中国电视收视年鉴2019-北京电视收视市场2018年市场份额(%)排名前十五位的频道统计
[最新]国际标准色彩代号
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RAL K5 CLASSIC国际标准颜色代号1000 Green beige 米绿色1001 Beige 米色，淡黄或灰黄1002 Sand yellow 沙黄色1003 Signal yellow 信号黄1004 Goldenyellow 金黄色1005 Honey yellow 蜜黄色1006 Maize yellow 玉米黄1007 Daffodil yellow 灰黄色1011 Brown beige 米褐色1012 Lemon yellow 柠檬黄1013 Oyster white 近于白色的浅灰1014 Ivory 象牙色1015 Light ivory 亮象牙色1016 Sulfur yellow 硫磺色1017 Saffron yellow 深黄色1018 Zinc yellow 绿黄色1019 Grey beige 米灰色1020 Olive yellow 橄榄黄1021 Rape yellow 油菜黄1023 Traffic yellow 交通黄1024 Ochre yellow 赭黄色1026 Luminous yellow 亮黄色1027 Curry 咖喱色1028 Melon yellow 浅橙黄1032 Broom yellow 金雀花黄3015 Light pink 淡粉红色1033 Dahlia yellow 大丽花黄1034 Pastel yellow 粉黄色1035 Pearl beige 米珍珠色1036 Pearl gold 金黄珍珠1037 Sun yellow 日光黄2000 Yellow orange 黄橙色2001 Red orange 橘红2002 Vermilion 朱红2003 Paster orange 淡橙2004 Pure orange 纯橙2005 Luminous orange 亮橙2007 Luminous bright orange 亮浅橙2008 Bright red orange 浅红橙2009 Traffic orange 交通橙2011 Deep orange 深橙色2012 Salmon orange 鲑鱼橙2013 Pearl orange 珍珠橙3000 Flame red 火焰红3001 Signal red 信号红3002 Carmine red 胭脂红3003 Ruby red 宝石红3004 Purple red 紫红色3012 Beige red 米红色3013 Tomato red 番茄红3014 Antique pink 古粉红色5000 Violet blue 紫蓝色3016 Coral red 珊瑚红色3017 Rose 玫瑰色3018 Strawberry red 草莓红3020 Traffic red 交通红3022 Salmon pink 鲑鱼粉红色3024 Luminous red 亮红色3026 Luminous bright red 淡亮红色3027 Raspbery red 悬钩子红色3031 Orient red 戈亚红色3005 Wine red 葡萄酒红3007 Black red 黑红色3009 Oxide red 氧化红3011 Brown red 红玄武土色3032 Pearl ruby red 红宝石珍珠红3033 Pearl pink 珍珠红色4001 Red lilac 丁香红4002 Red violet 紫红色4003 Heather violet 石南紫4004 Claret violet 酒红紫4005 Blue lilac 丁香蓝4006 Traffic purple 交通紫4007 Purple violet 紫红蓝色4008 Signal violet 信号紫罗兰4009 Pastel violet 崧蓝紫色4010 Telemagenta 电视品红色4011 Pearl violet 珍珠紫4012 Peal blackberry 珍珠黑6002 Leaf green 叶绿色5001 Green blue 蓝绿色5002 Ultramarine blue 群青蓝5003 Sapphire blue 蓝宝石蓝5004 Black blue 蓝黑色5005 Signal blue 信号蓝5007 Brillant blue 亮蓝色5008 Grey blue 灰蓝色5009 Azure blue 天青蓝5010 Gentian blue 龙胆蓝色5011 Steel blue 钢蓝色5012 Light blue 淡蓝色5013 Cobalt blue 钴蓝色5014 Pigeon blue 鸽蓝色5015 Sky blue 天蓝色5017 Traffic blue 交通蓝5018 Turquoise blue 绿松石蓝5019 Capri blue 卡布里蓝色5020 Ocean blue 海蓝色5021 Water blue 不来梅蓝色5022 Night blue 夜蓝色5023 Distant blue 冷蓝色5024 Pastel blue 崧蓝蓝色5025 Pearl gentian blue 珍珠龙胆蓝5026 Pearl night blue 珍珠夜蓝6021 Pale green 浅绿色6003 Olive green 橄榄绿6004 Blue green 蓝绿色6005 Moss green 苔藓绿6006 Grey olrve 橄榄灰绿6000 Patina green 铜锈绿色6001 Emerald greet 翡翠绿色6032 Signal greet 信号绿6033 Mint turquoise 薄荷绿蓝色6034 Pastel turquoies 崧蓝绿松石色6035 Pearl green 珍珠绿6036 Pearl opal green 不透明蓝白绿6007 Bottle green 瓶绿6008 Brown green 褐绿6009 Fir greet 冷杉绿6010 Grass greet 草绿色6011 Reseda green 淡橄榄绿6012 Black green 墨绿色6013 Reed green 芦苇绿6014 Yellow olive 橄榄黄6015 Black olive 黑齐墩果色6016 Turquoise green 绿松石绿色6017 May green 五月红6018 Yellow green 黄绿色6019 Pastel green 崧蓝绿色6020 Chrome green 铭绿色7035 Light grey 浅灰色6022 Olive drab 橄榄土褐色6024 Traffic green 交通绿6025 Fern green 蕨绿色6026 Opal green 蛋白石绿色6027 Light green 浅绿色6028 Pine green 松绿色6029 Mint green 薄荷绿7000 Squirrel grey 松鼠灰7001 Silver grey 银灰色7002 Olive grey 橄榄灰绿色7003 Moss grey 苔藓绿7004 Signal grey 信号灰7005 Mouse grey 鼠灰色7006 Beige grey 米灰色7008 Khaki grey 土黄灰色7009 Green grey 绿灰色7010 Tarpaulin gey 油布灰7011 Iron grey 铁灰色7012 Basalt grey 玄武石灰7013 Brown grey 褐灰色7015 Slate grey 浅橄榄灰7016 Anthracite grey 煤灰7021 Black grey 黑灰7022 Umbra grey 暗灰7023 Concrete grey 混凝土灰7032 Pebble grey 卵石灰7033 Cement grey 水泥灰7034 Yellow grey 黄灰色8017 Chocolate brown 巧克力棕色7036 Platinum grey 铂灰色7037 Dusty grey 土灰色7038 Agate grey 玛瑙灰7039 Quartz grey 石英灰7040 Window grey 窗灰色7042 Traffic grey A 交通灰A 7043 Traffic grey B 交通灰B 7044 Silk grey 深铭灰色7045 Telegrey 1 电视灰17046 Telegrey 2 电视灰27047 Telegrey 4 电视灰47048 Pearl mouse grey 珍珠鼠灰7024 Graphite grey 石墨灰7026 Granite grey 花岗灰7030 Stone grey 石灰色7031 Blue grey 蓝灰色8000 Green brown 绿褐色8001 Ochre brown 赭石棕色8002 Signal brown 信号褐8003 Clay brown 土棕褐色8004 Coper brown 铜棕色8007 Fawn brown 鹿褐色8008 Olive brown 橄榄棕色8011 Nut brown 深棕色8012 Red brown 红褐色8014 Sepia brown 乌贼棕色8015 Chestnut brown 粟棕色8016 Mahogany brown 桃花心木褐8019 Grey brown 灰褐色8022 Black brown 黑褐色8023 Orange brown 桔黄褐8024 Beige brown 哔叽棕色8025 Pale brown 浅褐色8028 Terra brown 浅灰褐色8029 Pearl copper 珍珠铜棕色9001 Cream 彩黄色9002 Grey white 灰白色9003 Signal white 信号白9004 Signal black 信号黑9005 Jet black 墨黑色9006 White aluminium 白铝灰色9007 Grey aluminium 灰铝色9010 Pure white 纯白色9011 Graphiack 石墨黑9016 Traffic white 交通白9017 Traffic black 交通黑9018 Papyrus white 草纸白9022 Pearl light grey 珍珠浅灰9023 Pearl dark grey 珍珠深灰。
2019版高考英语(5年高考+3年模拟)精
day and often
A.is;takes
years to achieve.
