译为定语—have 谓语句
Have 作谓语的句子中，其宾语常常为了符合表达习惯转译
成汉语的主语，而原句的主语相应的转译成译文中主语的定 语。 Good clocks have pendulums（钟摆） which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度的变化。 Such bearings have the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect geometry of the raceways(滚道) and rollers(滚子). 这种轴承的缺点是滚道和滚子需要近乎完美的几何形状。
转译为宾语-- Passive voice: 主宾互 换
Passive voice: 主宾互换，无主句或泛指人称代词作主语 In producing different materials, different speed should be
used. 在生产不同材料时，应采用不同的速度。 Work must be done in setting a body in motion. 使一个物体运动，就必须做功。 Nuclear energy thermoelectric generators are proposed as power sources for the solar system deep space explorers. 有人建议将核能温差电池用作太阳系远程空间探测器的能源。 Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 人们认为陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来的。
section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技英语写作Unit 2
(2) Be Specific
What titles are specific? In preparing the title of a paper, a general
and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Retrieval will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics, or Computer Retrieval on International Conference Information, according to the content of the paper.
General Functions
GAF G – generalizing the text A - Attracting the reader F – Facilitating the retrieval
(1) Generalizing the Text
A title should summarize the central idea
Linguistic Features
2 points:
More nouns, nouns
phrases and gerunds An incomplete sentence
科技英语翻译2
●1．As the mass of a body is constant．the effect of the increase in applied forceis to increase the velocity．●2．The best way to improve urban air may be to curb the use of cars eventhough modern cars are far cleaner than earlier ones．●3．The free electrons usually do not move in a regular way．●4．Far from increasing the reaction rate，high temperatures decrease it．●5．These pumps are featured by their simple operation，easy maintenance anddurable service．●6．Only when a rocket attains a speed of 18，000 odd miles per hour can itput a manmade satellite in orbit．●7．From just the entrance，in the southern part of the bay，up to a secondslack water area，about midway up the bay，tidal currents are ebbing．●8．But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited，and it iseven possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”．the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials．●9．The dataset consists of twice daily 500-hPa height analyses from the U.S.National Meteorological Center for the 20 winters 1962/1963 through 1981/1982．●10．The chain reaction must be carefully controlled．This is done byabsorbing excess neutrons in boron control rods．The heat is transferred by circulating carbon dioxide gas．The hot gas is used to produce steam．The whole assembly is called a nuclear reactor．。
科技英语(2)
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规范，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
科技英语的翻译(汉译英)
科技英语的翻译
问题： those on chromosomes表示染色体的减少效应， 而不是染色体上的基因的减少效应。我们要的是 后者的意思。所以要写成those of genes。 Reduction effects是指粒重的减少效应，而不是 genes on chromosomes的减少效应，所以要加 上on grain weight。 改译为: The reduction effects of genes on chromosomes 1B and 2B on grain weight were obviously higher than those of genes on chromosomes 5A, 6B, 2D and 7D.
科技英语的翻译
例
2 The division frequency of protoplasts was lower in the liquid medium than that embedded in the medium containing agarose. 原生质体在液体培养基中的分裂频率低 于包埋在含有琼脂糖的培养基中的分裂 频率。
科技英语的翻译
例
2 Owing to these changes of basic equilibrium state, with the result that the basic characters of dynamics will be changed.
由于这些基本的平衡的变化，将导致动力学基
科技英语的翻译
问题： 两句是主从关系句。 改译为: The total area under natural protection reaches 19,330, which accounts for 2.1% of the total area of China.
科技英语翻译-第2章范例
Chapter Two Translation of Words
在翻译过程中，译者常常会遇到英语中有一些单词或词 组中，无法从词典等工具书找到其直接、恰当、准确的 释义。如果硬要牵强附会，照搬词典里的某个释义，那 么译文定会晦涩难懂，不符合汉语语言规范和翻译所要 求的标准。遇到这种情况，译者可以结合上下文，根据 语气、逻辑关系、 搭配习惯及全句的技术含义等方面的 情况，在准确理解原文含义的基础上，按照汉语的表达 习惯，对词义加以引申。 2. 词义的引申 一、技术性引申 二、修辞性引申 三、具体化引申 四、抽象化引申
Chapter Two Translation of Words
2. 词义的引申 一、技术性引申 技术性引申的目的主要是使译文中涉及科学型概念 的词语符合技术性语言规范。如： (1). After the spring has been closed to its solid height, the compressive force is removed. 弹簧被压缩到并紧高度之后，就没有压力了。 (2). The adjustment screw has stops at both sides. 调整螺钉的两端设有定位块。 (3). The probe was on the course for Saturn. 探测器在去往土星的路程上。