B.are;takes C.are;take D.is;take
答案 A 句意:记住这一点很重要:成功是每天所付出的一点一滴的努力的积累,往往需要多
年的积淀才能获得。本题考查主谓一致。根据句子结构可知,第一空和第二空共用主语success,它是不可数名词,故谓语动词用单数形式。故选择A 项。
句意:莫言一走上台,观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。分析句子结构可知,此处是no
sooner...than...(一……就……)的固定句式。no sooner置于句首,其所在的主句的谓语动词要用 过去完成时且主谓要用部分倒装,故选A项。
5.(2014湖南,29)Only when you can find peace in your heart A.will you keep C.you kept 答案 A B.you will keep
9.(2015湖南,21)It was when we were returning home to have helped someone in trouble. A.which B.that C.where D.how
I realized what a good feeling it was
答案 B 句意:正是当我们返回家的时候,我意识到帮助了处于困境中的人的感觉是多么 好。本题考查强调句型。去掉It was和空格,句意和结构完整。故选B 项。 10.(2015湖南,27)It is important to remember that success a sum of small efforts made each
A.while
B.though
B级真题(2019年6月) 试卷+答案+解析
2019年6月B级考试全真试题Part I Listening Comprehen s i onDirections: Tliis part is to test your listening ability. It co邓ists of 4 seclio邠Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to give proper respo邓es.There are 7 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The questio邓will be spoken two times. Whenyou加ar a question, you should decide on t加correct a邱wer from the 4 choices markedA), BJ, CJ and DJ given in your test paper. Then you should mark the co竹esponding letteron t如A邓we�·Sheet with a single -line through t如center.Exam ple: You will hear:You will read: A) I'm not sure.B)You're rig凡．C) Yes, certainly.D)That's interesting.[25 mi nutes]From the question we learn that the speaker is asking the listener to leave a message. Therefore, C) Yes, certai11ly is ti伲correct answer. You should . mark CJ on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.[A][B]回[D]Now the test will begin.1.A) Yes, I am. ·,B)·Don't mention it.2.A) Never mind. ;! ,B) All right.3.A) Nice.B)I think so.4.A) Take it easy.B)No, thank you.5.A) Take care. .B)Go ahead.6.A) Very nice.B)Mind your head.7.A) See you agai!t ..B)I'd love to.C)Sit down, please.C)Sur e,·. I w诅．．C)Sure.C)Not at all.C)Here you are.｀.C) Glad to meet you. , ·,. ''D) .Quit�convenient.9)Dqn't'Yony.D)Don't be late.Sec tion B D}Let's go now.D)Yes, it is. D)Yes, ple邸e.D)See you later.D)No problem.Directions: This section is to. test your ability .. to .understand short dialogues. 劝窃e are 7戏co1rled d吵gues in it. After_ each_ dial_oguf!, there is a recorded _question. Both the dialogues andquestions 11:ill be spok叨two t_i1�es .. 师en you hear a question, you should decide on thecorrect answer frorrJ, the 4'cho�ces marked A), BJ, CJ and DJ given in your test pap你Then you sho叫d mark t朊corresponding letter on the A邓W钉·S如et ivith a single linethrough t朊center.Now listen to the dialogues.8.A) She is邸operat or.C)·She�a docto r.B)She is a»urse.D)She is a driv�r.9.A)To go to study abroad.C)To pay for her debt.B)To .m ove to anoth er city.D)To raise money for her business�10.A) A new prod uct desi gn.C)The pay raise.r-sal es servi ce.D)The sales plan.B)Afte11.A)Bo ok a tic ket.C)See a doctor.B)Pla ce an ord er.D)Rese1ve a room.B 19.6-112.A) Having an interview.B)Doing an experiment.13.A) On TV.B)In a job fair.14.A) She is over the speed血讥B)She is on the wrong way.C)piscussing a new design.D)Planning a budget.C)From a magazine.D)Online.C)She is making a phone call.D)She is smoking while driving.Sect ion CDirections: In this section, ti花？噜e are 2 recorded conversations. After each conversation, there are some ？攻ecorded questi01岱.Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. When you加ar a question, you should decide on the cor r ect answer from the 4 choices marked A), B_入CJ and D) given in your test paper. Tl砌you should mark the corresponding letter on theA1iswer S加et with a single line through the center. Now listen to the conversations. Conversation I15.A) To change an order.B)To ask for leave.16.A) 80.B)100. Conversation 217.A) A sun hat.B)A T-shirt.18.A) He is the manager of the store.B)He is one of her friends.19.A) 140 dollars.B)200 dollars.C)To cancel an appointment.D)To apply for a job.C)118.D)180.C)Sports shoes.D)Sun gl邸ses.C)He is a regular customer.D)He is a new customer of the store.C)240 dollars. ··D)300 dollars.Section DDirections: In this section you will hear a recorded short passage .. The passage is printed in the test paper, but with some words or phrases missing. The passage will be read three times.During the second reading, you·are required to put the missing words or phrases on theAnswer Sheet in order of the numbered blanks. according to what you hear. The thirdreading is fo r you to check your writing. Now the passage will begin.Thank you very much for meeting with me yesterday about our project. I really appreciate your help. And we'll take your suggestions into consideration when we 20 for the next year.It was _zl_ to have·someone like you who has·had experience with similar projects.I appreciate your ta�g the time out of your busy schedule to 22 me.I'll 23 to send you a follow-up when this project is completed. Please let me如ow if I can 24 the favor and when.Part II Vocabulary & Structure [10 minu t es} Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct correct and meaningful sentences. It consists of2 sections.Section A . l1 l Directions: In this section; there are JO incomplete sentences. You are required to. complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the 4 choices marked A), BJ, CJ、andB 19.6-225.D). Tl芘n you slwuld niarlc the co门·esponding letter on加Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the cmiter.ca巧were invented, mru曲nd h邸山e扣nt of self-driving cars or driverless cars.A)Even though B)Just because C)Ever since D)As if26.In yeru1, to come, robots will be much more iI11proved tl1an we have now.A)what B) where C) which D)when27.It \.V as not U11til 2016the company opened a branch office in thls city.A)which B)what C)who D)that28.She said that when they fu1,t the finn, she found it difficult to fmd an ideal location.A)s尥1ted B)w山start·C)start D)have started29.Most of them said they felt a血ous when a new job.A)search for C)searched forB)searching for D)were searchlng30.If you need further guidance, feel free to an appointment with our advisor.A)see B)relate C) make D)agree31.The team leader fre q uently hls members of the goals and objectiv�s of the project.A)renlinded B)thought C)appointed D)consideredpanies that encourage a balance between work and home life will be more stable· awhole.A)with B)as C)over D)of33.Some experts believe that the race for the Internet of Things is simil扛the e扛ly history ofWindows and Android.A)for B)in C)with D)to34.No matter what size of your business, your success will always lie in your ability tocustomers.A)give in. B) deal with C)turn out D)look at Section BDirections: There are 5 incomplete statements here. You should fill in乡each-blank with the pro严form of加word given in brackets. Write the word or words in the corresponding space on theAnswer S如et.35.I enjoy (work)——_for this company bec a use·they take care of their'employees as well as theircustomers.36.The job market for college graduates IS rmproving (slow) —... ,according to a recent report.37.The company has created 3D printed parts that are (strong)than ev�r before,38.To apply for t�e position, applic� 区(require)_to create an, online account..39.We have to consider what we should gain and what we should give up under this (arrange)\Part III Reading Comp r ehen s ion· ·1·'l·[35 m i nute s] \D i rections: This part is to test your reading·ability. Ther e are 5 ta sks for you to fulfill. You should 'I')\\ re叫the re叫ing materials carefully and do the tasks (is you are inst1--u cted.B 19.6,3Task 1 Directions: After reading ti 比following passage, you will fi切d 5 questions or unfinished statements, nunibered 40 to 44. For each question or stat 彻ent,there are 4 c加ices marked A), BJ, CJa叫DJ.You slwuld nialce the correct clwice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswe1·Sheet _with a single line through the ce讥er.Does it seem like hotel cos岱just go up and up? It's true that they rise each year. Rates for rooms in 2019 are over 15% more than 2018. Here are some tips to help you make the best decision.Look for extras. The more services yo皿rate includes, the more you can save your money. Make sure you use the facilities you will actually need, or you'll spend more than you need to. Common extras that can save you a lot are free breakfast, free Wi-Fi, and kids eat free. So take advantage of them during your stay. Stay in hotels right outs i de the city center. If the costs for transportation won't be 'high, you can frequently get a good deal this way. You could also look into staying in the university district of a city. Hotels are more affordable (廉价的），cheap eating places are plentiful (充足的）and public transportation is convenient.Go out to eat. Though room service sounds really great, prices for food on the hotel menu can be twice as much as you would pay for the same food at a restaurant.40.What is TRUE