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择 四、根据学科和专业选择词义 在英语中，同一个词在不同的学科领域或不同的专 业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在选择词义时，应考 虑到阐述内容所涉及的概念属于哪种学科、何种专业。 以英语名词carrier为例： 邮政业：“邮递员” 军事：“航空母舰” 运输业：“搬运工” 化学：“载体” 医药学：“带菌者，媒介物” 车辆制造：“底盘” 无线电：“载波” 机械行业：“托架，传 导管”
科技英语翻译unit2
第二单元能源课文A替代能源的前景美国能源部(DOE)预测，美国居民所使用的能源将在2025年前增加25%。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源(如风、阳光、水、地热)，而且这部分还会不断增大。
美国能源部称，去年全国能源供应总量中有6%来自于替代能源。
“未来属于再生能源，”美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说。
该协会是一个非赢利性质的组织，总部设在科罗拉多州的博尔德。
柯林斯还说：“虽然科学家和行业专家对于世界石油和天然气究竟还能供应多久这一问题仍有争议，但可以确定的是这些能源的供应终究要枯竭的。
”较之传统方法生产的能源，再生能源虽然普遍昂贵一些，但是，这些替代能源有利于减少污染，节省矿物燃料。
位于科罗拉多戈尔登市的美国能源部国家再生能源实验室(NREL)的高级工程师保罗·托斯理尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题。
但它也是一个价值观的问题和我们应当把钱花在哪的问题。
”下面让我们看看再生能源技术的最新开发成果。
太阳能光电（或太阳能发电）系统的原理是将从太阳辐射中获得的光能转变成电力。
现在，小到家用电器，大到办公楼的电气设备，都可以利用太阳能发电。
科技的进步降低了太阳能发电设备的成本。
美国太阳能协会执行主席柯林斯说，20世纪80年代，通过光电器件获取的能源其平均价格为每千瓦时95美分，而现在这个价格已降低到约20美分。
据美国能源部《能源年刊》报道，既使是这一比较低廉的价格仍然大大高于全国平均电价，2003年的电价平均仅为每千瓦时8美分多一点。
其他的先进技术还包括“薄膜”光电技术，这是一种高科技涂层，它可以将任何表层贴有这种薄膜的物体转变太阳能电源。
使用这种薄膜的船只和娱乐用车现在已经上市。
工程师还将这种可以发电的薄膜覆盖在屋顶材料上。
托斯理尼说：“人们在安装屋顶的同时也安装了太阳能板。
”这种材料能抵抗恶劣天气，在晴天吸收太阳光发电。
同时，国家再生能源实验室正在研制开发更加廉价高效的太阳能发电系统。
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在第1章概论中我们介绍了一些基本的理论翻译理 论、翻译的标准和要求，以及科技英语文体的一 些特点和翻译的一般方法。在这一章我们将着重 介绍词的一半翻译方法和技巧。 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词类的转换 4. 词的增译 5. 词的省译 6. 词的重复
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择 四、根据学科和专业选择词义 在英语中，同一个词在不同的学科领域或不同的专 业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在选择词义时，应考 虑到阐述内容所涉及的概念属于哪种学科、何种专业。 以英语名词carrier为例： 邮政业：“邮递员” 军事：“航空母舰” 运输业：“搬运工” 化学：“载体” 医药学：“带菌者，媒介物” 车辆制造：“底盘” 无线电：“载波” 机械行业：“托架，传 导管”
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择
一、根据词类选择词义 根据词类来选择词义的方法照顾要是针对一些兼类词，因为这些词在句中 所承担的成分不同，其词性不同，词义也不同。因此要选择正确的词义，首先 要确定该词在句中属于哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。 (1). The thickness of a tooth measured along the pitch circle is one half the circular pitch. 沿着圆所测得的厚是周节的一半。（measure是及物动词，意为“测量”） (2). The earthquake measured 6.5 on the Richter scale. 这次地震级为6.5里氏震级。（measure是系动词，意为“为”） (3). We must reflect what measures to take in case of any accidental collapse of a bed. 我们必须考虑一下如果床层意外崩塌应采取什么措施。（measure是名词，复 数时意为“措施”）
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择 三、根据词的搭配选择词义 We know the person by the company he keeps. 英语的一词多义往往也体现在词与词的搭配上。不同搭配方式，可以产 生不同的词义。 以Idle为例： idle capacity 备用容量 idle coil闲圈 idle current无功电流 idle frequency中心频率 idle motion空转 idle roll传动轧辊 idle wheel（gear）惰轮 idle contact间隔接点 idle space 有害空间 idle stroke 慢行程 再以large为例： large current 强电流 large pressure高电压 large loads重载 large capacity 高容量 large growing生长快的 large-screen receiver宽屏电视接收机 a large amount of electric power大量的电力
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择 二、根据上下文选择词义 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往有不同的含义，常常 要求译者根据上下文的联系，以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合下的词 义。 (1). Packaged software is developed to serve the specific needs of one user. 软件包的开发只是为某一用户的特定需要服务。 (2). Noises may develop in a worn engine. 磨损了的引擎里可能会产生各种噪声。 (3). Shorts frequently develop when insulation is worn. 绝缘被磨损时往往会发生短路。 (4). Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease. 果然，80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。
Hale Waihona Puke Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择
二、根据上下文选择词义 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往有不同的含义，常常要求译者 根据上下文的联系，以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合下的词义。 (5). Other isolation methods are being developed. 目前正在研究其他隔离方法。 (6). In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. 在进行设计时，必须考虑加工的可能性。 (7). After the war much of this knowledge was poured into the developing of the computers. 战后，这项知识大量地应用于研制计算机。 (8). They cited cases of identical twins reared in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical heredity. 他们列举了一些这样的事例：在不同的家庭抚养的一对双胞胎尽管遗传特性完 全相同，但会显示出完全不同的个性。
Chapter Two Translation of Words
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。所谓一 词多类就是指一个词疏于几个不同的词类，具体几个不 同的意义。一词多义是指一个词在同一个词类中，往往 有几个不同的词义。因此，在众多的词义中，选择出一 个最确切的词义是正确理解原文所表达的思想的基本环 节，是翻译成功的基础。 1. 词义的选择 一、根据词类选择词义 二、根据上下文选择词义 三、根据词的搭配选择词义 四、根据学科和专业选择词义