of hotels according to the fl 汀st paragraph?A)More hotels are to be built soon.B)Hotel costs increase year by year.41.One piece of advice to hotel guests is A)to use all the hotel entertainment equipment B)to take your family members along with you C)to take advantage of the common extras included in the rate D)to eitjoy as many facilities provided by the hotel as possible C)Hotels are in great demand today.D)Hotel c os 岱rise over 15% each year.42.One advantage ·of staying in the university district is ... A)the friendly environment , C) easy access to the univer sity library B)more entertainment activities D)the conve nient publi c trans porta tion 43.Why ar�you advised !O go out to eat'Yhen you are . sta 亚1g at 、a hotel? A)Food served in hotels is too expensive.C)Food in a restauran t is really great.B)Restaurants offer be杠er services.44.The passage is mainly about how to A)best enjoy room se忒ce in hotel B)save money while staying in a hotel D)Room service has liinited food varieties.C)choose a hotel in a university district D) make use of common extras in a hotel Task 2 Directio 郎：The Jo肋wing is a poster. After reading it,'!fO'«will-find 3 questions or u可inished 乓'statm 归ts,numbered 115 to 47-For each question or stat 叩ent,the r e are 4 choices . marked AJ, BJ, CJ and D). You should rn�ke the correct choice and mark the co1responding letter on t如Answer Sheet with a single line through the cent 你B 19.6-4onstruction Clean-Up By Jones Cleaning HI! Mll<e Jones here from Jones Cleaning Services. I see you have a pretty big project going on here and I thought you .may need some help cleaning ft up for the new occupants.My company Is experienced in all phases of construction clean-up and we would love the chance to bid the final cleaning of your project. Give me a call at the number below… rv1cesJones Cleaning ServicesNotes: bid投标The construction clean-up specialistsFully lnsured-Bonded-1000/o Satisfaction Guaranteedbonded_有担保的45.What kind of service is provided by the company?A)Equipment rental.C)Software designing.、B)Machine repairing.D)Construction clean-up.46.What should you do-if you want to . invite the company to bid for your project?A)Call M让e Jones.C)Post your invitation for bid online.B)Visit the company's manager.D)Send a bid form to Jones Clean-up Servi 岱＆47.What guarantee does Jones Cleaning Services promise in the poster?A)The latest design.B)The lowest price.Task 3C 100 ercent satisfaction. ) p D)The use of green materials.Directions: The following is a poster about the service p?'ovided by Norris & Stevens. 加泗di叨'it,you s加uld complete the information by filling in the blanks marked 48 to 52 (in no more than 3 word$) in the table below. You should皿ite your a 讼沺窃s on the A 农九ver Sheet co 汀espondingly.Attention Residents: Norris & Stevens is pleased to offer residents the ability to pay 。
RAL色卡 德国欧标色卡
Die RAL-Farben für Kunststoffteile Halbzeuge und FertigteileGelb- und Beige-TöneRAL 1000 RAL 1000GrünbeigeGreen beigeBeige vert RAL 1001 RAL 1001BeigeBeigeBeige RAL 1002 RAL 1002SandgelbSand yellowJaun sableWarnzeichen (DIN 5381) RAL 1003 RAL 1003 Signalgelb Signal yellow Jaun de sécuritéSignalfarbe für Warnung, Vorsicht oder Hinweis (DIN 4844) RAL 1004 RAL 1004 Goldgelb Golden yellow Janue orRAL 1005 RAL 1005HoniggelbHoney yellowJaune miel RAL 1006 RAL 1006MaisgelbMaize yellowJaune maïsSignalfarbe für Warnung vor Gefahren und Hindernissen(DIN 4844)ehemals Chromgelb RAL 1007NarzissengelbDaffodil yellowbookmarken - empfehlenDIESE SEITE1000 Beige-/Gelb-Töne2000 Orange-Töne3000 Rot-Töne4000 Violett-Töne5000 Blau-Töne6000 Grün-Töne7000 Grau-Töne8000 Braun-Töne9000 Weiß/SchwarzEINLEITUNGDie hier imsRGB-Farbraumdargestellten Farbendienen nur zurOrientierung. VerbindlicheRAL-Farbwerte könnennicht elektronischdargestellt werden.Verschiedene Monitoreerschweren zusätzlich daseinheitliche Wahrnehmender Farben.Wir empfehlen dringend,die verbindlichenFarbkarten bei derInstitution RAL zubestellen.HINTERGRUNDTIPP: FarbdarstellungRAL 1007 Jaune narcisseverwendet für Rettungswagen RAL 1011 RAL 1011 Braunbeige Brown beige Beige brunRAL 1012 RAL 1012ZitronengelbLemon yellowJaune citron RAL 1013 RAL 1013PerlweißOyster whiteBlanc perléRAL 1014 RAL 1014ElfenbeinIvoryIvoire RAL 1015 RAL 1015HellelfenbeinLight ivoryIvoire clair RAL 1016 RAL 1016SchwefelgelbSulfur yellowJaune soufre RAL 1017 RAL 1017SafrangelbSaffron yellowJaune safran RAL 1018 RAL 1018ZinkgelbZinc yellowJaune zinc RAL 1019 RAL 1019GraubeigeGrey beigeBeige gris Wenn der Monitor die Farben nicht getreu wiedergibt, wird die Betrachtung zum Blindflug. Die Farbdarstellung des Monitors wird je nach Modell, der Beleuchtung an Ihrem Arbeitsplatz oder der Zeit, wie lange Ihr Monitor eingeschaltet ist, beeinflusst.Eine präzise Kalibrierung des Monitor ist sehr aufwendig. Aber ein einfacher Schritt zur verbesserten Farbwiedergabe ist, im Menü des Monitors die Farbtemperatur auf Normlichtwert D65 (6500 Grad Kelvin) einzustellen. | mehrAluminium gris RAL 9010 RAL 9010ReinweißPure whiteBlanc pur RAL 9011 RAL 9011GraphitschwarzGraphite blackNoir graphite RAL 9016 RAL 9016VerkehrsweißTraffic whiteBlanc signalisation RAL 9017 RAL 9017VerkehrsschwarzTraffic blackNoir signalisation RAL 9018 RAL 9018PapyrusweißPapyrus whiteBlanc papyrus。
《盾构法隧道同步注浆材料应用技术规程》T
d o i :10.3963/j .i s s n .1674-6066.2022.06.030‘盾构法隧道同步注浆材料应用技术规程“T /C E C S 563 2018标准解读韩 旭1,庞奇林2,朱先发1,张 伟1,宋普涛3,王 晶3(1.南通城市轨道交通有限公司,南通226000;2.中铁十二局集团第四工程有限公司,西安710024;3.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京100013)摘 要: ‘盾构法隧道同步注浆材料应用技术规程“T /C E C S563 2018,为国内首部针对盾构同步注浆材料配制㊁生产㊁施工及检验编制的标准㊂为确保标准的贯彻和推广,对标准编制背景㊂主要技术内容进行详细解读,并提出标准贯彻落实过程中需要注意的问题㊂关键词: 编制背景; 主要内容; 技术要点; 经济与社会效益I n t e r p r e t a t i o no f t h e S t a n d a r dT /C E C S 563 2018‘A p p l i c a t i o nT e c h n i c a l S p e c i f i c a t i o no f S y n c h r o n o u sG r o u t i n g Ma t e r i a l f o r S h i e l dT u n n e l “HA N X u 1,P A N GQ i -l i n 2,Z HUX i a n -f a 1,Z HA N G W e i 1,S O N GP u -t a o 3,WA N GJ i n g3(1.N a n t o n g U r b a nR a i lT r a n s i tC o m p a n y ,N a n t o n g 226000,C h i n a ;2.C h i n aR a i l w a y 12t hB u r e a uG r o u p N o .4E n g i n e e r i n g C o ,L t d ,X i a n710024,C h i n a ;3.C h i n aA c a d e m y o fB u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h ,B e i j i n g 100013,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t : T /C E C S563 2018i s t h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d f o r p r e p a r a t i o n ,p r o d u c t i o n ,c o n s t r u c t i o na n d i n s p e c t i o n o f s y n c h r o n o u s g r o u t i n g m a t e r i a l f o r s h i e l d t u n n e l .I no r d e r t o e n s u r e t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o na n d p r o m o t i o no f t h e s t a n d -a r d ,t h eb a c k g r o u n da n dm a i n t e c h n i c a l c o n t e n t o f t h e s t a n d a r da r e i n t e r p r e t e d i nd e t a i l ,a n d t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t n e e d t o b e p a i da t t e n t i o n t o i n t h e f u t u r e i m p l e m e n t a t i o no f t h e s t a n d a r da r e p u t f o r w a r d .K e y wo r d s : c o m p i l a t i o nb a c k g r o u n d ; m a i n c o n t e n t s ; t e c h n i c a l p o i n t s ; e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l b e n e f i t s 收稿日期:2022-08-05.作者简介:韩 旭(1978-),硕士,高级工程师.E -m a i l :1371898105@q q.c o m 当前国内盾构隧道同步注浆材料种类繁多㊁材料的性能差异较大,不同注浆材料适用的水文地质环境不同[1-10]㊂由于尚无成熟的标准㊁规范对盾构法隧道用注浆材料的选择㊁性能指标及应用等提出规定,设计文件中鲜有关于盾构法隧道同步注浆材料选择及关键性能控制指标的相关要求,施工过程中注浆材料及原材料的选用㊁注浆配合比设计㊁注浆材料生产施工环节等均由施工现场技术人员自行控制㊂由于人为认知水平的差异,往往存在因注浆材料的选择及应用不当导致注浆施工效果差㊁注浆后地表沉降严重㊁渗漏等各类问题,严重影响了盾构施工的质量与工程的安全性㊂由此可见,制定一本针对地铁盾构隧道用水泥基注浆材料的产品标准是必须且必要的,这将有利于对地铁盾构隧道用注浆原材料的质量控制,规范水泥基注浆材料的生产和检验,做到地铁盾构隧道用水泥基注浆材料安全适用㊁经济合理㊁质量可靠㊁技术先进,实现地铁盾构隧道用水泥基注浆材料在地铁盾构隧道建设中得到科学㊁合理㊁有效地利用㊂根据中国工程建设标准化协会‘关于印发<2015年工程建设协会标准制订㊁修订计划>的通知“(建标协字[2015]099号)的要求,批准中国建筑科学研究院与南京易发新材料科技有限公司会同南通城市轨道交通有限公司等有关单位共同编制C E C S 标准‘盾构法隧道同步注浆材料应用技术规程“(以下简称‘规程“)㊂规程于2018年12月18日公告发布,自2019年5月1日起实施㊂1 主要内容与技术要点标准共分7章和3个附录,主要技术内容包括:总则㊁术语和符号㊁基本规定㊁原材料㊁注浆材料配合比及711建材世界 2022年 第43卷 第6期性能㊁同步注浆施工㊁质量检验与验收㊂1.1盾构工程同步注浆材料及其原材料性能要求的提出通过国内典型盾构工程同步注浆用原材料调研㊁总结以及充分的试验验证,在广泛征求意见的基础上汇总㊁归纳㊁探讨㊁分析㊁总结,对盾构工程同步注浆材料及其原材料种类及性能作出要求㊂调研发现,现场盾构工程同步注浆材料用水泥以P O42.5等级水泥为主;砂以河砂为主,规格为中砂;掺合料以Ⅱ级粉煤灰为主,也有矿粉㊁石灰石粉等掺合料;消石灰多为钙质,且C a O+M g O含量大于85%;膨润土多为钠基㊂经充分调研:目前盾构工程施工注浆所用的同步注浆材料主要分为水泥基㊁消石灰基两大类㊂水泥基盾构工程同步注浆材料主要测试浆液密度㊁泌水率㊁稠度及其经时损失㊁流动度及其经时损失㊁凝结时间㊁抗压强度㊁水陆强度比和结石率指标㊂标准启动会过程中编制组内部一致讨论通过,增加水泥基盾构工程同步注浆材料的分层度指标用于进一步表征其匀质性,增加水陆强度比指标用以表征其抗水分散性能㊂按照目前常用水泥基同步注浆材料的配合比参数的验证试验结果表明,水泥基盾构工程同步注浆材料浆液湿表观密度均不小于1800k g/m3,泌水率均不大于5%,稠度为10~14c m范围内,浆体的结石率不小于95%,1d强度不小于0.2M P a㊁7d强度不小于1.5M P a㊁28d强度不小于2.5M P a㊂消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料主要测试浆液密度㊁泌水率㊁稠度㊁抗压强度㊁结石率等性能指标㊂标准启动会过程中编制组内部一致讨论通过,增加消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料的分层度指标用于进一步表征其匀质性,尝试增加p H指标用以表征其抗水分散性能㊂系统的调研结果表明,消石灰基盾构同步注浆材料浆液湿表观密度均不小于1800k g/m3,泌水率几乎均不大于5%,结石率均不小于95%,稠度在8~14c m范围内,凝结时间范围相对较大,且波动无明显规律相对离散㊂由p H值试验结果可知,利用p H 值结果评价消石灰基盾构同步注浆材料的试验方法仍不够成熟㊂此次标准制定过程中,试验方法和盾构同步注浆原材料及相应的配合比均参数的确定,主要参考的是目前实际盾构工程常用的原材料和配合比参数㊂为了避免试验结果受试验条件和人为主观因素的影响,主编单位按照开题的任务分工,分别安排不同的编制组成员单位进行验证试验㊂但由于部分性能指标及试验方法是新提出的,其科学性和可操作性仍需要验证㊂相对成熟的性能指标及试验方法,考虑水泥基同步注浆材料与石灰基同步注浆材料的强度较低,凝结时间可控,水陆强度比等部分性能试验方法相对科学㊁可行㊂因此,标准规定的盾构注浆材料的性能指标主要应以实际验证性试验结果为依据㊂而对于评价水下不分散性能的p H值指标及试验方法,以及消石灰基的注浆材料的凝结时间指标及试验方法,考虑其试验结果离散性大㊁试验方法可操作性较差,潜在的人为试验误差相对较大,故标准暂未规定相应的性能指标参数要求及对应的试验方法㊂经充分验证,并经广泛征求意见以及审查会专家讨论一致通过后形成的同步注浆材料性能指标如表1所示㊂水泥基单液同步注浆浆液硬化后的性能应符合表2的规定㊂表1同步注浆浆液的性能要求项目技术要求水泥基单液消石灰基单液稠度/mm100~13090~130稠度经时损失/(mm㊃h-1)ɤ10ɤ10流动度/mmȡ160-流动度经时损失/(mm㊃h-1)ɤ20-泌水率/%ɤ3.5-分层度/mmɤ6凝结时间/h10~24-表2水泥基单液同步注浆浆液硬化后的性能要求项目抗压强度/M P a3d28d水陆强度比/%28d结石率/%技术要求ȡ0.5ȡ2.5ȡ65ȡ95.0同时,规定消石灰基单液同步注浆材料24h抗剪屈服强度不应小于1200P a㊂水泥-水玻璃双液同步注浆材料的浆液配合比和浆液性能应满足施工和设计要求,并应通过试验确定㊂8111.2盾构工程注浆材料推荐配合比关键参数与配合比设计方法的提出在充分调研的基础上汇总㊁归纳㊁分析㊁总结,提出了初步的盾构工程注浆材料推荐配合比关键参数与配合比设计方法㊂通过广泛内部征求意见,反复讨论研究,形成盾构工程注浆材料推荐配合比关键参数与配合比设计方法㊂在征求意见稿阶段,根据试验结果,确定较为典型的现场盾构注浆材料施工配合比参数如下:水泥基盾构注浆材料现场施工配合比控制范围为:水胶比0.45~0.79,胶砂比0.45~0.75,水泥占胶凝材料质量分数0.17~0.26,膨润土占胶凝材料质量分数0.14~0.18,设计湿表观密度1817~1908k g/m3㊂石灰基盾构注浆材料现场施工配合比控制范围为:水胶比0.58~0.7,胶砂比0.36~0.69,消石灰占胶凝材料质量分数0.17~0.19,膨润土占胶凝材料质量分数0.09~0.14,设计湿表观密度1830~1910k g/m3㊂在全国范围内征求意见过程中,相关专家提出:在采用一定增稠剂㊁絮凝剂等外加剂手段或其他膨润土替代材料时,可降低膨润土掺量㊂膨润土掺量占胶凝材料用量低至5%时,同步注浆材料浆液施工性能依旧满足要求,经核验后,将注浆材料膨润土掺量推荐控制值降低为5%㊂征求意见过程中,参考相关专家提出的意见,水泥或消石灰用量宜只规定掺量下限,两者掺量下限可达15%,且不宜规定上限㊂水泥或消石灰掺量超过征求意见稿中暂定推荐指标上限范围时,盾构注浆材料浆液施工性能依旧满足要求,且施工后注浆效果良好㊂经核实后将注浆材料水泥及消石灰推荐掺量均调整为不小于15%㊂标准审查过程中与会专家一致认为,消石灰基盾构注浆材料水胶比控制上限控制指标偏低,已有很多消石灰基盾构注浆材料水胶比达0.8的盾构施工案例,且盾构注浆效果良好,建议将消石灰基盾构注浆材料水胶比上限控制为0.8㊂同时部分专家提出,部分消石灰基注浆材料中胶砂比可低至0.3,也有部分消石灰基注浆材料未采用砂,其胶砂比可达1/1,且这两种情况下注浆效果均达到了预期的要求㊂由于现在关于消石灰基盾构注浆材料的填充㊁固结机理的研究尚不明确,为避免标准对先进产品应用的限制,鼓励先进,经审查会讨论后一致同意,将胶砂比推荐参数调整为不小于0.3㊂综上,盾构注浆材料配合比推荐参数如表3及表4所示㊂表3水泥基同步注浆材料配合比推荐参数水胶比胶砂比膨润土掺量/%水泥掺量/%0.45~0.80ȡ0.45~20ȡ15注:配合比中胶结材料包括水泥㊁膨润土和粉煤灰等矿物掺合料,掺量均为该材料占胶结材料总量的质量百分比;外加剂掺量根据注浆浆液性能要求试验确定;有其他材料可替代膨润土时,通过试验确定㊂表4消石灰基同步注浆材料配合比推荐参数水胶比胶砂比膨润土掺量/%消石灰掺量/%0.55~0.80ȡ0.35~15ȡ15注:配合比中胶结材料包括消石灰㊁膨润土和粉煤灰等矿物掺合料,掺量均为该材料占胶结材料总量的质量百分比;有其他材料可替代膨润土时,通过试验确定㊂1.3盾构工程同步注浆材料及其原材料性能试验方法的提出盾构工程同步注浆材料用原材料均有相应的国家标准或行业标准,故同步注浆材料用原材料试验方法均参照相关国家或行业标准进行㊂盾构工程同步注浆材料的性能试验主要参照国内现行混凝土㊁砂浆㊁灌浆料㊁水泥土等试验方法进行,并通过验证性试验对试验方法的可行性及推荐性能指标的合理性进行分析㊂对有争议的试验方法,通过广泛的征求意见㊁集思广益并结合验证试验,分析提出合理试验方法㊂对于可行性差的用于标准盾构工程同步注浆材料抗水分散性能的p H试验方法以及用于测试消石灰基同步注浆材料的凝结时间的试验方法㊂由于暂无更合理的试验手段,此次标准编制中暂没有纳入㊂标准审查会期间,各与会专家对盾构工程同步注浆材料及其原材料性能试验规定的试验方法表示肯定,并指出会后需仔细核对试验方法中出现的公式的单位和量纲,以确保单位使用的合理㊁准确㊁统一性㊂1.4盾构工程同步注浆材料生产、施工及验收在广泛调研的基础上,参照国家标准‘盾构法隧道施工与验收规范“G B50446[11]等国内相关标准,并结911合盾构工程同步注浆材料的性能特点及不同施工环境特点,以保证盾构工程同步注浆质量为目的,对盾构工程同步注浆材料生产㊁施工及验收提出要求,并在广泛征求意见的基础上,归纳㊁总结㊁分析,对盾构工程同步注浆材料生产㊁施工及验收作出合理的规定㊂审查会期间,部分专家对注浆施工一般规定㊁同步注浆材料检验批次㊁注浆施工注意事项及验收中个别条文提出意见,并为标准进一步修改完善提供建议㊂2标准实施后的经济效益和社会效益‘规程“是我国盾构工程同步注浆材料方面的第一本重要的技术性标准,适用于我国盾构工程同步注浆材料的制备㊁生产㊁施工㊁设计与质量控制㊂‘规程“发布实施后,仍将为我国的地铁隧道等盾构工程注浆材料及其施工后质量的控制与提升提供技术支撑,避免盾构工程同步注浆材料参差不齐㊁盾构工程同步注浆施工质量无章可依的局面,进一步提升盾构工程质量,减少因盾构同步注浆材料及应用不合理产生的实际注浆量高㊁注浆施工难度大㊁注浆施工进度慢等直接及间接经济损失,具有良好的经济效益㊂‘规程“发布实施后,可规范㊁提升盾构注浆工程质量,避免因注浆材料使用不当导致的注浆填充密实性差㊁注浆效果差等问题,避免由此引发的渗漏㊁沉降等工程质量问题以及可能引起的安全事故等社会问题,其社会效益显著㊂3尚存在主要问题与后续工作1)消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料的抗水分散性能㊁凝结时间性能暂无科学㊁可操作性的试验方法,在标准发布实施后,需进一步深入研究,尽快确定性能指标要求及对应的试验方法㊂2)由于现阶段存在研究成果相对较少㊁注浆材料成本较高㊁工程现场实际使用较少等情况,该标准中未包含针对滨海环境㊁盐渍土等具有侵蚀性介质环境的,具有抗腐蚀性能要求的同步注浆材料的有关性能要求和规定㊂但随着我国各地地铁工程的加速推进,盾构注浆材料的防腐蚀指标也是不得不考虑的指标,而且随着注浆材料及施工技术的进步㊁新材料与新工艺的发展,在后续的标准修订中,会结合工程实际情况纳入经济性良好㊁施工性能良好的耐腐蚀型盾构工程同步注浆材料产品㊂3)继续开展消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料注浆效果的调研工作㊂消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料具有强度低㊁强度增长缓慢的特点,在江浙等地区应用广泛㊂调研发现当前该种浆料盾构注浆施工效果较好,但部分学者对该种浆料的填充㊁支撑机理仍有一定的质疑㊂前期调研过程中有关专家指出,该种浆料早期对盾构空隙的填充与支撑作用主要由浆料中的砂粒之间的嵌锁作用来完成,对于相应的试验方法能否科学反映这种嵌锁作用,仍存疑问㊂因此,关于消石灰基盾构工程同步注浆材料早期对盾构空隙的填充与支撑机理,后续的研究工作仍有待加强㊂参考文献[1]黄大维,罗仲睿,罗文俊,等.盾构隧道施工同步注浆材料流动性测试方法及影响因素分析[J].中国铁道科学,2022,43(3):94-102.[2]王爱华.地铁盾构高性能同步注浆材料的应用研究[J].现代交通技术,2021,18(5):78-82,87.[3]万泽恩,李树忱,赵一民,等.富水地层盾构隧道同步注浆惰性充填材料配比与试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2021,54(7):123-132.[4]朱先发,宋普涛,杜峰,等.富水砂层高性能盾构同步注浆材料的配制及现场注浆性能研究[J].新型建筑材料,2021,48(3):98-101.[5]宋维龙.碱激发工业废渣基盾构隧道壁后注浆浆液特性与扩散机理研究[D].南京:东南大学,2021.[6]王晶,宋普涛,唐晶晶,等.水泥基盾构同步注浆材料的性能研究[J].新型建筑材料,2018,45(10):22-25.[7]宋普涛,王晶,周永祥,等.耐水抗渗型高性能盾构同步注浆材料性能研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2017,36(2):438-442,448.[8]唐晶晶,黄靖,周永祥,等.盾构法同步注浆材料的研究进展[J].现代城市轨道交通,2016(4):89-92.[9]郭兆清,沈银斌.盾构法同步注浆材料的试验研究[J].工程与建设,2015,29(4):519-521.[10]田焜.高性能盾构隧道同步注浆材料的研究与应用[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007.[11]G B/T8077 2012,混凝土匀质性试验方法[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.021。
光伏组件 非均匀雪载荷试验-最新国标
光伏组件非均匀雪载荷试验1范围本文件定义了一种测试方法，用于确定有框光伏组件在倾斜的非均匀雪载荷影响下的机械性能。
本文件适用于有框光伏组件，其边框在预期安装后会突出于组件下边缘的前面板玻璃表面，因此对从组件表面滑落的雪形成了额外的阻碍。
本文件不适用具有其他边框结构的组件，如边框组成背面框架结构或侧边、顶边、下边缘边框不会额外阻碍积雪滑落的组件。
本文件所定义的试验方法用于确定有框光伏组件的非均匀机械载荷极限。
本文件规定的载荷试验方法仅适用于模拟自然雪载荷分布。
任何人工积雪分布模式（例如除雪或人为分配行为）需另行考虑。
本文不包括消除或缓解不均匀积雪的方法，如增大安装角度（超过60°）。
本文所假设地面积雪和组件表面积雪之间的系数关系，可能不适用于多次降雪间隔期间积雪未完全消融的情景。
本文件不考虑积雪对组件发电的影响。
虽然试验方法包括载荷测试步骤间的等待时间，但本文件没有对组件材料（如前板玻璃）的疲劳行为进行过完整评估。
由于雪载造成的光伏组件典型现场失效表现为玻璃破裂和边框弯曲，本试验方法旨在重现此类失效发生时的载荷状态。
2规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。
其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
IEC TS60904-13：2018光伏器件第13部分：光伏组件的电致发光（Photovoltaic devices-Part 13:Electroluminescence of photovoltaic modules）IEC61215-1：2016地面用光伏组件设计鉴定和定型-第1部分：测试要求（Terrestrial photovoltaic(PV)modules-Design qualification and type approval-Part1:Test requirements）IEC61215-2：2016地面用光伏组件设计鉴定和定型-第2部分：试验程序（Terrestrial photovoltaic(PV)modules-Design qualification and type approval-Part2:Test procedures）IEC TS61836太阳能光伏能源系统术语、定义和符号（Solar photovoltaic energy systems -Terms,definitions and symbols)IEC TS62915光伏组件设计定型和安全鉴定重测导则（Photovoltaic(PV)modules-Type approval,design and safety qualification-Retesting）GB/T1.1-2020《标准化工作导则第1部分:标准化文件的结构和起草规则》GB/T1.2-2020《标准化工作导则第2部分:以ISOIEC标准化文件为基础的标准化文件起草规则》3术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
Neil Pryde Sails Mainsail Lazy Bag MLB Installatio
I N T E R N A T I O N A L D E S I G N A N D T E C H N I C A L O F F I C E Lazy Bag Installation Guide© Neil Pryde Sails International1681 Barnum AvenueStratford, CONN. 06614Phone: 203-375-2626 • Fax: 203-376-2627Email: ************************Web: All material hereinCopyright 2006-2007 Neil Pryde Sails InternationalAll Rights ReservedOVERVIEWThe Neil Pryde Sails Mainsail Lazy Bag (MLB) is designed to be easily used and modular in design. It can conveniently be fitted and removed independently of the sail.•The MLB includes a zippered flap at the front of Array the bag that wraps around the mast to theopposite side of the bag and zippers closed. Thisis designed to reduce U.V. damage and keepbirds from nesting inside the mainsail!•The front flap can be left in place while sailing,or folded back inside the bag and secured with ahook & loop strip.•The top zipper is also provided with a flap tohelp decrease water ingress.•The MLB is attached to the boom usingslug/slides. The bag is NOT sewn between eachslide so that rain water AND reefing lines can beled from the sail through the bag to the boomattachment points.•Two adjustable webbing straps provide Fore/afttension; one strap is passed through the clew ringof the mainsail and the forward strap goesaround the mast (and inside the halyards). Thestraps are inside the bag to reduce U.V. exposure and allow the bag to be pulled aft over the sail, covering itcompletely. A third strap at the front/top can be used to tighten up the forward girth of the bag.•The battens are inserted from the forward end of the bag. The design is such, that the battens themselves become the attachment point for the lazy jacks. This reduces point loading and makes the bag smooth and taunt. Thebattens are locked in place with the internal Velcro closure system. (Identical to the mainsail batten pocketsystem)The following pictorial guide will outline the basic steps to installation.Installation ProcedureGetting Started:Assuming the sail is already in place, pull the entire sail to one side of the boom. This allows you to access the boom slot opening at the front of the boom, just behind the gooseneck.Starting with aft most end (short end) insert the furthest aft slug into the boom at the forward end of the boom just aft ofthe gooseneck and slide it aft. Add each succeeding slug until the cover is pulled aft completely. Both halves of the bag will be on the same side at this time. (Starboard in the photo)Pull one half of the bag underneath the sail and to theopposite side.The aft webbing strap is led through the clew ring of the sail and back into the buckle. The webbing should be pulled tight enough so that the bag covers the aft end of the sail. In the photo at right you can see the sail clew slug is pull out to the black band on the boom. The bag itself extends aft, past theblack band.With this preliminary adjustment made now insert each batten into the pocket. The ‘butterfly’ fitting is designed to seat with the webbing retainer. This means the unfinished batten end is inserted first. Make sure it is completely seated at the very aft end of the bag. At each opening along the sock mark the batten and remove the batten. We suggest that you make a 2” / 50mm wrap of white riggers tape at theselocations…as it will provide good friction and holding power for the lazy jack lines.Re-insert the battens. Pulling the bag tight and with a fair amount of tension on the battens, the battens should be just inside of the pocket fronts. If this is not the case, they are easily trimmed with a hacksaw.Now insert the webbing/Velcro strap folding the webbing over the butterfly end. This will lock the battens in place. This is the very same system as used on the mainsail battens and will require the ‘pusher stick’ that came with your mainsail for this operation.The jacklines are composed of three parts; the upper line that connects to the mast, the aft line that runs from the aft most connection point on the bag, to the upper ring and the forward line.Take your aft line and tie it around the rigging tape on the batten at the last most connection point on the bag. A double or triple clove hitch or fisherman’s bend are both very good knots that will resist slipping and be quite permanent.Tie the forward line in a similar fashion to the mid-attachment point on the bag.Take one turn on the forward line around the batten and pull the entire jackline system tight. The bag side should be pulled up smoothly and tightly.Later should you want, you can tie a overhand ‘shortening loop’ above the bag on the forward line and turn the rope end around the batten and back up to the loop, making a purchase system that can be secured with a couple of overhands.Do the opposite side in the same fashion.With both sides of the bag now pulled up and tight you need to check the fore/aft location of the bag. Do this by bringing the forward flap around the mast (inside the halyards) and zip it closed. If you cannot zip it or if it zips and is quite loose, the bag needs to be adjusted fore or aft depending on location.You will need to slide each slide backward or forward in small increments until the overall position is correct.Once achieved, readjust the webbing and the aft end and at the forward end take the lower strap around the mast (inside the halyards) and make it fast to the other side.The bag should be taut and smooth along the bottom as in photo at right.Both sets of reef lines can now be led down the inside of the bag and out the bottom and tied securely at the reef eye location.The forward upper webbing strap can now be fitted and is normally adjusted to be snug when the front flap is zipped closed. You can tighten it more to squeeze together the girth of the bag if you choose. This strap provides support should you choose to sail with the front flap tucked inside the bag.The aft eyelets can optionally be used to tidy up the trailingedge of the cover should you choose. Some like to tie a small line from the upper eyelets around the topping lift and back for an upward pull. In this photo we have utilized the eyelet on the rear of the boom to secure the lower eyelets. NOTE: In this picture you can clearly see that we havestretched the bag aft over the sail (which actually stops at the black band).Last Look:These final photographs illustrate the bag from a few vantage points.Forward starboard viewWith forward flap folded back inside and secured to the hookand loop strip.Forward line with shortening loop and hitch.Clove hitch at battenPortside view with front flap closed and zipped.Close up view looking aft.Top view looking forward。
EN957标准对比2018.4.25
EN957-5脚踏车/1996
判定标准 测试方法 判定标准
EN957-7划船器/1999
测试方法
A） 对非速度关联型划船器，以25次循环 /分钟，在手把末端施加200N的作用力， 按EN574-3标准中，95%的人所能达到的全 行程范围的75%～80%的幅度，在座位上施 加一个60kg的移动载荷进行试验。 B） 对速度关联型划船器，应在能使手把 末端产生200N的作用力的速度下进行试 验，按下列要求进行耐久试验。 H级：共作12000次循环，运行15分钟后休 息分钟，按此方法连续进行直至完成试验 。 S级：共作100000次循环，运行10小时后 冷却至室温，然后继续运行10小时，如此 反复进行，直至完成试验。 C）试验后，检查划船器是否能按制造商 的使用说明书进行正常操作，或者是否有 目视较明显的损坏。 当按6.7条进行试验时，划船 器应能经受：H级：12000次循 环 S级：100000次循环。 试验后，划船器应能 按制造商的使用说明书进行正 常操作且不应有目视较明显的 损坏；如漏油等。
鞍座立管—鞍 使用说明必须包括至少下列信息，根据等级： a) 最大的使用者重量； b) 停止方法的述和功能； 座（座位）
c) 紧急离开； d) 安全停止的功能； e) 锻炼时在器材后要有深度为 2000mm，宽度至少是跑步机宽度的安全空 间； f) 跑带张力和侧向位置调整； g) 跑带最大允许的侧向位置 h) 可折叠跑步机的附加说明 1) 折叠机构和锁紧机构操作说明 2) 警告， 折叠状态的跑步机不能进行操作 3) 警告，在折叠前必须使跑带完全停止 i) 如果带有拉线式安全开关，必须提供使用说明，说明如何使用，连接和 测试拉线安全开关。 如果显示心率，必须提供带有如下内容的警示语： 警告！心跳监控系统可能不准确。过度运动可能导致严重伤害或致死。 如果你感到昏旋，则立即停止锻炼。